CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Age of Industrialization Assignment Set B

Read and download free pdf of CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Age of Industrialization Assignment Set B. Get printable school Assignments for Class 10 History. Class 10 students should practise questions and answers given here for India And Contemporary World II Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation History in Class 10 which will help them to strengthen their understanding of all important topics. Students should also download free pdf of Printable Worksheets for Class 10 History prepared as per the latest books and syllabus issued by NCERT, CBSE, KVS and do problems daily to score better marks in tests and examinations

Assignment for Class 10 History India And Contemporary World II Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation

Class 10 History students should refer to the following printable assignment in Pdf for India And Contemporary World II Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation in Class 10. This test paper with questions and answers for Class 10 History will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

India And Contemporary World II Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 History Assignment

Multiple Choice Questions
 
Question : Guilds were associations of-
(a) Industrialization (b) Exporters
(c) Traders (d) Producers
Answer : D
 
Question : Which of the following best defines a Jobber?
(a) Employed by industrialists to get new recruits
(b) Old trusted worker
(c) Person of authority and power
(d) Controlled lives of workers
Answer : A
 
Question :   First country to undergo industrial revolution is-
(a) Japan
(b) Britain
(c) Germany
(d) France
Answer : B
 
Question : 18th Century India witnessed the decline of which port town?
(a) Surat
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Madras
Answer : A
 
Question : The paid servants of the East India Company were
(a) Seth
(b) Mamlatdar
(c) Gomastha
(d) Lambardar
Answer : C
 
Question : Who devised the Spinning Jenny?
(a) Samuel Luck
(b) Richard Arkwright
(c) James Hargreaves
(d) James Watt.
Answer : C
 
Question :   When was the first cotton mill set up in India in?
(a) 1814
(b) 1824
(c) 1854
(d) 1864
Answer : C
 
Question : In India, the first cotton mill was set up in-
(a) Madras
(b) Bombay
(c) Kanpur
(d) Surat
Answer : B
 
Question : What was the fly shuttle used for-
(a) Washing
(b) Weaving
(c) Drying
(d) Sowing
Answer : B
 
Question : Who invented the steam engine-
(a) James Watt
(b) New Camen
(c) Richard Arkwright
(d) None of the above
Answer : A
 
Question : In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing _____ within the villages.
(a) Children and Elders
(b) Peasants and artisans
(c) Women and Men
(d) Jobbers and Stapler
Answer : B
Explanation: There were powerful trade and craft guilds in urban areas. 
These associations controlled competition and prices and prevented entry of a new player in the market. Because of them, it was difficult for new merchants to set business in towns. Hence, the merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisan within the villages; during seventeenth century. 
 
Question : Who published a picture on the cover page announcing the ‘Dawn of the Century'? 
(a) E.T. Paull
(b) Paul Bernard
(c) James Watt
(d) Lenin
Answer : A 
Explanation: In 1900, a popular music publisher E.T. Paull produced a music book that had a picture on the cover page announcing the ‘Dawn of the Century’.  
 
Question : _____ is the process in which fibers, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.
(a) Fuller
(b) Grinding
(c) Carding
(d) Weaving
Answer : C
Explanation: Carding: The process in which fibers, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.
 
Question : Who among the following setup the first jute mill in Kolkata?
(a) J.N. Tata (b) Seth Hukumchand (c) Dwaraknath Tagore (d) Dinshaw petit

Answer : B

 
Question : Who among the following improved the steam engine produced by New Comen?
(a) Mathew Boulton (b) James Watt (c) Henry Ford (d) Grahm Bell 
Answer : B

Question : The person who got people from village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in cities and provided them money in times of need was known as:
(a) Stapler
(b) Fuller
(c) Gomastha
(d) Jobber
Answer : D

Question : Why did Manchester export to India decline after the First World War?
(a) People were busy fighting the war.
(b) Factories closed down due to security problem.
(c) Factories and mills were busy producing goods to fulfill the need of army.
(d) Export trade was restricted by the government.
Answer : C

Question : Why were workers in England hostile to machines and new technology?
(a) They did not know how to use these.
(b) They feared that they would lose their jobs and livelihood.
(c) The workers were too poor to buy new machines.
(d) They were scared of machines.
Answer : B

