CBSE Class 10 Geography Forest And Wildlife Resources Worksheet Set A

Read and download free pdf of CBSE Class 10 Geography Forest And Wildlife Resources Worksheet Set A. Students and teachers of Class 10 Social Science can get free printable Worksheets for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources in PDF format prepared as per the latest syllabus and examination pattern in your schools. Class 10 students should practice questions and answers given here for Social Science in Class 10 which will help them to improve your knowledge of all important chapters and its topics. Students should also download free pdf of Class 10 Social Science Worksheets prepared by school teachers as per the latest NCERT, CBSE, KVS books and syllabus issued this academic year and solve important problems with solutions on daily basis to get more score in school exams and tests

Worksheet for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

Class 10 Social Science students should refer to the following printable worksheet in Pdf for Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources in Class 10. This test paper with questions and answers for Class 10 will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Class 10 Social Science Worksheet for Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

Question. Which is the first project for Wildlife Conservation in India?
(a) Project Elephant
(b) Project Tiger
(c) Project Crocodile
(d) None of these

Answer : B

Question. Which of the following factor is responsible for depletion of forest and wildlife?
(a) Agricultural expansion
(b) Mining
(c) Grazing
(d) All of the above

Answer : D

Question. In which one of the following states is Periyar Tiger Reserves located?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Assam
(c) Uttaranchal
(d) Kerala

Answer : D

Question. In which year, the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented?
(a) 1970
(b) 1971
(c) 1972
(d) 1974

Answer : A

Question. Which is the following National Park is the site dedicated to preservation of one-horned rhinoceros?
(a) Bandhavgarh National Park
(b) Buxa Wildlife Reserve
(c) Kaziranga National Park
(d) All of the above

Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following states has the largest area under permanent forest?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Jammu & Kashmir
(c) Punjab
(d) Madhya Pradesh

Answer : D

Question. Which of the following is a vulnerable species in India?
(a) Blue sheep
(b) Asiatic elephant
(c) Indian rhino
(d) Both a and b

Answer : D

Question. Which one of the following is located in West Bengal?
(a) Renewable
(b) Biotic
(c) Flow
(d) Non-renewable

Answer : B

Question. Which of the following animals of India are critical on the threatened list?
(a) Mountain quail
(b) Pink-headed duck
(c) Cheetah
(d) All of the above

Answer : D

Question. Which one of the following is a great achievement of the Chipko Movement?
(a) Plains of Uttar Pradesh
(b) Punjab
(c) Haryana
(d) Uttarakhand

Answer : C

Question. The diverse flora and fauna of the planet are under great threat mainly due to:
(a) Global Warming
(b) Lack of water availability
(c) Insensitivity to our environment
(d) Increasing pollution

Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following was launched in 1973?
(a) Project Tiger
(b) Indian Wildlife Act
(c) Wildlife Act
(d) Indian Wildlife Protection Act

Answer : A

Question. Which one of the following is a medicinal plant used to treat some types of cancer?
(a) Himalayan Yew
(b) Himalayan Oak
(c) Madhuca insignis
(d) Hubbardia heptaneuron

Answer : A

Question. An endemic cattle mithun is only found in
(a) Andaman
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Assam
(d) Kerala

Answer : B

Question. When was Asiatic Cheetah declared extinct in India?
(a) 1948
(b) 1952
(c) 1960
(d) 2005

Answer : B

Question. In which year was Indian Wildife (Protection) Act introduced?
(a) 1980
(b) 1982
(c) 1972
(d) 1992

Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following is an endangered species of Manipur?
(a) Blue Sheep
(b) Asiatic Buffalo
(c) Sangai (brow anter deer)
(d) Cattle

Answer : C

Question. “The species that are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur” are known as:
(a) Normal species
(b) Vulnerable species
(c) Extinct species
(d) Rare species

Answer : C

FILL IN THE BLANK :

Question. The percentage of forest cover in India is .......... .

Answer : 19.39%

Question. Himalaya Yew is found in .......... .

Answer : Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh

Question. Simipal is located in the state of .......... .

Answer : Orissa

Question. Narmada Sagar Project is in the state of .......... .

Answer : Madhya Pradesh

Question. ‘Project Tiger’ was started in .......... .

