CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Worksheet Set C

1. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

While it is easy enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a statue, how does one go about giving a face to a nation? Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In other words they represented a country as if it were a person. Nations were then portrayed as female figures. The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation. You will recall that during the French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols. As you would remember, the attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales. Similar female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option.

Question: What did Germania symbolise?
a) French nation
b) German nation
c) British nation
d) None of the options
Answer: b

Question: The allegory of the German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a:
a) Marianne
b) Union Jack
c) Britannia
d) Germania
Answer: d

Question: What does a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolise?
a) Peace
b) Equality
c) Justice
d) Liberty
Answer: c

Question: Which of the given aspects signifies the image of ‘Germania’?
a) Fold and Cultural Tradition
b) Auterity and Asceticism
c) Revenge and Vengeance
d) Heroism and Justice
Answer: d

2. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:

The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option.

Question: The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area of _____________.
a) Ottoman Empire
b) Balkans
c) Greece
d) Albania
Answer: b

Question: The Ottoman Empire sought to strengthen itself through:
a) Modernisation
b) internal reforms
c) both Modernisation and internal reforms
d) None of the options
Answer: c

Question: The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism was responsible for:
a) disintegration of Greece
b) Balkans disintegration from the Ottoman Empire
c) integration of Macedonia
d) None of the options
Answer: b

Question: The Balkan people based their claims for __________ or __________ on nationality.
a) independence, political rights
b) power sharing, federalism
c) secularism, political rights
d) modernisation, strength
Answer: a

3. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France. Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. This Code was exported to the regions under French control. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option.

Question: Match the following
1. Civil code                       (a) Napoleon
2. Jacobins                        (b) carried the idea of nationalism abroad
3. Destroyed democracy     (c) Napoleonic code in France
4. French armies                (d) political club
Choose the correct option:
(a) 1-(c), 2-(d), 3-(a), 4-(b)
(b) 1-(b), 2-(c), 3-(a), 4-(d)
(c) 1-(a), 2-(c), 3-(d), 4-(b)
(d) 1-(b), 2-(a), 3-(d), 4-(c)
Answer: a

Question: Which one of the following was not the feature of Napoleonic Code?
a) Equality before the law
b) Universal Adult Franchise
c) Right to Property
d) Privileges based on birth
Answer: b

Question: The Napoleonic Code was exported to which of the following regions?
a) England
b) Spain
c) Regions under French control
d) Poland
Answer: c

Question: The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as:
a) The French Revolutionary Code
b) Napoleonic Code
c) European Imperial Code
d) The French Civil Code
Answer: b

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question: Explain the aim to form Zollverein, a customs union, in 1834 in Germany.
Answer: The aim to form Zollverein (custom union) in 1834 in Germany was to bind Germany economically into a nation.

Question: Examine the significance of the Statue of Liberty in Frederic Sorrieu’s paintings, ‘The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics’
Answer: The Statue of Liberty has been used as an allegory to signify liberty.
The painting shows independent nations marching towards the Statue of Liberty, therefore symbolising fraternity among the nations of the world.

Question: Who implemented the Civil Code of 1804 in France?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte implemented the Civil Code of 1804 in France.

Question: Why were the Vietnamese provinces like Nghe An and Ha Tinh called as ‘‘electrical fuses’’?
Answer: Vietnamese provinces as electrical fuses: These provinces were among the poorest with old radical tradition, when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.

Question: What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries ?
Answer: The main aim of French revolutionaries was: To create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

Question: Study the picture and answer the question that follows.

Explain as to what does this image of ‘The courier of Rhineland’ say about Napoleon?
Answer: This picture shows the loss of territories under Napoleon after his defeat at Battle of Leipzig in 1813.
Explanation: Napoleon in this picture is shown as a postman on his way back to France after he lost the battle of Leipzig in 1813. Each letter dropping out of his bag shows the names of the territories he lost after this battle.