Question : Why were there frequent clashes between the gomastha and the weavers?
(a) The weavers hated foreigners.
(b) The gomastha forced the weavers to sell goods at a dictated price.
(c) Gomasthas were outsiders without long term social link with the village.
(d) None of the above.
Answer : C

Question : From which of the following trade did the early entrepreneurs make a fortune?
(a) Textile trade
(b) China trade
(c) Trade in tea
(d) Industries
Answer : B

Question : ___________ created the cotton mill.
(a) Orville Wright
(b) Richard Arkwright
(c) James Watt
(d) None of the above
Answer : B

Question : James Watt patented the new engine in _______.
(a) 1765
(b) 1581
(c) 1681
(d) 1781
Answer : A

Question : __________ products came to symbolise refinement and class.
(a) Machine Made
(b) Handmade
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer : B

Question : Hoogly in _______ had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
(a) Maharashtra
( b) Gujarat
(c) Orissa
(d) Bengal
Answer : D

Question : _______ on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and the Red Sea Ports.
(a) Okha
(b) Porbandar
(c) Surat
(d) Kandla
Answer : C

Question : When did the earliest factories come up in England?
(a) In 1720s
(b) In 1730s
(c) In 1740s
(d) In 1750s
Answer : B

Question : Assertion: The first symbol of the new era was cotton.
Reason: In Victorian Britain, the industrialists did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment
Answer : B

Question : Assertion: The cotton weavers of India flourished with the Manchester imports.
Reason: With the American Civil War, the cotton supplies from US to Britain decreased.
Answer : D

Question : Match the following items given in column A with those in column B.
Column A                                            Column B
(a) First cotton mill in Bombay            1. India
(b) Masulipatam                                2. Connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports;
(c) Gujarat coast                               3. Coromandel coast
(d) Finer variety of coarser cotton       4. 1854
Answer : (a) 4, (b) 3, (c) 2, (d) 1

Question : Complete the following table with correct information with regard to Spinning Jenny:
Spinning Jenny    Devised by   Devised year    How it work?
                              (A)-?           (B)-?                 This machine speeded up the spinning
                                                                            process and reduced labour demand.
Answer : (A) James Hargreaves, (B) 1764

 

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question : Name any four major centres of cotton textile of India during the colonial period. 
Answer : Some major centres of cotton textile were Bombay, Kanpur, Ahmedabad and Madras during the colonial period.
 
Question : What was the paid servant whom the company appointed to supervise weavers called? 
Answer : The paid servant whom the company appointed to supervise weavers was called Gomastha. 
 
Question : What was the role of gomastha under the East India Company? 
Answer : Their role was to supervise the weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
 
Question : Trace the development of textile industry in India. 
Answer : The development of textile industry in India can be traced in the following stages:
(i) First cotton mill came up in Bombay in 1854.
(ii) Around the 1860s, jute mills came up in Bengal.
(iii) These were followed by mills in Kanpur, Ahmedabad and Madras.

Question : Why were merchants from towns in Europe began to move countryside in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Answer : During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade and the colonies expanded which increased the demands of goods. The merchants were not able to cope up within towns because of the powerful urban crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to the countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans to produce for the international market and also supplied money to them.

Question : Why were tjie women in England against Spinning Jenny ?
Answer : Women feared that they might lose their livelihood and these machines would overtake their positions so they started detesting the use of spinning Jenny in the factories.

Question : Why were wages low in England during eighteenth centuries ?
Answer : In England during the Victorian Age, there was no shortage of human labour. Unemployed people, farmers and vagrants often moved through the cities in search of work. So, the industrialists had an ample supply of labour and no problem of high wage cost.

Question : Why was hand labour preferred in seasonal factories ?
Answer : In industries such as breweries and book binders, production was affected by the seasonal demands and changes. Hence, seasonal labours could be easily employed when the need arose. Moreover, as the supply of labour was high, it was easy to get such labourers and keep cost of production low.

Question : How did urbanisation help create opportunities ?
Answer : Urban activities like building up of roads, laying down railway lines, construction of new railways stations as railways were expanded too, drainage and sewers laid and river embankments created opportunities where people got employment.

Question : How was the relationship between the Gomasthas and the weavers ?
Answer : The Gomasthas were paid agents of the English company who were outsiders and not from the villages. He was arrogant and often marched into the villages with sepoys to beat up the weavers and craftsmen if they were late in supplying products.

