CBSE Class 12 Political Science

Unit 1: The End of Bipolarity (6 Marks)

• The Soviet System
• Gorbachev and the disintegration
• Causes and Consequences of disintegration of Soviet Union
• Shock Therapy and its Consequences
• New entities in world politics: Russia, Balkan States, Central Asian States
• India's relations with Russia and other post-communist countries

Note for Students: This unit explores the collapse of the USSR and the transition from a bipolar to a unipolar world, focusing on the emergence of new political entities and India's shifting diplomatic relations.

Unit 2: Contemporary Centres of Power (6 Marks)

• European Union
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• Rise of China as an economic power
• Japan and South Korea as emerging powers

Note for Students: This chapter identifies alternative centers of political and economic power that have emerged to challenge global hegemony, including regional organizations and rising Asian economies.

Unit 3: Contemporary South Asia (6 Marks)

• Military and Democracy in Pakistan and Bangladesh
• Monarchy and Democracy in Nepal
• Ethnic Conflict and Democracy in Sri Lanka
• India-Pakistan Conflicts
• India and its Neighbours
• Peace and Cooperation

Note for Students: Students will study the internal political dynamics of South Asian nations and the complex nature of India's relationships with its immediate neighbors.

Unit 4: International Organizations (6 Marks)

• Meaning and importance of International Organisations
• Evolution of the UN
• Structure and function of International Organisations
• Principal Organs of UN
• Reform of the UN after Cold War
• Reform of Structures, Processes and Jurisdiction of the UN
• India and the UN Reforms
• Key Agencies: IMF, World Bank, WTO, ILO, IAEA
• NGO: Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch
• Implications and Future of International Organisations

Note for Students: This unit focuses on the role of the United Nations and other global bodies in managing international affairs and the ongoing debates regarding their reform.

Unit 5: Security in the Contemporary World (6 Marks)

• Meaning and Type of Security
• Traditional concept of Security
• Non-tradition notions of Security
• New Sources of Threats
• Cooperative Security
• India’s Security strategy

Note for Students: This section examines the evolving definition of security, moving from military defense to broader concepts like human security and global cooperation.

Unit 6: Environment and Natural Resources (6 Marks)

• Environmental Concerns
• Global Commons
• Common but differentiated responsibilities
• India’s Stand on Environment Issues
• Environmental Movements
• Resource Geopolitics
• Rights of Indigenous peoples

Note for Students: This chapter highlights the political dimensions of global environmental challenges, resource management, and the specific role India plays in international climate discourse.

Unit 7: Globalisation (4 Marks)

• Concept of globalisation
• Causes and Consequences of globalisation
• India and globalization
• Resistance to globalisation
• India and resistance to globalisation

Note for Students: This unit analyzes the multi-dimensional impact of globalization on culture, economy, and politics, as well as the various forms of resistance it faces.

Unit 1 (Part B): Challenges of Nation Building (6 Marks)

• Challenges for the new Nation: Three Challenges
• Partition: Displacement and Rehabilitation: Consequences of Partition
• Integration of Princely States: The problem, Government’s approach, Hyderabad, Manipur
• Reorganisation of States

Note for Students: This unit covers the immediate hurdles faced by independent India, including the trauma of partition and the monumental task of territorial integration.

Unit 2 (Part B): Era of One-Party Dominance (4 Marks)

• Challenge of building democracy
• Congress dominance in the first three general elections: Nature of Congress dominance, Congress as social and ideological coalition, Tolerance and management of Factions
• Emergence of opposition parties

Note for Students: Students will explore the early years of Indian democracy and the political factors that led to the prolonged dominance of the Congress party.

Unit 3 (Part B): Politics of Planned Development (2 Marks)

• Political contestation: Ideas of Development, Planning, Planning Commission
• The Early Initiatives: The First Five Year Plan, Rapid Industrialisation

Note for Students: This chapter examines the economic choices made by the Indian state post-independence and the creation of the Planning Commission.

Unit 4 (Part B): India’s External Relations (6 Marks)

• International Context
• The Policy of Non-Alignment: Nehru’s role, Distance from two camps, Afro Asian Unity
• Peace and conflict with China: The Chinese Invasion 1962
• War and Peace with Pakistan: Bangladesh War 1971
• India’s Nuclear Policy

Note for Students: This unit traces the evolution of India's foreign policy, from the Non-Aligned Movement to major military conflicts and the development of its nuclear program.

Unit 5 (Part B): Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System (4 Marks)

• Challenge of Political Succession: From Nehru to Shastri, From Shastri to Indira Gandhi
• Fourth General Election 1967: Context of the Election, Non Congressism, Electoral Verdict, Coalitions, Defections
• Split in the Congress: Indira vs the Syndicate, Presidential Election 1969
• The 1971 Election and Restoration of Congress: The outcome and after Restoration

Note for Students: This section focuses on the leadership transitions and internal party splits that redefined the Indian National Congress in the 1960s and 70s.

Unit 6 (Part B): The Crisis of Democratic Order (4 Marks)

• Background to Emergency: Economic Context, Gujarat and Bihar Movements, Conflict with Judiciary
• Declaration of Emergency: Crisis and response, Consequences
• Lessons of the Emergency
• Politics after Emergency: Lok Sabha Elections 1977, Janata Government
• Legacy

Note for Students: A critical study of the National Emergency of 1975, its impact on the democratic fabric of India, and the subsequent rise of the Janata Government.

Unit 7 (Part B): Regional Aspirations (6 Marks)

• Region and the Nation: Indian Approach, Areas of Tension, Jammu and Kashmir, Roots of the Problem, External and Internal disputes, Politics since 1948, Insurgency and After, 2022 and Beyond
• Punjab: Political Context, Cycle of Violence, Road to Peace
• The Northeast: Demand for autonomy, Secessionist Movements, Movements against outsiders, Assam and National Integration

Note for Students: This unit examines the tension between regional identity and national integrity, focusing on key movements in Kashmir, Punjab, and the Northeast.

Unit 8 (Part B): Recent Developments in Indian Politics (8 Marks)

• Context of 1990s
• Era of Coalition: Alliance Politics
• Political rise of the Backward Classes: Mandal Implemented, Political Fallouts
• Communalism, Secularism and Democracy: Ayodhya Dispute, Demolition and after
• Emergence of New Consensus
• Lok Sabha Elections 2004
• Growing Consensus

Note for Students: This final unit explores contemporary Indian politics, including the rise of coalition governments, reservation politics, and the shifting consensus on economic policy.