Answer : 1973

Question. Jhumming is a type of .......... . 

Answer : Agriculture

TRUE/FALSE :

Question. Fauna is a plant life present in a particular region or time.

Answer : Fulse

Question. India is very poor as far as flora and fauna are concerned.

Answer : Fulse

Question. Nearly 1,500 plant species are considered endangered.

Answer : True

Question. Desert fox is a ‘rare’ species.
Answer : True

Question. Thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts in Himachal and Arunachal Pradesh.

Answer : True

Question. Flora is a plant life occuring in a particular region or time.

Answer : True

ASSERTION AND REASON :

DIRECTION : In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion : Himalayan Yew is a medicinal plant
Reason : It has healing qualities.

Answer : A

Question. Assertion : Forests plays a key role in the ecological system.
Reason : Forest are the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

Answer : A

Question. Assertion : Destruction of forests and wildlife resulted into the loss of cultural diversity.
Reason : The conservation of forests and wildlife is essential to provide a better quality of life.

Answer : B

Question. Assertion : Neglect of our environment has led to the destruction and extinction of many species of animals and plant life.
Reason : Decreasing Forest cover area is a major reason of destruction of species.

Answer : A

Question. Assertion : We need to conserve our forests and wildlife.
Reason : Rapid decline in wildlife population and forestry has been observed.

Answer : A

Question. Assertion : Large-scale development projects have also contributed significantly to the loss of forests.
Reason : Large scale development projects doesn’t inundate hectares of forest.

Answer : C

Question. Assertion : The tree is a peculiar organism of unlimited kindness.
Reason : Trees are living organisms which makes no demands for its sustenance, and extends generously the products of its life activity.

Answer : A

Question. Assertion : Depletion of forests causes a lot of danger. 
Reason : Forests are vital for the quality of life and environment.

Answer : A

Question. Assertion : Tiger population is not on the verge of extinction.
Reason : Tiger population in forests is increasing rapidly day by day.

Answer : D

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question : Which species is on the verge of extinction ?
Answer :  Cheetah, pink-headed duck, mountain quail, forest spotted owlet and plants like mahua and hubbardia heptaneuron are on the verge of extinction.
 
Question : Categorize the following as extinct or normal species- Pine, Asiatic Cheetah.
Answer : (i) Pine - Normal species.
(ii) Asiatic Cheetah - Extinct species.
 
Question : What is the scientific name of Asiatic Cheetah ?
Answer : Acinonyx jubantus is the scientific name of Asiatic Cheetah.
 
Question : What is ‘Jhum’ ?
Answer : ‘Jhum’ is a type of cultivation practiced in the northeastern and central India. It is also known as shifting cultivation, a type of ‘slash and bum’ cultivation.
 
Question : Name the jiger Reserve which is seriously threatened by dolomite mining activity.
Answer : The Bauxa tiger Reserve in West Bengal.
 
Question : Which factors have led to a decline in India’s biodiversity ?
Answer : Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning and forest fires are the factors that have led to a decline in India’s biodiversity.
 
Question : How is the biological loss, the loss of cultural diversity ?
Answer : These losses have marginalized and impoverished many indigenous and other forest dependent communities, who directly depend on various components of the forest and wildlife for food, drink, medicine, cultural, spirituality, etc.

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question : Differentiate between endangered and vulnerable species with examples.
Answer : We can classify the different species of plants and animals on the basis of International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
a. Endangered species - These are the species which are in danger of extinction. The survival of such species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to a decline in their population continue to operate. Animals like black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian Rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai (brow anter deer in Manipur) fall in this category.
b. Vulnerable Species - These are species whose population has declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the negative factors continue to operate. The examples of such species are blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc.
 
Question : How is overpopulation responsible for environmental degradation ?
Answer : The causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being. Over population in third world countries is often cited as the cause of environmental degradation.
However, an average American consumes 40 times more resources than an average Somalian. Similarly, the richest five percent of the Indian society probably causes more ecological damage because of the amount they consume than the poorest 25 percent. The former shares minimum responsibilities for environmental well¬being. If we talk about India, over half of India’s natural forests are gone, one third of its wetlands drained out, 70 percent of its surface Water bodies polluted, 40 percent of its mangroves wiped out and with continued hunting and trade of wild animals and commercially valuable plants, thousands of plant and animal species are heading towards extinction and who is to blame ? This is only the result of overpopulation and increasing demands.
 
