CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Worksheet Set F

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Why did nationalism emerge in the Balkans ?
Answer: Ethnic vagaries spawned a feeling of nationalism in the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire started to disintegrate. The Balkans became the cauldron of repressed anger and tensions. They used history to prove that their area had once been independent. As a matter of fact, mutual jealousies augmented tension in the region.

Question. Write a short note on Count Camillo de Cavour.
Answer: Out of the seven Italian states, only Sardinia-Piedmont was administered by an Italian princely house. The revolutionary upsurge of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy. Subsequently, the mantle of unifying Italy fell upon the Italian state. King Victor Emmanuel II was its monarch and Count Cavour was its Chief Minister. Cavour organised the movement to unite the separate states of Italy. He has a powerful coalition with France that helped him to crush the Austrian forces in 1859, leading to the unification of Italy.

Question. What is the definition of Feudalism ?
Answer: Feudalism was the principal social system prevailing in medieval Europe. In this system, the nobility exercised lands from the Crown in lieu of military service. The feudal lords dominated the lower segments of the society, mainly vassals and the serfs. Serfs cultivated the lands of the feudal lords and paid homage and a part of the produce to the feudal lords in return for military protection.

Question. Write a short note on Frankfurt Parliament.
Answer: In 1848, the German middle class aimed to vote for an overarching German Assembly and hence came to Frankfurt. The National assembly decided that the German nation would form a monarchical nation regulated by the Parliament, it offered these terms to the Prussian king. The king however, refuted the proposal and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. The middle class monopolised the Parliament which resisted the demands of the workers and artisans. Thus the middle class lost their mass support. In the last, the monarchy and the military formed a nexus with the aristocracy and triumphed over the liberal nationalist middle class. Therefore, the Frankfurt Parliament is popular in history as a failed venture of liberalism which resulted in the triumph of the monarchy.

Question. State the characteristics of Romanticism.
Answer: The salient characteristics of Romanticism are enumerated as follows :
(i) Romanticism is a cultural movement.
(ii) In this context, patriotic sentiments should be expressed through poetries, music and literary pieces.
(iii) More emphasis was given on vernacular language. This was to present the ancient to traditions as well as to carry forward this for the future generation.

Question. “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient”. Analyse the statement with arguments.
Answer: (i) The Civil Code of 1804 was also known as Napoleonic Code that permeated the countries, including Switzerland, Italy and Germany.
(ii) Napoleon simplified administrative divisions and subsequently, abolished feudalism. He emancipated the peasants and other segments of the society from serfdom and manorial dues.
(iii) Transport and communication network was improved. Businessmen, peasants, artisans experienced freedom that was gained due to Napoleon’s unified laws, standardised measures and common currency, leading to the facilitation of the movement of goods from one region to another.

Question. Describe the cause of the Silesian weaver’s uprising. Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist Wilhelm Wolff. 
Answer: The perspective of the journalist Wilhelm Wolff were :
(i) The main reason behind the Silesian weaver’s uprising was lower payment for the accomplishment of job.
(ii) Contractor who manufactured raw materials and procured finished textiles from the weavers paid less money for the service of the weavers.
(iii) The weavers were tortured mercilessly if they asked for their dues. This resulted in logical agitation and uprising by the weavers against the contractor.
(iv) The perspective of the journalist wilhelm wolff, was that the hardship of the workers was colossus and the contractor made their lives infernal. In this context, the viewpoint of journalist was apposite and logical.

Question. Compare the positions on the question of women’s rights voiced by the three writers (Carl Welcker, Louis Otto-Peters and an anonymous reader) cited above. What do they reveal about liberal ideology ? [NCERT]
Answer: The three writers Carl Welcker, Louis Otto-Peters and an anonymous reader, manifested three different perspectives about the women’s rights. These are enumerated as follows :
(i) The first writer Carl Welcker was a liberal political thinker. He was vocal about the functions of the two sexes. He believed that equality between the sexes would only spawn harmony.
(ii) The second writer, Louis Otto-Peters believed that women should be given equal rights.
(iii) The third writer (an anonymous reader) favoured the question of women’s rights. By citing a comparative study, he discussed the political rights of both men and women.
(iv) All three writers claimed that there were massive stratifications in the liberal ideology. They were divided on the question of women’s rights.

Question. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow :
Source A-The Making of Nationalism in Europe
What we know today as Germany,Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture. Often, they even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups. The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples.
Answer: 19.1. What bind the diverse ethnic groups in Europe before the eighteenth century?
Answer. The only tie binding the diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.

Question. Source B-Italy Unified
During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war. In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.
Answer: 19.2 Into how many states Italy was divided before its unification?
Answer. Before its unification, Italy was divided into seven states.

