CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Assignment

THE THEME OF FREDERIC SORRIEU’S PAINTING

(i) The first print of the series, shows the people of Europe and American men and women of all ages and social classes marching in a long train and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it.
(ii) A female figure was shown with the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
(iii) On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
(iv) In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEA OF THE NATION

(a) Steps taken by French Revolutionaries :
(i) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of a nation.
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
(iv) A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
(v) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
(vi) Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
(vii) The revolutionaries further declared that it is was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism.

(b) Civil Code of 1804 :
(i) Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms in the territories that came under his control, that he had already introduced in France.
(ii) He introduced Napoleonic code which did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
(iii) In many parts of Europe like in the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany he simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(iv) He removed guild restrictions from the towns.
(v) He laid stress on infrastructure i.e., transportation, communication and banking system.
These new reforms were appreciated by the peasants, workers, businessmen, traders and even by the common people.

(c) Criticism of Napoleonic Code :
In the areas conquered, the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. The initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

 

THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

In the mid-eighteenth century Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories of diverse peoples. They did not see themselves as sharing common identity.
They spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups. Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding to these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.

(a) The Aristocracy and the New middle Class :
(i) Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions, owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses, spoke French, their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
(ii) In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market.
(iii) New social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

(b) What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
(i) The term ëliberalismí derived from the Latin word liber, means free. For the new middle lasses liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament
(ii) Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.
(iii) In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state- imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.
(iv) Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each of these possessed its own currencies, and weights and measures. Which involved time-consuming calculations.
(v) In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed by the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. According top Prof. Friedrich List, the aim of the zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation.

(c) A New Conservatism after 1815 :
Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved, however they did not propose return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. They realized from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and strong.

Major Proposals of the Vienna Congress :
In 1815, representatives of the European powers who had collectively defected Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
(iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
(iv) The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
(v) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
(vi) The main intention of the Congress was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and to create a new conservative order in Europe.

Criticism of Conservative Regimes :
(i) Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic, did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
(ii) Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution..

(d) The Revolutionaries :
Revolutionaries at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.

Giuseppe Mazzini :
Born in Genoa in 1807 he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.

AGE OF REVOLUTION 1830 – 1848

As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe. The revolutions were led by the liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle class elite, among whom were professors, school  teachers, clerks and members of commercial middle class.
(i) Upheaval in France: The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830.
The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power after the Vienna Congress by the conservatives were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head.
(ii) Uprising in Brussels: The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
(iii) Uprising in Greek: Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

(a) The Romantic Imagination & National Feeling :

(i) Though wars and territorial expansions played a major role in arousing the feeling of nationalism but culture, art, poetry, stories, music also played their role. 
(ii) Romantic artists were against the glorification of reasons and science and focused on emotions, institutions and mystical feelings. They wanted to share a collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
(iii) Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people das volk. 
(iv) Romantic philosophers wanted to create the true spirit of nationalism through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
(v) The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.
(vi) Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
(b) Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt :
(i) The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
(ii) In 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out
on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee. A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work. National workshops to provide employment were set up.
(iii) In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.

(c) 1848 : The Revolution of the Liberals :
Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist - men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.

Frankfurt Parliament :
In the German regions a large number of political associations came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.

Obstacles :
(i) Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
(ii) While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded. The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support.
(iii) Issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly.

Outcomes :
(i) Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order.
(ii) In the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.
(iii) The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.

THE MAKING OF GERMANY AND ITALY

(a) Germany - Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation ?
(i) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament.

 

Unification of Germany (1866 - 71)
(ii) Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its Chief minister, Otto von Bismarck (who followed the policy of Blood and Iron), was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
Three wars over seven years - with
Austria, Denmark and France - ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of uni f i cat i on. In Jan uary 1871, t h e Prussian king William I was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versaillies. On 18 January 1871, an assembly gathered in the unheated Hall of mirrors in the Palace of Versaillies to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.

(iii) The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.

(b) Italy Unified :

(i) During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.
(ii) During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italain Republic. He formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia- Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war & still had many problems.