Question : Why the merchants and traders did turn their attention towards the countryside for production in Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Answer : Production could not be expanded in the town because the urban trade and craft guilds regulated the issues in the towns strictly. Moreover, they did not allow free entry and lenient rules for outsiders

Question :Why were wages low in England during eighteenth centuries?
Answer : In England during the Victorian Age, there was no shortage of human labour. Unemployed people, farmers and vagrants often moved through the cities in search of work. So, the industrialists had an ample supply of labour and no problem of high wage cost

Question : Give some examples of seasonal industries
Answer : Gasworks, breweries, book binding factories, dockyard works, repairing tasks in various other factories too

Question : Why was hand labour preferred in seasonal factories?
Answer : In industries such as breweries and book binders, production was affected by the seasonal demands and changes. Hence, seasonal labours could be easily employed when the need arose. Moreover, as the supply of labour was high, it was easy to get such labourers and keep cost of production low.

Question : Why the aristocrats in Victorian England demanded handmade products?
Answer : Handmade products portrayed class, royalty, high tastes and refinement. They were unique in their own designs and carefully designed and finished, so they attracted the upper elites of the society more.

Question : How did urbanization help create opportunities?
Answer : Urban activities like building up of roads, laying down railway lines, construction of new railways stations as railways were expanded too, drainage and sewers laid and river embankments created opportunities where people got employment

Question : Why were the women in England against Spinning Jenny?
Answer : Women feared that they might lose their livelihood and these machines would overtake their positions so they started detesting the use of spinning Jenny in the factories

Question : By 1750’s why the commercial networks of Indian trailers did begin to decline in India?
Answer : The European, trading companies secured huge concessions and trading privileges from various rulers and local courts that boosted their trade. After this, they secured monopoly rights to trade even. This impacted the trading activities of the Indian traders and merchants.

Question : Who were Gomasthas?
Answer : Gomasthas described as an Indian agent of the English East India Company who was paid to supervise weavers and craftsmen, collect supplies and deliver finished goods to the company at fixed rates. Heal ways examined the quality of the cloth.

Question : How was the relationship between the Gomasthas and the weavers?
Answer : Britain is the first industrial nation in the world

Question : Who manufactured the new model of the steam engine?
Answer : Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model of the steam engine.

Question : Who was the jobber? What was his job?
Answer : The jobber was a person employed by the Indian industrialist to get new recruits. He was a person with authority and power.

Question : Why did Manchester imports into India decline?
Answer : with British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined.
The Gomasthas were paid agents of the English company who were outsiders and not from the villages. He was arrogant and often marched into the villages with sepoys to beat up the weavers and craftsmen if they were late in supplying products.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question : Explain the role of European Managing Agencies in India. 
Answer : a. Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co.
b. They were interested in certain kinds of products which could be exported.
c. By acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government, they established tea and coffee plantations.
d. They invested money in mining, indigo and jute. These products were not for sale in India. Most of these products were used for export trade.
e. These agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. 
 
Question : Explain the contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata in shaping the industrial development of India. 
Answer : a. Dwarkanath Tagore was involved in China trade. Later he set up six joint-stock companies in 1830s and 1840s. He believed that India would develop through westernization and industrialization. He invested in shipping, shipbuilding, mining, banking etc.
b. Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata was initially involved in China trade and raw cotton shipments to England. In 1912, he set up the first iron and steel works in India at Jamshedpur.
 
Question : What was the result of First World War on Indian industries?
Answer : First World War gave a great boost to the Indian Industries because of the following reasons-
1. The British mills became busy with the production of War materials so all its exports to India virtually stopped.
2. Suddenly Indian mills got clearance to produce different articles for the home market.
3. The Indian factories were called upon to supply various war related material like- Jute bags, clothes for uniforms, tents and leather boots for the forces and so on. 
 
Question : Who was a jobber? Explain his functions.
Answer : Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker.
1. He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis.
2. Jobbers became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favor he did and started controlling the lives of workers. 
 
Question : What were the problems of Indians weavers at the early 19th century?
Answer : 1. Shortage of raw material – as raw cotton exports from India increased the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.
2. Clashes with Gomasthas- the Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So the weavers clashed with them.
3. System of Advances- The Britishers started the system of advances to regularizes the supply. The weavers eagerly took the advances in a hope to earn more but they failed to do so. They even started loosing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated.

