CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Worksheet Set D

1. Read the source given below and answer the following questions:

Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of prerevolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and strong. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option.

Question: Who among the following was associated with the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
a) Bismarck
b) Duke Metternich
c) Louis Philippe
d) Victor Emmaunel II
Answer: b

Question: After Napoleon, which dynasty was restored in France?
a) Bourbon
b) Mazzini
c) Bouborn
d) None of the options
Answer: a

Question: Why was the treaty of Vienna (1815) drawn up?
a) To establish tariff barriers
b) To restore the monarchies
c) To divide the German Confederation of 39 states
d) To establish democracies
Answer: b

Question: Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?
a) Britain
b) Russia
c) Prussia
d) Switzerland
Answer: d

2. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:

From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation. The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations. When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option.

Question: The first clear expression of nationalism came with:
a) The American Revolution
b) The French Revolution
c) The Russian Revolution
d) The Industrial Revolution
Answer: b

Question: The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and it was renamed as:
a) National Assembly
b) Body of Executives
c) Rule of Directory
d) None of the options
Answer: a

Question: The political and constitutional changes brought about by the French Revolution were:
a) it ended the absolute monarchy.
b) it transferred power to a body of the French citizens.
c) it proclaimed that henceforth people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
d) all of the options.
Answer: d

Question: The ideas of a United Community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution were expressed by the French as:
a) La Patrie
b) Le Citoyen
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the options
Answer: c

3. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war. In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. However, much of the Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberalnationalist ideology.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option.

Question: Cavour’s contribution to Italian unification was:
a) Diplomatic alliance with the enemies of Austria
b) War with Austrian and Bourbons
c) Diplomatic alliance with France in 1859 and strengthening Sardinia and Piedmont
d) Defeated the Bourbon Kings
Answer: c

Question: Who amongst the following Italian leaders was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat?
a) Mazzini
b) Cavour
c) Garibaldi
d) Victor Emmanuel II
Answer: b

Question: Who was proclaimed King of united Italy in 1861?
a) Victor Emmanuel II
b) Louis Philippe
c) Mazzini
d) Cavour
Answer: a

Question: Which one of the following is true regarding the ideas promoted by Mazzini?
a) opposition to monarchy and support to democratic republic
b) to establish liberty and freedom under a monarchy
c) disintegration of the German confederation under 39 states
d) censorship of newspapers, books, plays and songs
Answer: a

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question: Why did Slavic nationalist struggle in the 19th century? Give one reason.
Answer: To define their identity and independence.

Question: Which nation was identifiable in the revolutionary tricolour in Sorrieu’s utopian vision? 
Answer: The French nation was identifiable in the revolutionary tricolour in Sorrieu’s utopian vision.

Question: Who became the allegory of the German nation?
Answer: Germania became the allegory of the German nation.

Question: What was the meaning of liberalism in the early nineteenth century in Europe?
OR
Explain the meaning of ‘liberalism’.
Answer: In the early nineteenth century in Europe, liberalism stood for freedom of the individual and equality of all before the law.

Question: What is the meaning of concentration camps?
Answer: A prison where people are detained without due process of law.

Question: Which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong?
Answer: Frederic Sorrieu belonged to France.

Question: Who was called as the architect of Germany’s unification?
Answer: Otto Von Bismarck.

Question: Why big European powers met in Berlin in 1885?
Answer: European powers met in Berlin in 1885 to complete the carving up of Africa among them.

Question: Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Answer: The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Question: Why did most ‘conservative regimes’ impose censorship laws to control printed material associated with the French Revolution in 1815? 
Answer: Most ‘conservative regimes’ imposed censorship laws to control printed material associated with the French Revolution in 1815 because these states were autocratic and thus wanted to preserve the traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, etc. while freedom of press, if given, would lead to wide circulation of revolutionary ideas. So, censorship was imposed. 

Short Answer Type Questions

Question: ‘Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.’ Justify the statement with arguments.
Answer: A landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent of Europe because
(1) The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions
(2) They had their own estates in the countryside and houses in the towns
(3) They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
(4) Their families were often connected by ties of marriages.

Question: What were the main provisions of the Treaty of Vienna held in 1815?
Answer: Provisions of the Treaty of Vienna held in 1815:
(1) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
(2) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(3) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
(4) Prussia was given new territories including Saxony on the western border, Austria to control northern Italy, Russia to get Poland while no change was done in German confederation of 39 states.

Question: How was the French part of Hanoi different from the native quarter ? Explain.
Answer: Hanoi different from the native part:
(1) Latest ideas about architecture and engineering skills were there in Hanoi while native parts were not designed well.
(2) Hanoi was built as a beautiful and clean city with wide avenues and sewer system while the native part was not provided with any modern facility.
(3) Sewer system was in modern city while native area did not have such facilities.

Question: How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe ? Explain.
OR
“Culture played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.” Support the statement with examples.
Answer: Nationalism developed through culture in Europe:
(1) Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings.
(2) Romanticism a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focussed instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
(3) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people- das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of a nation was popularized.
(4) The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was used to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterates.