Question : What steps have been taken by the government for the conservation of forest and wildlife in India? Explain.
or
Write any three effective practices towards conserving forests and wildlife.
or
Explain any three measures taken by the Indian Government to protect wildlife.
Answer :  a. National parks, biosphere and wildlife sanctuaries : To protect the biodiversity, the Indian government has established 100 national parks, 515 sanctuaries and 17 biosphere reserves.
b. The Indian Wildlife Protection Act: The Indian Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in 1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats.
An all India list of protected species was also published. The thrust of the program was towards protecting the remaining population of certaip endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats and restricting trade in wildlife.
c. Project for protecting specific animals : The central government has also announced several projects for protecting specific animals which were greatly threatened, including the tiger, the one-horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, the three types ofcrocodiles-the freshwater crocodile, the saltwater crocodile and the Gharial, the Asiatic lion and others.
d. Forest Policy : India is one of the few countries which has a forest policy since 1894. It was revised in 1952 and again in 1988. The main plank of the forest policy is protection, conservation and development of forests.
e. Forest Research Institutes : Indian government has created many forest Research Institutes for the research, protection and development of the forests. IFS Dehradun is the oldest research institution of the country. 
 
Question : The role of few communities in India to conserve and protect wildlife cannot be over emphasized. Comment on this.
Answer :  Few communities in India can have a major role in counserving and protecting the wildlife in the following ways:
a. As forests are home to some of the traditional communities, in some areas of India, local communities along with government officials are struggling their best to conserve the forests and habitats of wild life recognizing that only this will secure their own long term livelihood.
b. In Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.
c. In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and rejecting any government involvement.
d. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments. 

Long Answer Type Questions

Question : What are extinct species? Describe any two factors that caused fearful depletion of biodiversity of India.
Answer : Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. This is a natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a much faster rate than usual.
Depletion of biodiversity happens because of

(a) Cutting of forests for developing agriculture. This leads to decline of habitat as well as prey for the wild animals.
(b) River water development projects submerging large forest areas.
(c) Development of roads and railway network.
(d) Hunting/Poaching of wild animals.
(e) Commercial plantation of certain trees at the expense of other varieties.
(f ) Pollution of water bodies and land areas.

Question : Describe the steps taken to conserve the flora and fauna of the country.
Answer : The various steps taken to conserve the flora and fauna of the country include:
(a) Implementation of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
(b) Desired control on deforestation and implementing afforestation programs.
(c) Providing legal protection to animals by bringing and implanting laws such as banning of hunting and poaching.
(d) Spreading the awareness about the values of forests and its flora and fauna among the public.
(e) Setting up of biosphere reserves; 18 Biosphere Reserves have been set up in India. Providing financial and technical assistance to many botanical gardens.
(f ) Implementation of specific focused projects such as : Project Tiger, project Rhino, project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco developmental projects. 103 national parks, 530 Wildlife sanctuaries and zoological gardens (Government of India, July 2015) are setup to take care of natural heritage.

Question : In which year was the 'Indian Wildlife Protection Act' implemented in India? Describe the main thrust area of this programme.
Answer : In the 1960s and 1970s, the conservationists demanded some rules to protect the wildlife.
Conceding to their demand, the government enacted the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. Under this act, an all India list of protected species was published.
Hunting was banned to protect the remaining population of some endangered species.
Trade in wildlife was restricted and the habitats of wildlife were given legal protection. Many national parks and wildlife sanctuaries were established by various state governments and the central government.
Several projects were announced for protecting specific animals, e.g. Project Tiger. Project Tiger was launched in 1973 to protect tigers from becoming extinct.

Question : Why do we need to conserve our forest and wildlife resources? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : Wildlife and forests must be conserved for the following reasons :
(a) Biodiversity persists in a particular region because of forests so it is important to save a different kind of species with the help of the forests.
(b) The ecological stability is completely dependent on the forests.
(c) Forests release pure air which is important for human beings and keep a stable climatic condition for human health.

