CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemistry In Everyday Life Chapter Notes

Chemistry Concept Notes for Class 12: Unit 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life

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Chapter : Chemistry in Everyday Life

Top concepts

1. Drugs are low molecular mass ( 100-500 u) substances which interact with targets in the body and produce a biological response 

2. Medicines are chemicals that are useful in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases

3. Desirable or beneficial effect of a drug like treatment of symptoms and cure of a disease on a living body is known as therapeutic effect

4. Proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in the body are called enzymes

5. Functions of enzymes:

 

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 (i) The first function of an enzyme is to hold the substrate for a chemical reaction. Active sites of enzymes hold the substrate molecule in a suitable position, so that it can be attacked by the reagent effectively

(ii) The second function of an enzyme is to provide functional groups that will attack the substrate and carry out chemical reaction

6. Main role of drugs is to either increase or decrease role of enzyme catalysed reactions. Inhibition of enzymes is a common role of drug action. Enzyme inhibitor is drug which inhibits catalytic activity of enzymes or blocks the binding site of the enzyme and eventually prevents the binding of substrate with enzyme. Drug can inhibit attachment of substrate on active site of enzymes in following ways. 

(a)   Competitive Inhibition: Competitive Inhibitors are the drugs that compete with the natural substrate for their attachment on the active sites of enzymes

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(b) Non-Competitive Inhibition: Some drugs do not bind to the enzyme’s active site, instead bind to a different site of enzyme called allosteric site. This binding of inhibitor at allosteric site changes the shape of the active site in such a way that substrate cannot recognise it. If the bond formed between an enzyme and an inhibitor is a strong covalent bond and cannot be broken easily, then the enzyme is blocked permanently. The body then degrades the enzyme-inhibitor complex and synthesizes the new enzyme

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7. Receptors as Drug Targets: 
Proteins which are vital for communication system in the body are called receptors. In the body, message between two neurons and that between neurons to muscles is communicated through chemical messengers. They are received at the binding sites of receptor proteins. To accommodate a messenger, shape of the receptor site changes which brings about the transfer of message into the cell. Chemical messenger gives message to the cell without entering the cell

 

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry - Chemistry in Everyday Life Chapter Notes 1
Receptors show selectivity for one chemical messenger over the other because their binding sites have different shape, structure and amino acid composition. 
Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists. These are useful when blocking of message is required. Drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor are called agonists. These are useful when there is lack of natural chemical messenger. 
 
8. Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs 
 
(i) Antacid: Chemical substances which neutralize excess acid in the gastric juices and give relief from acid indigestion, acidity, heart burns and gastric ulcers 
Examples: Eno, gelusil, digene etc. 
 
(ii) Antihistamines: Chemical substances which diminish or abolish the effects of histamine released in body and hence prevent allergic reactions 
Examples: Brompheniramine (Dimetapp) and terfenadine (Seldane)
 
(iii) Neurologically Active Drugs: Drugs which have a neurological effect i.e. affects the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor 
 
(a) Tranquilizers: Chemical substances used for the treatment of stress and mild or severe mental diseases
Examples: Derivatives of barbituric acids like veronal, amytal, nembutal, luminal, seconal 
 
(b) Analgesics: Chemical substances used to relieve pain without causing any disturbances in the nervous system like impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination or paralysis etc. 
Classification of Analgesics:
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry - Chemistry in Everyday Life Chapter Notes 2
(iv) Antimicrobials: Drugs that tends to destroy/prevent development or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria (antibacterial drugs), fungi (antifungal agents), virus (antiviral agents), or other parasites (antiparasitic drugs) selectively 
 
Types of antimicrobial drugs
(a) Antibiotics: Chemical substances produced by microorganisms that kill or prevent the growth of other microbes
 
Classification of antibiotics on basis of mode of control of microbial diseases:
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry - Chemistry in Everyday Life Chapter Notes 3
Classification of antibiotics on basis of its spectrum of action:
 
 

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