Question: How did female figures become an allegory of the nation during the nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.
Answer: Female figures become an allegory of the nation during the nineteenth century in Europe in the following ways:
(1) Artists, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, often made efforts to represent a country as if it were a person. Female figures were chosen to express an abstract idea of a nation. These female figures, thus, became an allegory of the nation.
(2) In France, the female figure was christened Marianne, which was characterised by liberty and the republic through the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade. Statues of Marianne stood in public squares to remind people of the national symbol of unity.
(3) In Germany, the female figure – Germania – became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wore the crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stood for heroism.

 Question: Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
Through a return to monarchy, Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code did away with all privileges based on birth.
What changes did the Napoleonic Code bring to the existing social order?
Answer: The Napoleonic Code of 1804 ended all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law as well as secured their right to property.
This Code was exported to various regions under French control. For example, in Switzerland, Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions.
He abolished the feudal system, freeing peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. He saved the serfs from being tortured and worked for their betterment. In the towns too,
Transport and communication system were improved.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question: How were ideas of national unity in the early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism? Explain.
Answer: The ideas of national unity in the early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism in various ways:
(1) With the invention of railway, mobility was stimulated resulting in harnessing economic interest for national unification.
(2) The concept of government by consent was emphasised by liberals.
(3) Liberals supported the creation of a unified economic territory.
(4) Liberals stood for individual freedom and equality of all before law for the new middle class.
(5) Liberalism stood for the end of autocracy and special privileges.

Question: Explain any five reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control.
Answer: Reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control are:
(1) The Civil Code (1804) abolished all kinds of privileges based on birth, thereby establishing equality before the law and securing the right to property.
(2) Napoleon simplified administrative divisions.
(3) The feudal system was abolished and the peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues. Guild restrictions were done away with.
(4) Further, the basic means of communication and transport facilities were improved to carry out smooth administration at all levels.
(5) Uniform laws were introduced and weights and measures were standardised along with a common national currency.
(6) This enabled farmers, artisans and industrialists to freely and smoothly carry out the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

Question: How did the Greek War of Independence mobilise nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe? Explain.
Answer: The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe motivated the Greeks to a start a struggle for independence in 1821. Greece had been a part of the Ottoman empire since the fifteenth century. The struggle inspired the educated elite class of Europe and filled them with nationalistic zeal. Literature mibilised public opinion to support struggle against a Muslim empire. Greek citizens who were living in exile supported them, and poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. As a result, nationalistic sentiments were invoked among the educated elites of Greece like Lord Byron, an english poet, who raised funds and even participated in the war.

Question: Why was the period of 1848 considered as phase of the revolution of the Liberals in Europe? Explain.
Answer: The period of 1848 consider as phase of the Revolution of the Liberals in Europe:
(1) Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed.
(2) Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
(3) They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
(4) In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.
(5) The middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.
(6) The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.
(7) Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstration.

Question: Highlight the reasons for the growth of nationalist tensions in the Balkan region before the First World War.
OR
How did Balkans become the most serious source of nationalist tension in Eurpoe after 1971? Explain.
Answer: The Balkans
(1) The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variations comprising of modernday Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The inhabitants were called Slavs
(2) The spread of romantic nationalism lead to its disintegration.
(3) Different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity
(4) Balkan region became a region of intense conflict over expansion of territory.
(5) At the same time, the great European Powers- Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary were keen on taking the control of the Balkan region, since it was important from trade point of view.
(6) This led to the series of wars in the region and finally became the cause of the First World War.

Question: Who hosted Vienna Congress in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the Vienna Treaty.
Answer: Chancellor Duke Metternich hosted Vienna Congress in 1815. The following changes were made:
(1) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed.
(2) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future.
(3) The kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
(4) Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontiers.
(5) Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
(6) The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.

Question: Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:
The ideas of national unity in earlynineteenth- century. Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes. Napoleon had created a confederation of 39 states. Each of them had their own currency, weights and measures. A customer travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg in 1833 to sell his goods had to pass through 11 customs barrier and pay a customs duty of about 5 percent at each one of them. Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods. The measure of cloth, was the elle which in each region stood for a different length. An elle of textile in Frankfurt got a person 54.7 cm of cloth, in Mainz 55.1 cm, in Nuremberg 65.6 cm, in Freiburg 53.5 cm.
(A) Who was Napoleon?
(B) Explain what do you mean by Liberalism in your own words.
(C) Why was trading in nineteenth century a tedious process?
Answer: (A) Napoleon Bonaparte was a famous French statesman and military leader who led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars and conquered various countries in Europe, incorporated Napoleonic Code establishing equality before law.
(B) According to me, Liberalism stands for easing of implied restrictions, the restrictions might be political, social or even economical. To be liberal means to be more accommodative of new emerging practices. In economic sphere, it stood for freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
(C) Trading in 19th century was tedious because of the multiple units and standards of weights and measures found in each of the 39 states of the confederation created by Napoleon. Each had their own currency as well. Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of goods. As each region had its own system of weights and measures, it took a lot of time in conversion and final calculation.

Question: “Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment by the last quarter of the nineteenth century in Europe.” Analyse the statement with examples.
Answer: Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment by the last quarter of the nineteenth century in Europe because:
(1) Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant, which lead to war.
(2) Major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations to further their own imperialist aims.
(3) The source of nationalist tension in Europe was an area called Balkans.
(4) Idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkan together with a disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
(5) One by one, European nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.
(6) Balkan people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality to prove that they were once interdependent but were subjugated by foreign power.
(7) Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence and the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.