Question : The diverse flora and fauna of the planet are under great threat mainly due to:
(a) Global Warming
(b) Lack of water availability
(c) Insensitivity to our environment
(d) Increasing pollution
Answer : C 


Question : Which one of the following is an endangered species of Manipur?
(a) Blue Sheep
(b) Asiatic Buffalo
(c) Sangai (brow anter deer)
(d) Cattle
Answer : C 


Question : “The species that are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur” are known as:
(a) Normal species
(b) Vulnerable species
(c) Extinct species
(d) Rare species
Answer : C 


Question : Which one of the following is a medicinal plant used to treat some types of cancer?
(a) Himalayan Yew
(b) Himalayan Oak
(c) Madhuca insignis
(d) Hubbardia heptaneuron
Answer : A 


Question : In which year, the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented?
(a) 1970
(b) 1971
(c) 1972
(d) 1974
Answer : A 


Question : Which one of the following was launched in 1973?
(a) Project Tiger
(b) Indian Wildlife Act
(c) Wildlife Act
(d) Indian Wildlife Protection Act
Answer : A 


Question : Which one of the following is located in West Bengal?
(a) Corbett National Park
(b) Sundarbans National Park
(c) Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Bandhangarh National Park
Answer : B 


Question : In which one of the following states is Periyar Tiger Reserves Located?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Assam
(c) Uttaranchal
(d) Kerala
Answer : D 


Question : Which one of the following States has the largest area under permanent forest?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Jammu & Kashmir
(c) Punjab
(d) Madhya Pradesh
Answer : D 


Question : Which one of the following is a great achievement of the Chipko Movement?
(a) More trees are planted
(b) Development in Himalayan region
(c) Successfully resisted deforestation
(d) Soil erosion gets declined.
Answer : C 


Question : What is Jhumming?
(a) A type of Plant
(b) a type of Agriculture
(c) A type of Animal
(d) a type of Bird
Answer : B 


Question : Narmada Sagar project is in the state of:-
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Gujarat
(d) Orissa
Answer : A 


Question : The percentage of forest cover in India is:-
(a) 14.69%
(b) 15.39%
(c) 19.39%
(d) 19.67%
Answer : C 


Question : Himalaya yew is found in:-
(a) Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Assam
(c) Orissa
(d) None of them
Answer : A 


Question : Project Tiger was started in:-
(a) 1953
(b) 1963
(c) 1973
(d) 1983
Answer : C 


Question : Simlipal is located in the state of:-
(a) Bihar
(b) Jarkhand
(c) Orissa
(d) W. Bengal
Answer : C 


Question : Gangetic Dolphin is a type of:-
(a) Endemic species
(b) Rare species
(c) Vulnerable species
(d) Extinct species
Answer : C 


Question : Buxa Tiger Reserve is seriously threatened by the mining of:-
(a) Coal
(b) Copper
(c) Dolomite
(d) Iron
Answer : C 


Question : Taxol a chemical compound is used to treat the patient of:-
(a) T.B
(b) Cancer
(c) Fever
(d) Aids
Answer : B 


Question : Pink headed duck is a type of:-
(a) Vulnerable species
(b) Rare species
(c) Endemic species
(d) Extinct species
Answer : D 


Question : When did the joint forest management come into existence:-
(a) 1958
(b) 1968
(c) 1978
(d) 1988
Answer : D 


Question : What is the name given to the species which are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur:-
(a) Endemic species
(b) Rare species
(c) Endangered species
(d) Extinct species
Answer : D 


Question : How many species of Fauna are found in India till today?
(a) 81000
(b) 47000
(c) 15000
(d) None of them
Answer : A 


Question : Which of the commercially valuable species have damaged the natural forests in south India?
(a) Chir pine
(b) Teak Monoculture
(c) Himalayan Oak
(d) None of them
Answer : D 


Question : Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?
(a) Joint forest Management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement
(d) Demarcation of wild life Sanctuaries
Answer : D

 

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question : How have we transformed nature into a resource?
Answer : We have transformed nature into a resource obtaining directly and indirectly from the forests and wildlife – wood, barks, leaves, rubber, medicines, dyes, food, fuel, fodder, manure, etc.