Question. Source C- The Strange Case of Britain
There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
Answer: 19.3 In which year did the Act of Union come into effect?
Answer. The Act of Union came into effect in 1707 between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. “Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment by the last quarter of the nineteenth century in Europe,” Analyse the statement with examples. [2016 (F) Set-1]
Answer: Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment by the last quarter of the nineteenth century in Europe, but became a narrow creed with limited ends. During this period nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war. The major European powers, in turn, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims. This was seen in the case of Balkan region. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others. During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.

Question. Describe the role of Romanticism in developing nationalist feelings among Europeans during nineteenth century. 
Answer: (i) The feeling of nationalism didnot only come due to territorial expansion or war, culture played a major role in developing sense of nationalism.
(ii) Romanticism is a cultural movement that sought to develop a particular kind of nationalism.
(iii) Romantic poets didnot support the glorifying of science and reason, but rather focussed on mystic feelings, intuitions and emotion.
(iv) Folklores, folktales and folksong were collected as it was believed they gave the true manifestation of people's thoughts and lives.
(v) Historians argued true German culture was to be defined among the people (das volk).
(vi) Common deeds of the past, social capital inculcated a feeling of collective belonging among the people.
(vii) Language was also used to develop nationalism. This was the case of Poland that was divided by the Great Power. Yet nationalist feelings were kept alive through songs and folklore.

Question. Explain the nation building process of Germany after 1848. 
Answer: In 1848, the middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state under an elected parliament. This initiative was however, suppressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia.
(i) Prussia carried forward the movement for national unification. Otto von Bismarck, its chief minister, was the architect of this process and carried out the task with help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
(ii) After fighting three wars over seven years with the combined forces of Austria, Denmark and France, Prussia emerged victorious and the process of unification was completed.
(iii) On 18 January, 1871 the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.
(iv) The new German state focused on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems.

Question. Describe any five measures introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. 
Answer: From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
(i) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
(iv) A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal cutoms duties were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
(v) Regional dialects were discouraged and French as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.

Question. Who hosted Vienna Congress in 1815 ? Analyse the main changes brought by the Vienna Treaty ?
Answer: In 1815, major European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who jointly defeated Napoleon, assembled at the Vienna Congress. The Austrian Chancellor, Duke Metternich hosted the Vienna Congress. The representatives concluded the treaty, which brought about the following changes :
(i) The Bourbon Dynasty that was deposed during the French Revolution was reinstated.
(ii) France lost all the territories it had captured and annexed under the region of Napoleon.
(iii) An array of states was established on the fringes of France to restrict expansionist policies of France in future.
(iv) Prussia was granted important new territories on its western frontiers. At the other end of the spectrum, Northern Italy was ceded to Austria.
(v) In the East, Russia was granted a part of Poland and Prussia was given the portions of Saxony.
(vi) The main intention was to reinstate the monarchies that had been toppled by Napoleon and to created a new conservative order in Europe.

Question. What were the causes of the French Revolution ?
Answer: The French Revolution of 1789 was an epoch-making event, recorded in the annals of the French history. The main causes of the revolution are enumerated as follow :
(i) According to Lefebvre “the origin of the French revolution of 1789 lies deep in French history”. This revolution was basically a spontaneous protest of the French people against economic dislocation, social disparities, political inadequacies, in addition the absence of proper and fair administrative policies.
(ii) The main causes of the French revolution lay inherent in the existing socio-economic structure of the eighteenth century France. The social disparities most importantly conflicts among the classes and within each class torn the fabric of the French society.
(iii) According to Marcel Reiner, the real cause of the revolution cannot be traced if we ignore its socio-economic background. The people of France were divided into three groups or estates. The priests and clergy constituted the ‘first estate’, the aristocrats were the ‘second estate’, and the middle class, businessmen, traders, workers, farmers and all the common people of the country formed the ‘third estate’.

Question. Critically examine the achievements and failures of Napoleon.
Answer: The achievements of Napoleon are enumerated as follows :
(i) Napoleon introduced substantial reforms in the conquered territories.
(ii) He is deemed to have decimated democracy in France. Nevertheless, he incorporated many revolutionary principles in the administrative domain. He did this to make the administrative system more effective and rational.
(iii) The civil code of 1804, also knownas the Napoleonic code, abolished all the privileges based on birth, set-up equality before the law and reserved the rights to property.
(iv) In Dutch Republic, in Italy, Switzerland and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, emancipated peasants from bondage and serfdom, removed restrictions on guild and relaxed manorial dues.
(v) He improved transport and communication system throughout the country. All these substantial reforms and developments facilitated the movement and swap of goods or services from one region to another.
Some of the failures of Napoleon are as follows :
(i) The people in the annexed territories realised the graveness of the situation. They comprehended that the new political dispositions could not go hand in hand with the political freedom.
(ii) Enhanced taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe. All these regressive programmes began to outweigh the administrative changes brought about by Napoleon and caused resentment among people.

