CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes Ketones And Carboxylic Acids Notes Set 02

Revision Notes for Class 12 Chemistry: Unit 8 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

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ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

The π Electron cloud of >C=O is unsymmetrical .On the other hand, due to same electonegativity of the two carbon atoms, the π‐ electron of the >C=C< bond is symmetrical.

Nature of carbonyl group:- The Pi electron cloud of >C=O is unsymmetrical therefore, partial positive charge develop over carbon of carbonyl group while negative charge develop over oxygen of carbonyl group and dipole moment is approximate 2.6D.

class_12_chemistry_concept_25

class_12_chemistry_concept_26 

The structure of the carbonyl group in aldehydes and Ketones is ,not entirely adequately represented by >C=O, nor by the alternative >C+‐O‐. The real structure or resonance hybrid lies somewhere between the following structure: 

class_12_chemistry_concept_27

As we know that anion is more stable than the cation, thus the addition to carbonyl groups should take place via mechanism second which has been further proved in the addition of HCN to carbonyl group.
 
Reactivity of aldehyde and Ketones is as
HCHO>RCHO>RCOR>RCOOR>RCONH2.
 
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 
:-Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids are important classes of organic compounds containing carbonyl groups.
:-They are highly polar molecules.
:-They boil at higher temperatures than the corresponding hydrocarbons and weakly polar compounds such as ethers.
:-Lower members are soluble in water because they can form H-bond with water.
:-Higher members are insoluble in water due to large size of their hydrophobic group.
:-Aldehydes are prepared bya.
 
Dehydrogenation of primary alcohols
b. Controlled oxidation of primary alcohols.
c. Controlled and selective reduction of acyl halides Aromatic aldehydes can be prepared by
 
a.Oxidation of toluene with chromyl chloride or CrO3 in the presence of acetic anhydride
b. Formylation of arenes with carbon monoxide and Hydrochloric acid in the presence of anhydrous aluminiumchloride / Cuprous chloride
c. Hydrolysis of benzal chloride
 
Ketones are prepared bya.
oxidation of secondary alcohols
b. Hydration of alkenes
c. Reaction acyl chlorides with dialkylcadmium
d. By friedel crafts reaction
 
Carboxylic acids are prepared by –
a. oxidation of primary alcohols, aldehydes and alkenes
b. hydrolysis of nitriles
c. Treatment of grignard reagent with carbondioxide.
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry notes and questions for Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Part B 1
 
ROSENMUND REDUCTION:
 
Acyl chlorides when hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium on barium sulphate yield aldehydes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry notes and questions for Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Part B 2
 
2. STEPHEN REACTION
 
Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imines with stannous chloride in the presence of Hydrochloric acid, which on hydrolysis give corresponding aldehyde.
                                              H3O
RCN +SnCl2 +HCl → RCH=NH  → RCHO 3.

 

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