Question : When and why was the greatest damage inflicted on Indian forests?
Answer :  The greatest damage inflicted on Indian forests was during the colonial period i)Due to the expansion of the railways and agriculture ii) commercial and scientific forestry Iii) Mining activities.


Question : What has been the major cause of depletion of forest in India after independence?
Answer :  Even after Independence, agricultural expansion continues to be one of the major causes of depletion of forest resources. Between 1951 and 1980, according to the Forest Survey of India, over 26,200 sq. km. of forest area was converted into agricultural land all over India.


Question : Mention the percentage of species that India contributes in the world.
Answer : India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity, and has nearly 8 per cent of the total number of species in the world (estimated to be 1.6 million).


Question : What is the estimated forest cover in India? What percentage does it account to the total geographical area?
Answer : The forest cover in the country is estimated at 637,293 sq km, which is 19.39% of the total geographical area. 


Question : In which states, Corbett National Park is located?
Answer : Uttarakhand state

 

Short Answer Type Questions

Question : State the percentage of wild flora and mammals in India that are facing extinction. Which of these would be categorised as „critical‟? Give examples.
Answer : 10 % of India’s recorded wild flora and 20% of its mammals are on the threatened list. Many of these would now be categorised as ‘critical’, that is on the verge of extinction like the cheetah, pink-headed duck, mountain quail, forest spotted owlet, and plants like madhuca insignis (a wild variety of mahua) and hubbardia heptaneuron, (a species of grass).


Question : State the percentage of dense forest cover according to the State of Forest Report (1999). Give the reason for this increase.
Answer : i) According to the State of Forest Report (1999), dense forest cover in India is 11.48 per cent;
ii) The dense forest cover has increased by 10,098 sq km since 1997. However, this apparent increase in the forest cover is due to plantation by different agencies 


Question : Give a detailed classification of plants and animal species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
Answer : Based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) , we can classify as follows – Normal Species: Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their survival, such as cattle, Sal, pine, rodents, etc. Endangered Species: These are species which are in danger of extinction. The survival of such species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to a decline in their population continue to operate. The examples of such species are black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai (brow antler deer in Manipur), etc. Lion Tailed Macaque Sangai Black Buck V u l n e r a b l e Species : These are species whose population has declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the negative factors continue to operate. The examples of such species are blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc. Rare Species: Species with small population may move into the endangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate. The examples of such species are the Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hornbill, etc. Endemic Species: These are species which are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers. Examples of such species are the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunchal Pradesh.

Andaman Teal Nicobar pigeon Mithun Extinct Species: These are species which are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur. A species may be extinct from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck.

 
Question : “Conservation of rapid decline in wildlife population and forestry has become essential.” Explain. ?
or
Why do we need to conserve our forests and wildlife resources ? Explain any two steps taken by the communities to protect our forest and wildlife resources.
or
Why is conservation of forests and wildlife necessary ? In what way have conservation projects changed in the recent years ?*
or
Assess the need for the conservation of forests and wildlife in India.
Answer :
Conservation of forest and wildlife is important because
a. Loss of cultural diversity : The loss of forest and  wildlife is not just a biological issue but it is also correlated with cultural diversity. There are many forest-dependent communities, which directly depend on various components of the forests and wildlife for food, drinks, medicines, etc. Many of the tribal communities like Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras, etc. have lost their habitat because of the destruction of forests.
b. Complex web of living organisms : We humans along with all living organisms form a complex web ecological system in which we are only a part and very much dependent on this system for our own existence. For example, the plants, animals and micro-organisms recreate the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produce our food without which we cannot survive.
c. Large scale destruction of forests : Between 1951 and 1980, according to the Forest Survey of India, over 26,200 sq. km of forest area was converted into agricultural lands all over India.
 

Question : Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India ?
Answer :  India has a diverse culture and religious beliefs.
Many traditional communities still live in the forests and depend upon them for their livelihood. These communities are working hand in hand with the government to conserve forests. For example in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers fought against mining activities. In Alwar district of Rajasthan, local communities belonging to five villages have set their own rules and regulations in 1,200 hectares of forest land. They have named it as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’. Hunting is not allowed in these lands.
 