Question. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century. 
Answer: In this segment, we will focus on the development of the German and Italian nation states in the nineteenth century.
(i) Political fragmentation : In the middle of the nineteenth century, the present day nations of Germany and Italy were dismembered into separate regions and kingdoms ruled by different princely houses.
(ii) Revolutionary uprisings : Nineteenth-century Europe was characterised by both popular insurgencies of the masses and revolutions spearheaded by the educated, liberal middle classes. In response to the opposition from the aristocracy and military, it was compelled to cease.
(iii) Italian region : In the Italian region, during the 1830s, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini sought to establish a unitary Italian Republic. However, the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy.
(iv) Unification based on army : After the failure of the revolutions, the process of German and Italian unification was continued by the aristocracy and the army. Germany was united by the Prussian chief minister Otto Von Bismarck with the assistance of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. The German nation was established in 1871.
(v) The Italian state of Sardinia : Piedmont played a role in the unification of italy like their German counterparts. Count Camillo de Cavour (the Chief Minister) led the movement to unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy with the help of the army and formed a nexus with France. The regions annexed by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts joined the northern regions and formed a united Italy. The Italian nation was thus formed in 1861. The Papal States joined in 1870.

Question. Describe the explosive conditions prevailed in the Balkans after 1871 in Europe. 
Answer: Introduction : Towards the late 19th century nationalism aligned with imperialism and became a narrow creed. This was evident in Balkan region of Europe after 1871.
(a) Balkan was the region including the present day Romania, Bulgaria, Herzegovina, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, etc. This region was under the control of Ottoman Empire.
(b) This region became an area of intense conflict due to the breakdown of Ottoman Empire along with the spread of romantic nationalism.
(c) One by one, each of the European subject nationalities broke away. They based their claims on history that they were once independent and then subjected to colonial powers.
(d) Each tried to occupy the region and get independent at the expense of others. At the same time the European powers came to the scene.
(e) Nationalism aligned with Imperialism when Austro-Hungary, Germany and Britain tried to occupy the territory and countering the influence of others.
Conclusion : This finally led to Ist World War in Europe.

Source Extract Based Questions

Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and stronger. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European powers who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.

Question. Which of the following statements correctly describes about European conservative ideology?
(a) Preservation of believes introduced by Napoleon
(b) Preservation of two sects of Christianity
(c) Preservation of socialist ideology in economic sphere
(d) Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and society
Answer: (d)

Question. Identify the purpose to convene the Vienna of Congress in 1815 from the following options?
(a) To declare competition of German Unification
(b) To restore conservative regime in Europe
(c) To declare war against France
(d) To start the process of Italian Unification
Answer: (b)

Question. What did conservatives focus on the Congress of Vienna? Select the appropriate option.
(a) To re-establish peace and stability in Europe
(b) To establish socialism in Europe
(c) To introduce democracy in France
(d) To set up a new Parliament in Austria
Answer: (a)

Question. How did the Congress of Vienna ensure peace in Europe? Select the appropriate option.
(a) With the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty
(b) Austria was not given the control of Northern Italy
(c) Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe
(d) By giving power to the German confederation
Answer: (c)

The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon king who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Phillip at its head. ‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold, ‘The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. An event that mobilised nationalist feeling among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence. Greek had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Poet and artist lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Question. Who was the ruler of France at the beginning of the French Revolution ?
(a) Louis Phillipe IV
(b) Louis Phillipe XIII
(c) Louis Phillipe XVI
(d) Louis Phillipe XV
Answer: (c)

Question. ‘When France sneezes,the rest of Europe catches cold.’ Who remarked the statement?
(a) Louis XVI
(b) Metternich
(c) Rousseau
(d) Karl Marx
Answer: (b)

Question. Which incident marked the French Revolution?
(a) February Revolution
(b) April Revolution
(c) July Revolution
(d) October Revolution
Answer: (c)

Question. ________ recognised Greece as an independent nation.
(a) Treaty of Paris
(b) Treaty of Versailles
(c) Treaty of Constantinople
(d) Treaty of Vienna
Answer: (c)

Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

Question. The main function of the Prussian Zollverein was to :
(a) Impose a custom duty on imported goods.
(b) Abolish the traiff barriers.
(c) Reduce custom duties.
(d) Impose new rules for trade.
Answer: (b)

Question. Zolleverin started in 1834 in Prussia refers to a ______.
(a) Trade Union
(b) Customs Union
(c) Labour Union
(d) Farmers’ Union
Answer: (b)

Question. Elle, the measuring unit in Germany was used to measure :
(a) cloth
(b) thread
(c) land
(d) height
Answer: (a)

Question. Formation of zollverein is a part of :
(a) Liberalization in Europe.
(b) Nationalism in Europe.
(c) Conservatism in Europe.
(d) Secret Society in Europe.
Answer: (a)