Question: Why was Otto Von Bismarck considered as the architect of the unified Germany ?
Answer: Otto Von Bismark as the architect of the unified Germany: He carried out unification with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.

Question: Name the Act which resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
Answer: The Act Of Union 1707 resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question: How did Paul Bernard argue in favour of economic development of Vietnam ? Explain.
Answer: Paul Bernard’s arguments in favour of economic development of Vietnam:
(1) He argued that the purpose of acquiring colonies was to make profits.
(2) Economy was developed and the standard of living of the people improved, they would buy more goods.
(3) The market would consequently expand, leading to better profits for French business.
(4) To reduce rural poverty and increase agricultural productivity it was necessary to carry out land reforms.
(5) To ensure suffcient e mployment, industria- lisation would create more jobs.

Question: Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Answer: Italy was unified after numerous struggles and movements as described below:
(1) Italy had a long history of political fragmentation among various dynastic states. Sardinia Piedmont was the only one of seven states ruled by an Italian princely house.
(2) Other regions were ruled by non-Italian rulers. The Italian language had multiple regional and local variations.
(3) In 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini established a secret society called Young Italy and tried to bring about a revolutionary uprising but failed. Thereafter, war the only resort.
(4) Chief Minister Cavour led the movement of unification and diplomatically joined Sardinia-Piedmont, in an alliance with France after defeating the Austrian forces in 1859..
(5) Armed volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi also supported the troops and they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. They were supported by peasants in driving out Spanish rulers.
(6) After continuous struggles, Victor Emmanuel II was finally declared the king of unified Italy in 1861.

Question: Describe any three conditions that led to the formation of the British nation state.
Answer: Conditions that led to the formation of the British nation state.
(1) The Protestant movement which led to the formation of the Church of England became distinct from the Catholic Church.
(2) The death of Queen Elizabeth I united the English and Scottish crowns into a single British crown.
(3) The Glorious revolution in which the Parliament overthrew King James II and handed the crown to William of Orange.
Henceforth, Britain was a constitutional monarchy with real power exercised by the Parliament.

Question: Describe any three features of Napoleonic Code.
Answer: Features of Napoleonic Code are:
(1) It abolished the feudal system that prevailed in many parts of Europe.
(2) It established equality before the law.
(3) Under this, ‘Right to Property’ was also given.
(4) It abolished serfdom and manorial dues.
(5) It abolished all the privileges that were given by birth.

Question: Highlight any three measures and practices that French revolutionaries introduced to create a sense of collective identity among the French. 
OR
Describe any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer: To create a sense of collective identity among the French, French revolutionaries took various steps:
(1) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and La Citoyen (the citizen) were emphasised to develop a feeling of brotherhood, equality and belongingness among the French.
(2) To invoke feelings of patriotism and national unity, new hyms were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs were commemorated publically. Laws were reformulated to promote equality and uniformity.
(3) A new French flag (the tricolor), which brought about the emotions of pride and became a symbol of their nationality, was chosen.
(4) An elected body of citizens was renamed as National Assembly. Equal representation was guaranteed.

Question: How did Britain come into existence as a nation state? Explain.
Answer: Before the eighteenth century, there were different ethnic identities with their own culture and politics – English, Welsh, Scots, or Irish. As the English nation’s wealth and power increased, its influence over other island nations also increased.
English Parliament had taken the power from the monarchy in 1688. It became instrumental in building the nation state of Britain, with England at its centre.
The United Kingdom of Britain was established through the Act of Union in 1707 between England and Scotland. Scotland eventually got suppressed by the English politically and culturally.

Question: “Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of Liberalism.” Analyse the statement.
Answer: Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of Liberalism in the following ways:
(1) Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before law. It promoted equality and in turn, sentiments of national unity were invoked among Europeans.
(2) It emphasised on the concept of government by consent and gave the citizens a chance to choose their leaders and express their opinions. This made them feel closer to their nation.
(3) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, thereby removing inherent prejudices in the European society.
(4) It believed in a constitution-led, representa-tive government which stood for equality and social justice in general.
(5) It emphasised the inviolability of private property, rise of socialism and welfare state.