(iii) Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

(c) The Strange Case of Britain :
(i) In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.
It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones-such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
(ii) But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged. 
(iii) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' meant, in effect that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.
(iv) Ireland suffered a similar fate. It was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants.
The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country. After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798). Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
A new 'British nationí was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain-the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language-were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

VISUALISING THE NATION

(i) Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In other words they represented a country as if it were a person. Nation were than portrayed as female figures.
(ii) The female from that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation concrete from.
That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.

Fig. Postage stamps of 1850 with the figure of Marianne representing the Republic of France.

(iii) Female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people's nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic-the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne7 were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.
(iv) Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM

(i) By the last quarter of the nineteenth century the major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims. 
(ii) The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern –day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Bosnia–Herzegovina, Solvenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire.
(iii) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
(iv) All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away form its control and declared independence.
(v) The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
(vi) During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power- Russia, Germany, England, Austro- Hungary-was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led a series of wars in region and finally the First World War. Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.
(vii) Many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European power in the nineteenth century began to oppose imperial domination. The anti–imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation– states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.
The idea that societies should be organised into ‘nation–states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal.

Important Dates and Events
YEAR                            EVENTS
1688 AD. The English parliament seized power from the monarchy and formed a nation state.
1707 AD. The Act of Union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
1785 AD. Birth of Jacob Grimm the liberal leader of .Germany.
1786 AD. Birth of Wilhelm Grimm, the liberal leader of Germany.
1789 AD. French Revolution.
1797 AD. Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy; Napoleonic wars began.
1801 AD. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
1804 AD. Civil Code which was usually known as the Napoleonic Code was framed in France.
1807 AD. Birth of famous Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.
1812 AD. The first collection of folk tales of Grimm brothers (Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm) was published.
1814-15 AD. Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
1815 AD. The Battle of Waterloo.
1819 AD. Birth of Louise Otto-Peters.
1821 AD. The beginning of struggle for independence amongst the Greeks.
1821 AD. Death of Napolean.
1830 AD. The July revolution of France.
1831 AD. An armed rebellion against Russian took place.
1832 AD. The Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as an independent nation.
1834 AD. A customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
1848 AD. Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolted against economic hardships; middle classes demanded constitutional representative governments. Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs etc. demanded nationstates.
1858-60 AD. Unification of Italy.
1861 AD. Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy.
1866-71 AD. Unification of Germany.
Jan 1871AD. The Prussian King William I was proclaimed German Emperor in the ceremony held at Versailles.
1905 AD. Slav nationalism gathered force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empire
1914 AD. First World War began.

 

Question : What did Das Volk stand for?
(a) Democracy
(b) Factory workers
(c) Common people
(d) Slum dwellers

Answer : C 

Question : What does La patrie mean?
(a) The citizen
(b) The motherland
(c) The fatherland
(d) The country

Answer : C

Question : What were the large landowners of Prussia known as?
(a) Kulaks
(b) Pykars
(c) Mahantas
(d) Junkers

Answer : D 

Question : Name the artist who painted the image of Germania.
(a) Frederic Sorrien
(b) Philip Veit
(c) Ernst Renan
(d) None of the above

Answer : B

Very Short Answer Questions

Question : Explain the concept of a national state
Answer :  Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This commonness came as a result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.

Question : Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the people of France.
Answer : The ideas of the father land (la patrie le citioyen (la citizen) a new French flag emphasized the nation of a united community. A new French flag, New hymns were composed, A centralized administrative was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished.

Question : Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna.
Answer : The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on the boundaries of France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of northern Italy, Russia was given part of Poland.

Question : Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe?
Answer : Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the market, Bad condition of peasants.

Question : Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?
Answer :  Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim of independence by using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intense conflict, Mutual jealousy matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.

Question : Explain the concept of a national state
Answer : Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This commonness came as a result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.