Question : What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’?
Answer :  1. There is an angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time.
2. The fight is taking into the future.
3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory.

Question : The typical worker in the mid 19th century was not a machine operator but the traditional crafts persons and labourer. Support the statement with examples.
Answer : (i) Technological changes occurred slowly. (ii) Aristocrats and bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hands. These were better finished and carefully designed. (iii) Thus the artisans still got jobs to sum his livelihood. Most of them were also not trained to operate the new machines. 
 
Question : Describe any three conditions that were favourable for the continuing growth of industries in the 18th century India.
Answer : Three conditions that were favourable for the continuing growth of industries in 18th century India are:
(i) India abounds in coal and iron-ore deposits. (ii) Number of perennial rivers. (iii) Abundant raw-materials. (iv) Vast network of roads and railways. (v) Big market. (vi) Demand in several Arabian and Asian countries. 

Question : Who were the Gomasthas? Why did the weaves and Gomasthas clash?
Answer : (i) The Gomasthas were appointed by the British to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. (ii) As time passed, new Gomasthas who were outsiders and did not have any long term social link with the village acted arrogantly with the villagers, marched into the village with sepoys and peons and punished weavers for delays in supplyoften beating and flogging them. This was an act which was very similar to the manner in which the British dealt with defaulters. Thus the weavers often clashed with the gomasthas. 

Question : Describe the contributions of Dwarkanath Tagore as an entrepreneur of Bengal.
Answer : (i) Dwarkanath Tagore believed that India would develop through westernization and industrialisation. (ii) He invested in shipping, ship building, mining, banking, plantations and insurance. (iii) Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.

Question : Describe any five major problem faced by new European merchants in setting up their industries in towns before the industrial revolution.
Answer : (i) Due to the expansion of world trade, the merchants wanted to expand their production. But trade and craft guilds were very powerful. (ii) They could create many problems for the merchants in their town. (iii) Rulers had granted different guilds monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products. So, merchants were handicapped in towns. (iv) Guilds regulated competition and prices. (v) In the countryside, peasants and artisans were available for work. 

Question : How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
Answer : (i) The East India company tried to eliminate the existing traders and appointed 'Gomasthas' as supervisors. (ii) The system of advances was introduced to have a direct control over the weavers. Impact :
(i) Weavers devoted entire time to weaving.
(ii) They were forced to accept the prices fixed by the company.
(iii) There were reports of clashes of weavers with gomasthas. 

Question : Explain the effects of the East India Company's exploitative methods of asserting monopoly over trade.
Answer : (i) The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with cloth trade and tried to establish a direct control over the weavers.
ii) This was a situation of helplessness and desperation which made the workers to revolt against the British. The workers started to either change their profession or migrated to other places.
(iii) These measures ultimately led to the elimination of the Indian weavers.

Question : Why was East India Company keen on expanding textile exports from India during the 1760s? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : Even after the consolidation of the East India Company’s power after the 1760s the Company was willing to expand the textile exports from India because of the following reasons:-
a. First, the cotton industries had not yet expanded hi Britain.
b. Second, great demand of the Indian fine textiles in Europe.
c. Earlier, due to the number of buyers of the woven cloth in the Indian market, Britain found difficulties in supply and also the supply merchants and the weavers could bargain and sell it to their best buyers. But after establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right to trade, Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the competition. The Company took direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.

Question : Describe the lifestyle of the British workers in the nineteenth century.
Answer : Due to the news of job opportunities in the city large number of people migrated from the countryside. This created a situation of abundance of labour in the market. Getting a job was dependent on the networks of friendship and kin relations in factories.
But not all had such connections and that’s why they had to wait for weeks spending nights under the bridges or in the night shelters or the night refuges built by the private individuals or in the casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities. The abundance of labour, social connections in the factories, seasonality of work and welfare of the workers were the main issues which made the life of the workers miserable.

Question : Explain the impact of the First World War on Indian industries.
Answer : Effects of the First World War on the Indian Industries - Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war- needs production and also the Manchester imports declined in India, due to the prolonged war. Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs, many new factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple shifts. Demands for workers increased and they had to work for long hours. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market.