Question: Describe the role of Otto von Bismarck in the making of Germany.
Answer: The role of Otto von Bismarck in the making of Germany is as follows:
Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who, in 1848, tried to unite the different regions of Germany into a nation state governed by an elected parliament.
The initiative of German unification was ultimately taken on by the Prussian Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck, who was also the architect of this process. He planned and executed the entire process with help from the Prussian Army and bureaucracy.
Otto Von Bismarck led various wars between Prussia and armies of Austria, Spanish Bourbon kings, etc.
The process of unification under the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck ended in Prussian victory after these wars over a period of seven years.

Question: Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. What did it mean for the middle class in France? Explain.
OR
Describe the ideology of liberalism during early 19th century.
Answer: Ideology of liberalism in France:
(1) For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
(2) Politically it emphasized the right to vote, government by consent and universal suffrage.
(3) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
(4) Asked for constitution and representative government through parliament.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question: Describe any five steps taken by the French for the development of the ‘Mekong Delta Region’.
Answer: Steps taken by the French for the development of the ‘Mekong Delta region’ were:
(1) The French built canals to drain lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation
(2) The vast system of irrigation workscanals and earthworks-built mainly with forced labour increased the nice production.
(3) It allowed export of Rice to the international market.
(4) The area under Rice cultivation went up (from 2,74,000 hectares in 1873 to 2.2 million hectares in 1930).
(5) Vietnam exported 2/3 of its Rice production and became the third largest exporter of Rice in the world.

Question: Examine the ‘nation state building’ process in Germany after 1848.
OR
Describe the unification process by which Germany unified as a nation state.
Answer: The process of nation state building in Germany took place in the following manner:
(1) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation state governed by an elected parliament.
(2) The liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military.
(3) Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its Chief Minister, Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process, which was carried out with the help of the Prussian Army and bureaucracy.
(4) Three wars for over seven years ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
(5) In January 1871, the Prussian King, William-I, was proclaimed the German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Question: Describe any five measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
OR
Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer: The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people were:
(1) They introduced the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizens) that emphasised on the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(2) The former royal standard flag was replaced with the new tricolour French flag.
(3) They started electing the Estates General and renamed it as the National Assembly.
(4) They composed hymns, took oaths and commemorated martyrs, all in the name of the nation.
(5) They installed a centralised administrative system and formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
(6) They abolished internal custom duties and followed a uniform system of weights and measures.
(7) They discouraged speaking regional dialects and made French as the national language.

Question: Explain various stages of unification of Germany.
Answer: Unification of Germany:
(1) Prussia took over the leadership of the movement for national unification. The architect of this process was its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
(2) Prussia had three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and Francecompleted the process of German unification.
(3) In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor. An assembly was held to proclaim the new German Empire. The process of nationbuilding demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power.
(4) The currency, banking, legal and judicial system in Germany were modernised.

Question: Describe any five economic hardships faced by Europeans during the mid-nineteenth century.
Answer: The economic hardships faced by Europeans during the mid-nineteenth century are:
(1) As an enormous increase in population was witnessed all over Europe, there were more job seekers than employment opportunities. Population from rural areas often migrated to cities to live in overcrowded slums.
(2) Small producers in towns were faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced. For example – This was the situation in case of textile production, which was mainly carried out in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.
(3) In the regions of Europe, where the aristocracy enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(4) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country. For example – In 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads.
(5) In 1845, weavers in Silesia revolted against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their pay.

Question: ‘The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.’ Examine.
Answer: Europe faced economic hardships in the 1830s because of the following reasons:
(1) The first half of the nineteenth century
saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
(2) In most of the countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
(3) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England.
(4) Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
(5) Europe was still under the aristocracy; peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(6) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread poverty in town and country.