Question : Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the people of France.
Answer : The ideas of the father land (la patrie le citioyen (la citizen) a new French flag emphasized the nation of a
(a) At the palace of Prussia (b) At the half of Mirrors in palace of Versailles. (c) At the church of st peters (d) At the church of St panli

Question : Who was called ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’ ?
Answer :  Giuseppe Mazzini was called 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order’ by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich

Question : What was zollverein? How was it responsible for economic unification of Germany?
Answer : It was a German Customs Union which abolished tariff barriers

Question : Which Treaty recognised Greece as an independent Nation?
Answer : Treaty of Constantinople

Question : In which year Vienna Congress was held?
Answer : 1815

Question : What was the allegory of German States?
Answer : Germania Heroism

Question : Name two underground organisations established by Giuseppe Mazzini?
Answer : Young Italy and young Europe

Question : Which world famous event is regarded as clear expression of nationalism?
Answer : French Revolution

Question : Who was frederic sorrieu?
Answer : French Painter

Question : When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold' who said this statement?
Answer : Meternich

Question : Which priniciple was propounded by Montesquieu?
Answer : Separation of Powers

Question : Who spearheaded the protestant movement in Ireland?
Answer : Wolfe Tone

Question : Name the personality related to Vienna Congress?
Answer : Duke Metternich

Question : Who was Earnest Renan?
Answer : French Philosopher

Question : Name the region whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs?
Answer : Balkans

Question : Which Treaty was signed to bring about an end the changes brought about by Napoleonic Wars?
Answer : Vienna Congress

Short Answer Questions

Question : Discuss the three flows in international economic exchange during 1815-1914 ?
Answer : a) Flow of goods
b) Flow of capital
c) Flow of people

Question : Discuss the main provisions of Civil Code of 1804.
Answer : The civil code of 1804
• All privileges based on birth were abolished
• End of feudal system
• Improvement in the means of transport and Communication
• Uniform weights and measures
• Common currency

Question : Discuss the process of unification of Germany.
Answer : In the beginning William I was the ruler of Prussia
• Bismarck created the background for unification of Germany
• Vienna Congress
• Frankfurt parliament
• Three wars over 7 years with Austria Denmark and France

Question : Why did the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict?
Answer : a) The Balkan States were seriously jealous of each other.
b) Each hope to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
c) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
d) The big European powers were working in holding its control over the Balkans and extending its control over the region.

Question : "The French Revolution left an indelible mark on the world history."
Evaluate this statement .
Answer : Effects on France
• Establishment of a democratic setup
• A new society based on equality fraternity and brotherhood
• New code of conduct
• Economic unification
• Equality before law
• Safeguarding proprietary rights
Effects on the world
• Rise of the middle class
• Era of liberalism begins
• Role of culture and language
• Greek war of independence

Question : What were the main stages of unification of Italy? What were the main problems?
Answer : Unification of Italy
• 1832 Count Cavour became prime minister of Sardinia
• Apart from regular Troops a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Garibaldi joined the fray and marched into South Italy
• Venitia and Rome were captured ,
• In 1871 William I was proclaimed. the king of united Italy,
Problems in unification
• Long history of political separatism
• Control of foreign powers
• Rule of the Pope
• Vienna Congress
• Conservatives

Question : What did European liberalism stand for in social, political and economic terms?
Answer : a) Equality before law
b) Not in favour of adult suffrage
c) Wanted to end ban on free market and flow of goods by States

Question : 'Napoleon's administrative measures had Revolutionized the whole administration. Comment
Answer : Napoleonic code
• Reform in rural administrative system
• Improvement in urban centres
• Improvement in trade

Question : In Britain the formation of the nation state was a result of long drawn out process. Discuss.
Answer : • There was no British Nation prior to the 18th century
• The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles ethnic ones Such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish
• All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
• But as the English Nation steadily gain wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the Island .

Question : Discuss the role of women in the Nationalist Movement in Europe?
Answer : a) Women had formed their own political associations
b) Founded Newspapers
c) Took part in political meetings and demonstration

Question : What steps were taken by French revolutionaries to create a feeling of collectiverism?
Answer : • Ideas of fatherland and citizenship
• New national symbols
• Centralised administrative system
• National language
• Uniform system of weights and measures

Question : What was the main aim of the Vienna Congress of 1815 ? Discuss its main provisions?
Answer : a) Establishment of Empire in Northern Ireland
b) The Treaty was drawn up with the objective of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars
c) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France
d) Prussia was given new territories
e) The German Confederation of 39 States was left untouched