Question : Who were the jobbers? Explain their main functions.
Answer : These jobbers were old and trusted persons who got people from the villages, ensured them jobs and their settlement in the cities along with financial help during the times of crisis. The jobbers were employed to get new recruits. Thus they had authority and power. Later on they started demanding money and gifts for their favour and thus they controlled the lives of the workers.

Question : Why did upper classes in Victorian period preferred things produced by hands?
Answer : The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie were the upper class people in the Victorian Britain who preferred hand-made things because these products symbolize refinement and class as they were better finished and carefully designed. They had the thinking that the machine-made goods were for export to the colonies.

Question : Why did the East India Company appoint gomasthas? Give three reasons.
Answer : The three reasons behind the appointment of gomasthas by the East India Company were:
a. Earlier due to the number of buyers of the woven cloth in the Indian market Britain found difficulties in supply and also the supply merchants and the weavers could bargain and sell it to their best buyers. But after establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right to trade Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the competition.
b. The company took the direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.
c. The Company also prevented the weavers from supplying the cloth to any other buyer. This prevention was done through the system of advances. The weavers were given loans to buy the raw materials and were made bound to supply it the gomastha only.

Question : Why was it difficult for East India Company to produce regular supplies of goods for export in the beginning? Explain.
Answer : Due to the following reasons the East India Company was facing difficulty to produce regular supplies of goods for export in the beginning:
a. There were number of trading companies in India such as French, Dutch and Portuguese who were competing for the woven cloth from the Indian weavers and merchants.
b. Due to the heavy competition and demand of the woven cloth, the Indian weavers and the supply merchants were keeping the prices high which was not profitable for the East India Company.
c. The East India Company did not had any exclusive trading rights or monopoly over trade in India.

Question : Explain any three problems faced by the Indian weavers in 1850s.
or
Explain any three problems faced by Indian cotton weavers by the turn of the nineteenth century.
Answer : The three problems faced by the Indian cotton weavers:
a. Their export market collapsed and the local market shrunk.
b. Indian market flooded with Manchester imports. c. Thus the Indian weavers could not compete
with the mill-made products as they were much cheaper and also they were not getting supply of good quality raw cotton.

Question : “Historians now have to increasingly recognize that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer.” Analyse the statement.
Answer : The new industries were not able to displace the traditional industries. This can be proved with the fact that till the end of the 19th century less than 20% of the workforce were engaged in the technologically advanced industries and a large portion of the output was produced within the domestic units.
Food processing, building, pottery, glass work etc. were the non-mechanized sectors in which the changes were ordinary with small innovations.
The technological changes occurred very slowly because the new technology was very costly. The merchants and industrialists were highly cautious for its use as the machines often broke down and its repair was too expensive. These machines were not as effective as it was claimed by the investors and the manufacturers.

Question : “The First World War created the favorable conditions for the development of industries in India.” Support the statement with suitable examples.
or
Why could Manchester never recapture its old position in the Indian market after the First World War? Explain.
Answer : a. Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war-needs production.
b. The Manchester imports declined in India.
c. Due to the prolonged war, Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs.
d. Many new factories were set up and the old factories ran multiple shifts, demands for workers increased and workers had to work for long hours.
e. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market.

Question : Explain any three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas.
Answer : The three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas were:
a. Earlier the weavers dealt with the supply merchants who lived within the weaving villages and had a close link with the weavers whereas the gomasthas were outsiders who had no social link with the weavers.
b. The supply merchants were looking after the needs of the weavers whereas the gomasthas acted arrogantly and often beat them for the delay in supply.
c. Due to the new system of gomastha the weavers lost the space to bargain, could not sell to other buyers, the price for the cloth received from the Company was very low and the loans which they received from the company tied them with the company itself.

 

Long Answer Type Questions

Question :. Who were the Jobbers? Explain their main functions. 
Answer : Jobber was employed to get new recruits for the factories or industrialists. The jobber misused his position and power in the following ways:
(i) Initially Jobbers lured people from his village ensuring them jobs. He also helped them settle in the city and lent them money in the times of crisis.
(ii) Gradually, Jobbers got position and power.
(iii) They started demanding money and gifts for all the favours.
(iv) They also started to control the lives of the workers.
(v) Jobbers got people from his own village and restricted entries of others in the mills. 

