CBSE Class 12 Chemistry

Latest Syllabus for Class 12 Chemistry

Unit 1: Solutions (7 Marks)

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions.
• Raoult’s law, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure.
• Determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor.

Note for Students: This unit focuses on the physical properties of solutions and the mathematical relationships used to determine molecular mass through colligative properties.

Unit 2: Electrochemistry (9 Marks)

• Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells.
• Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration.
• Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea).
• Dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, fuel cells, and corrosion.

Note for Students: Understand the conversion between chemical and electrical energy, including the practical applications of cells and the mechanics of corrosion.

Unit 3: Chemical Kinetics (7 Marks)

• Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst.
• Order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions).
• Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment), activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

Note for Students: Focus on the factors that influence reaction speeds and the mathematical models used to calculate reaction rates and energy requirements.

Unit 4: d -and f -Block Elements (7 Marks)

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals.
• General trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation.
• Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
• Lanthanides - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanide contraction and its consequences.
• Actinides - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanides.

Note for Students: Pay close attention to the unique properties of transition metals and the specific effects of lanthanide contraction on atomic size.

Unit 5: Coordination Compounds (7 Marks)

• Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes.
• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.
• Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism.
• Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).

Note for Students: Mastering IUPAC naming and the theories of bonding (VBT and CFT) is essential for understanding complex chemical structures.

Unit 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (6 Marks)

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation, and mechanism of substitution reactions.
• Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only).
• Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

Note for Students: This unit introduces organic reaction mechanisms and the environmental impact of various halogenated compounds.

Unit 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (6 Marks)

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Note for Students: Focus on the distinct chemical reactions of oxygen-containing functional groups and the methods used to distinguish between different types of alcohols.

Unit 8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (8 Marks)

• Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Note for Students: This is a high-weightage unit focusing on the carbonyl group and its diverse reactivity in organic synthesis.

Unit 9: Amines (6 Marks)

• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
• Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Note for Students: Understand the basicity of amines and the vital role diazonium salts play in creating various organic dyes and compounds.

Unit 10: Biomolecules (7 Marks)

• Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
• Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.
• Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.
• Vitamins - Classification and functions.
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

Note for Students: This unit bridges chemistry and biology, focusing on the structures and functions of essential molecules required for life.

Projects (Periods10)

Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.

A few suggested projects

1. Study of presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
2. Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.
3. Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to curd formation, effect of temperature, etc.
4. Study of the effect of potassium bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions (temperature, concentration, time etc.)
5. Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase and effect of pH and temperature on it.
6. Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat flour, gram flour, potato juice, carrot juice etc.
7. Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi (cardamom).
8. Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric powder, chilli powder and pepper.

Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen with the approval of the teacher. In addition models and exhibits for exhibition ,depicting basic principles and application in daily life may also be included .