Question : Discuss the role played by culture in creating the European concept of nation.
Answer : Culture played an important role in creating the idea of nation art and poetry stories and music help Express and shape Nationalist feelings

Question : In the 19th century what were the reasons for the wave of nationalism in Europe?
Answer : a) Absolute monarchy
b) Rise in liberal ideas
c) Liberty, equality and fraternity ideas worth-spreading
d) Rise of educated middle class

Question : Which factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism in Europe?
Answer : Influence of Europe
• Rise of nation States
• Encouragement to democratic principles
• Stress on social political and economic equality
• Demand of Human Rights by other Nations
• Revolutionary reactions by absolute monarchy

Question : What were the main features of the European ARISTROCRACY?
Answer : The members of the Aristocracy were united by common way of life that cut across regional divisions
• They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses
• They spoke French for the purpose of-diplomacy
• Their families were connected by ties of marriage
• This powerful aristocracy was however numerically a small group.

Question : How did industrialisation change European social and economic equations?
Answer : a) Increase in industrial production in Western and Central Europe
b) Rise of labourers and middle class
c) Popularizing the idea of ending of special rights to aristocracy

Question : Describe the process by which Germany was unified.
Answer : By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in Germany. Their after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its chief minister Otto von Bismarck who followed a policy of "blood and Iron" within a period of seven years three were fought with demark Austria and France. These states were defeated. In January 1871 the process of unification of Germany was completed. The Prussian kind William I was proclaimed German Emperor.

Question : Describe the process of unification of Italy
Answer :  2 during 1830s. G. Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a society young Italy After earlier failures king victory Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian status through war and he got the whole hearted support of minister Cavour made a tactful alliance with France and defeated Austrians forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the support of Garibaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to south Italy and freed the states from Bourbon rulers in 1861 before the completion of unification victor Emanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy.

Question : Name the countries which participated in the Vienna congress of 1815.
Answer :  Britain, France and Russia. 

Question : What did the symbol of olive branch around the sword mean?
Answer :  The symbol of olive branch around the sword meant willingness to make peace. 

Question : What were the Provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815? 
                                 Or
Describe in brief any four features of the Vienna Treaty of 1815.
Answer :  The Provisions of Treaty of Vienna of 1815 include:
(i) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
(ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
(iv) Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
(v) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
(vi) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
(vii) Thus, monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon were restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.

Question : In the areas conquered in Europe by Napoleon, explain the reactions of the local population to the French rule.
Answer : Regarding the areas conquered in Europe by Napoleon the reactions of the people were mixed.
(i) Initially in many places like Holland and Switzerland as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Milan, Warsaw etc, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
(ii) But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility as it became clear to the people that the new administrative arrangement did not go hand in hand with the political freedom.
(iii) Increased taxation, censorship, forced consumption into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe. All seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes. 

Question : Who were the Grimm Brothers and how did they contribute to the rise of nationalism in Europe?
                                                                             Or
How did the Grimm Brothers contribute to the Nation building of Germany?
Answer :  (i) The Grimm Brothers—Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm—extensively contributed to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
(ii) They collected several folk tales that expressed pure and authentic German spirit.
(iii) They became quite popular among the masses. Both the brothers also became active in liberal politics, especially the movement for freedom of the press.
(iv) They were against French domination and considered it as a threat to German culture and tried to uproot it through their sincere efforts.
(v) They considered their projects of collecting folktales as part of the wider effort to oppose French domination and create a German national identity.

Long Answer Questions 

Question : What did the concept of liberal nationalism politically emphasise during the 19th century Europe?
                                                                                Or
Explain liberalism in political and economic fields prevailing in Europe in the 19th century.
Answer : The word ‘liberal’ is derived from the Latin ‘liber’ that means ‘free’. Liberalism means a political system or tendency opposed to centralisation and absolutism. It emphasises on absolute and unrestrained freedom of thought, religion, conscience, creed, speech, press, and politics. Liberals believed that government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others, not to pose a threat to liberty.
In nineteenth century a series of republican revolts started against European monarchies. It began in Sicily and spread over to France, the German and Italian states, and the Austrian Empire. This was the time when the liberals became active. Their significant role in political and economic fields changed the outlook of European countries.
In the economic field
(i) Liberals in the 19th century urged the end of state interference in the economic life of society.
(ii) They fought for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
(iii) In 1834, a customs union or zolverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
(iv) The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.
(v) The construction of a network of railways stirred economic growth and economic nationalism which eventually strengthened nationalism.

