CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The D And F Block Elements Notes Set 03

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry notes and questions for The d and f Block Elements Part C. Learning the important concepts is very important for every student to get better marks in examinations. The concepts should be clear which will help in faster learning. The attached concepts made as per NCERT and CBSE pattern will help the student to understand the chapter and score better marks in the examinations.

d – AND f – BLOCK ELEMENTS

Electronic Configuration of Transition Metal/Ions

The d-block element is called transition metal if it has partly filled d-orbitals in the ground state as well as in its oxidised state.

The general electronic configuration of transition metal is (n–1) d^1–10ns^1–2. Exceptions in electronic configuration are due to (a) very little engery difference between (n–1) d and ns orbitals and (b) extra stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals in case of Cr and Cu in 3d series.

Cr : Is² 2s² 2p⁶, 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d⁵

Cu : Is² 2s² 2p⁶, 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d¹⁰

To write the electronic configuration of Mⁿ⁺, the electrons are first removed from ns orbital and then from (n - 1) d orbitals of neutral, atom (if required). For example, the electronic configuration of Cu⁺, Cu²⁺ and Cr³⁺ are respectively

3d¹⁰ 4s°, 3d⁹ 4s° and 3d³ 4s°.

The following questions can be answered with the help of above.

(i) Scandium (Z = 21) is a transition element but zinc (Z = 30) is not.

(ii) Copper (Z = 29) and silver (Z = 47) both have fully filled d-orbitals i.e., (n - 1) d¹⁰. why are these elements are regarded as transition elements?

(iii) Which of the d-block elements are not regarded as transition elements?

UNDERSTANDING Δfus H ^Θ,vap H^ΘAND Δa H^Θ

In transition metals unpaired (n - l)d electrons as well as ns electrons take part in interatomic bonding. Larger the number of unpaired (n - 1) d electrons, the stronger is the interatomic bonding and large amount of energy is required to overcome the interatomic interaction.

The following questions can be explained using the above reasoning.

(i) Which has higher m.p.? V (Z = 23) or Cr (Z = 24) ?

(ii) Explain why Fe (Z = 26) has higher m.p. than cobalt (Z = 27).

Metals of second (4d) and third (5d) transition series have greater enthalpies of atomisation than corresponding elements of first transition series on account of more frequent metal metal bonding due to greater spatial extension of 4d and 5d orbitals than 3d orbitals.

LANTHANOID CONTRACTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCE

The 4f orbitals screen the nuclear .charge less effectively because they are large and diffused. The filling of 4f orbitals before 5d orbitals results in the gradual increase in effective nuclear charge resulting in a regular decrease in atomic and ionic radii. This phenomenon is called lanthanoid contraction. The corresponding members of second and third transition series have similar radii because the normal size increase down the group of d-block elements almost exactly balanced by the lanthanoid contraction.

This reasoning is applied in answering the following questions.

(i) Elements in the’following pairs have identical (similar) radii : Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta and Mo/W. Explain why?

(ii) Why do Zr and Hf have very similar physical and chemical properties and occur together in the same mineral?

VARIATION IN IONISATION ENTHALPY

With the filling of (n - 1) d orbitals effective nuclear charge increases resulting in the increase in first ionisation enthalpy. There are some irregular variations.

The first ionisation enthalpy of chromium is lower because the removal of one electron produces extra stable d5 configuration and that of zinc is higher because the removal of electron takes place from fully filled 4s orbital. Second ionization enthalpy of Zn (Δi H2 = 1734 kj)/mol) is lower than second ionization enthalpy of Cu (1958 kj/mol). This is because removal of second electron in Zn produces stable d¹⁰ configuration while the removal of second electron in Cu disrupts the d10 configuration with a considerable loss in exchange energy to from less stable d9 configuration.

Cr = 3d⁵ 4s¹

Zn = 3d¹⁰ 4s²; Zn²⁺ = 3d¹⁰

Cu = 3d¹⁰ 4s¹; Cu²⁺ = 3d⁹

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