Question : Why was a jobber employed? How did a jobber misuse his position and power? Explain. 
Answer : Jobber was employed to get new recruits for the factories or industrialists. Jobbers were the paid workers of the industrialists. They were old and most trusted workers.
The jobber misused his position and power in the following ways:
a. The jobber got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them with money in times of crisis.
b. The jobber, therefore, became a person with some authority and power.
c. Jobbers began demanding money and gifts for his favour.
d. It started controlling the lives of the workers.
e. Jobbers got people from his own village and restricted entries of others in the mills.

Question : Explain the main features of Proto – Industrialization?
Answer : Main features of Proto Industrialization-
1. Production was not based on factories.
2. Large scale home based production for international market.
3. Merchants move to country side and supplied money for artisans to produced for international market.
4. It provided alternative source of income.
5. Income from pro-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from.
6. Helped in fuller use of their family labour resources.
7. Close relationship. 

Question : How did the British market expanded their goods in India?
Answer : 1. Advertisement of product – Advertisement make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. During the industrial age, advertisements have played a major role in expanding the market for products.
2. Putting labels on the cloths bundles – The labels was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on a label. They would feel confident about buying the cloths.
3. Images of Indian Gods gave approval to the goods being sold. Images of Krishna and Saraswati was intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the Indian People.
4. Printing Calendars to popularizes their products unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in the tea shops and in poor people’s homes, just as much as in offices and in middle class houses. 

Question : ‘The Industrial Revolution was a mixed Blessing.’ Explain?
Answer : Blessing of the Industrial Revolution –
1. Production by machines has met the growing need of the growing population of the world.
2. Only machines have made it possible for the mankind to meet the primary necessities of food, cloths and shelter
3. Machines have relieved man of the drudgery of tiring and unpleasant jobs.
4. Machines have brought more leisure.
Harmful effects of Industrial Revolution-
1. The industrial Revolution shattered the rural life by turning the farmers into landless labourers.
2. Rural unemployment forced the unemployed farmers to migrate to cities in search of jobs
3. The cities became overcrowded and many problems of insanitation and housing arose.
4. The industrial Revolution gave birth to imperialism 

Question : Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?
Answer : 1. No chance of bargaining – The weavers lost any chance of bargaining.
2. Leasing of land – most of the weavers had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving.
3. Dependency for food on others – most of the weavers after loosing their land became dependent on other for the food supplies.
4. Clashes with Gomasthas – Gomasthas acted arrogantly, marched into villages with police and punished weavers for delay in supply. 

Question : “Series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization in India by the early twentieth century.” Analyze the statement.
Answer :  By the first decade of 20th Century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization.
(i) As the Swadesh Movement gathered momentum in India, the nationalists mobilized people to boycott foreign cloth and other goods. Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interests pressurizing the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(ii) From 1906, export of Indian yarn to China declined. So Indian industrialists shifted their interest from yarn to cloth production leading to considerable production of cotton piece goods.
(iii) The beginning of First World War created a new situation. Since British mills were busy in producing war materials to meet their own war needs, export of goods to India declined. This gave an opportunity to Indian industries to thrive. Indian mills now had a vast home market to supply. (iv) As the war continued, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs, such as jute bags, cloth for army uniform, tents, leather boots, horse and mule saddles, etc. New factories were set up and old factories ran double shift.
(v) After the war, industries in Britain got a severe setback. In India however local industrialists gradually consolidated their position substituting foreign manufactures and capturing home market. Handicraft production also expanded in the 20th century. 

Question : Why could mechanical technology not replace human labour in Victorian Britain? Explain.
Answer :  In 19th century Britain, there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and vagrants came to the cities in large numbers in search of jobs. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on their existing network of friendship and kin relations. If someone had a relative or friend in a factory, he could easily get a job. But not everyone had social connections. The following points state that the life of workers at that time was pathetic:
(i) After the busy season was over, labourers looked for odd jobs which till the mid-19th century were difficult to find.
(ii) Though, the wages increased somewhat in the early 19th century, the increase was nullified by an increase in prices of commodities.
(iii) The income of workers depended not on the wage rate alone, it also depended on the number of days of their work.
(iv) Till the mid-19th century, about 10 per cent of the urban population was extremely poor.
(v) Poor workers were forced to live in slums. (vi) Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking new machines.
 