In the political field
(i) Primary aim of liberals was to establish freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
(ii) It believed that government should be formed with the consent of people.
(iii) It was against autocracy and clerical privileges and favoured a constitution and representative government through parliament.
(iv) During that time property-owning men only had right to vote and get elected.
(v) The Napoleonic Code also preferred limited suffrage and reduced women’s role also.
(vi) Women were considered as the subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
(vii) This led to the rise of movement by women and non-propertied men demanding equal political rights.

Question : “The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area of Balkans”. Justify.
                                                                              Or
Why was Balkans after 1871 the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe? Explain four reasons. 
                                                                              Or
“The Balkan issue was one of the major factors responsible for The First World War.” Explain by giving examples. 
                                                                              Or
What is meant by Balkan? Why did it turn into perennial sources of tension and proved the battlefield of the First World War?
Answer :  (i) The Balkans consisted of regions of modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs.
(ii) When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, it initiated nationalism in the Balkans states.
(iii) Soon the feeling of Nationalism spread and the situation became very unstable.
(iv) The Ottoman Empire tried to control the situation by strengthening itself through modernisation and internal reforms but in vain.
(v) Gradually, its European nations got separated and fought for independence and political rights.
(vi) In the race to expand their territories and to impose their supremacy on each other, Slavic nationalities quickly got into severe clashes. As a result, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.
(vii) Matters were further worsened because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
(viii) During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might.
(ix) These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem unfolded. Each power—Russia, Germany, England, Austria, Hungary was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally, the first world war in 1914. 

Question. What were the various steps taken by the French revolutionaries to promote the idea of nationalism/collective belongingness/ collective identity?
Answer. Following various steps were taken by the French revolutionaries to promote the idea of nationalism.
I.The ideas of La patrie and le citoyen emphasised.
II. A new tricolour French flag was introduced.
III. A new Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and was renamed as the National Assembly.
IV. New hymns were composed and oaths were taken, martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation.
V. Uniform laws were formulated for all the citizens.
VI.Internal customs duties and dues where abolished.
VII. Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
VIII. French was promoted as national language.

Question. What was Napoleonic Code?
OR What do you understand by the Civil Code of 1804?
OR What were the changes made under the Civil Code of 1804 by Napoleon?
Answer. Napoleonic Code/ Civil Code of 1804
I. Also known as Civil Code of 1804 was introduced by Napoleon to maintain its control.
II. He removed all privileges based on birth.
III. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasents from serfdom and manorial dues.
IV. Transport and communication facilities were improved.
V. Guild restrictions were removed from towns.
VI. He established equality before the law.
VII. He secured the right to property.
VIII. Common national currency was introduced.
IX. Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.

Question. "Ideas of national unity in the early 19th century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism". Support this statement with arguments.
OR What did liberal nationalism stand for?
Answer. Liberalism
I. Socially, it stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
II. Politically, it stood for government by consent.
III. Economically, it stood for free movement of goods and capitals.
IV. It derived from Latin word 'Liber', means free.
V. In a broad sense, we can say that Liberalism means all kinds of freedom to all the citizens like equal political rights, a democratic representative govt. through parliament under constitution and freedom of market.

Question. What was Zollverein? Why was it formed?
/OR What was Zollverein? How did it solve the problem of economic exchange?
Answer. Zollverein
I. Germany was a confederation of 39 States.
II. Each of these possessed its own currency, weights and measures.
III.These conditions were obstacles to economic exchange.
IV. In 1834, a customs union was introduced by Prussia and later joined by other states.
V. It abolished tariff barriers.
VI.They reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
VII.They created a network of railways to stimulated economic growth.
VIII.They also promoted the idea of nationalism.