Question : How did a series of inventions in the 18th century increase the efficiency of each step of production process in the cotton textile industry? 
Answer : (i) Invention of process like carding, twisting, spinning and rolling. These steps in the production process of the textile industry enhanced the output per worker and enabled him to produce stronger yarn.
(ii) Richard Arkwright created a Cotton Mill. This enabled to set up new machines in the mill where all the processes were brought together under one roof.
(iii) People were trained to be Stapler or Fuller. A Stapler was a person who sorted wool according to fibers and the Fuller used to gather cloth by pleating with the newly invented machines.

Question : How did the expansion of the British industries in India affect the weavers?
Answer : (i) Initially, the Indian industries did not decline as the British cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand. So the Company was keen on expanding the textile exports from India.
(ii) Before establishing political power in India, the company in, Bengal and Carnatic in 1760s and 1770s, had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
(iii) The Dutch, the French and the Portuguese, as well as local traders, competed in the market to secure woven cloth.
(iv) So the weavers could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer.
(v) Once the Company established its power it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate the competition, control cost and ensure regular supplies. 

Question : 'The First World War created dramatically a new situation for Indian Industries'. Analyse how this change took place.
Answer : (i) The First World War created a dramatically new situation. Till then industrial production had been slow.
(ii) British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined.
(iii) Indian mills now had a vast home market to cater to.
(iv) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs, jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents, leather boots, horse and mule saddlers and many other items.
(v) Many workers were employed as new factories were set up and old ones ran in multiple shifts.
(vi) Over the war years, industrial production boomed. Manchester was unable to capture its old position in the Indian market after the war. Cotton production collapsed and export of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.

Question : Explain the role played by the advertisements in creating new consumers for the British products.
Answer : Advertisement is used since from the beginning to attract the buyers because it helps in making the product appear desirable and necessary.
The Manchester industrialists also put labels (Made in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth for the following purposes — to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company known to buyers, as a mark of quality and to make the buyers feel confident about the product.
These labels carried the words, texts, images and beautiful illustrations which gave some idea about the mind.of the manufacturers, their calculations and the way they approach the buyers.
Initially, the images of gods and goddesses like Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for making the buyers convince that there is divine approval to sell these products.
In order to make the products more popular the products were printed in the newspapers, magazines and the most important on the calendars.
The calendars became most popular due to the following reasons - used even by the illiterates and poor, hung in tea shops, hung in homes which they see day after day through the year.
The figures of important personages, emperors and Nawabs were also used in the advertisements and calendars to expand the market of the product. These figures gave the message that this product is used by the royalty and hence it is of good quality and also if you respect these figures then give due respect to the product also.

Question : Explain any three measures used by producers to expand their markets in the 19th century.
Answer : The three measures used by producers to expand their markets in the 19th century were:
a. The Company took the direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies ‘ and check the quality of the cloth. The Company also prevented the weavers from supplying the cloth to any other buyer. This prevention was done throqgh the system of advances. The weavers were given loans to buy the raw materials and were made bound to supply it the gomastha only.
b. The jobbers were employed to get new recruit. These jobbers were old and trusted persons who got people from the villages, ensured them jobs and their settlement in the cities along with financial h?lp during the times of crisis. Thus they had authority and power.
c. The Manchester industrialists also put labels (Made in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth for the following purposes to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company known to buyers, for a mark of quality and to make the buyers feel confident about the product. These labels carried the words, texts, images and beautiful illustrations which gives some idea about the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations and the way they approach the buyers.
Initially the images of gods and goddesses like Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for making the buyers convince that there is divine approval to sell these products. In order to make the products more popular the products were printed in the newspapers, magazines and the most important on the calendars.

Question : Why were there frequent clashes between Gomasthas and weavers in the villages? Explain five reasons.
Answer : The following were the reasons for the frequent clashes between Gomasthas and weavers in the villages:
a. Earlier, the weavers dealt with the supply merchants who lived within the weaving villages and had a close link with the weavers whereas the gomasthas were outsiders who had no social link with the weavers.
b. The supply merchants were looking after the needs of the weavers whereas the gomasthas acted arrogantly and often heat them for the delay in supply.
c. Due to the new system of gomastha the weavers lost the space to bargain.
d. The weavers could not sell to other buyers.
e. The price for the cloth received from the .Company was very low and the loans J which they received from the Company tied them with the Company itself.

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