Question : The role of few communities in India to conserve and protect wildlife cannot be over emphasized. Comment on this.
Answer :  Few communities in India can have a major role in counserving and protecting the wildlife in the following ways:
a. As forests are home to some of the traditional communities, in some areas of India, local communities along with government officials are struggling their best to conserve the forests and habitats of wild life recognizing that only this will secure their own long term livelihood.
b. In Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.
c. In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and rejecting any government involvement.
d. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.

Introduction
• Forests are the primary producers, on which all the species of animals depend directly or indirectly. The variety of living things found in a region, country or the entire earth is called its biological diversity or biodiversity.
Classification Based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN):
Normal Species, Endangered Species, Vulnerable Species, Rare Species, Endemic Species, Extinct Species.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LARGE SCALE DEPLETION OF FLORA & FAUNA
1. The greatest damage done on our forests was during the colonial period. During colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities our forests and wildlife were damaged.
2. After Independence : Agricultural expansion is one of the major causes of depletion of forest resources. Between 1951 and 1980, according to the Forest Survey of India, over 26,200 sq. km. of forest area was converted into agricultural land all over India. Major parts of the tribal belts, especially in the northeastern and central India, have been deforested or degraded by shifting cultivation (jhum), a type of‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
3. Large-scale development projects : Since 1951, over5,000 sq km of forest was cleared for river valley projects. Clearing of forests is still continuing with projects like the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh, which would inundate 40,000 hectares of forest.
4. Mining activities : Mining is another important factor behind deforestation. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is seriously threatened by the ongoing dolomite mining. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others, including the great Indian elephant.
5. Over grazing and fuel wood collection : Many foresters and environmentalists believe that the factor behind the depletion of forest resources is grazing and fuel-wood collection .A substantial part of the fuel-fodder demand is met by lopping rather than by felling entire trees Factors that have led to the decline inIndia‟s biodiversity.
• Habitat destruction of plants and animals
• Hunting & poaching for commercial purposes,
• Over-exploitation,
• environmental pollution,& poisoning
• caused by industrial activities
• forest fires Social Effect of Resource
Depletion: In many societies, it is the women who are responsible for collection of fuel, fodder, water and other basic subsistence needs. Depletion of these resources means women need to work harder to collect those resources. At some places, women may have to walk more than 10 km to collect firewood. This causes serious health problems for women.

Why conservation of forest and wildlife necessary in India?
• Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems – water, air and soil.
• It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species and breeding. For example, in agriculture, we are still dependent on traditional crop varieties.
• Fisheries too are heavily dependent on the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.

Classification of forests
• Reserved Forests, Protected Forests, Unclassed Forests: Main measures taken to conserve forests and wildlife in India.
• The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats.
• An all-India list of protected species was also published.
• For protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species following steps were taken: Banning hunting, Giving legal protection to their habitats, Restricting trade in wildlife.
• Subsequently, central and many state governments established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

Question. Explain with examples how agriculture, large-scale development and mining led to degradation of forestland according to the Forest Survey of India.
Answer: 
i) Substantial parts of the Ans tribal belts, especially in the north eastern and central India, have been deforested or degraded by shifting cultivation (jhum), a type of ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
ii) Large-scale development projects have also contributed significantly to the loss of forests. Since 1951, over 5,000 sq km of forest was cleared for river valley projects. Clearing of forests is still continuing with projects like the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh, which would inundate 40,000 hectares of forest.
iii) Mining is another important factor behind deforestation. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is seriously threatened by the ongoing dolomite mining.
iv) It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others, including the great Indian elephant.

Question. What are the greatest degrading factors behind the depletion forests as suggested by many foresters and environmentalists?
Answer: Many foresters and environmentalists hold the view that the greatest degrading factors behind the depletion of forest resources are grazing and fuel-wood collection. Though, there may be some substance in their argument, yet, the fact remains that a substantial part of the fuel-fodder demand is met by lopping rather than byfelling entire trees.

Question. „The Forests ecosystems are repositories of the country.‟ Justify the statement
Answer: The forest ecosystems are repositories of some of the country’s most valuable forest products, minerals and other resources that meet the demands of the rapidly expanding industrial urban economy.

Question.  What are the causes of environmental destruction? Other important causes of environmental destruction are
Answer:
i) Unequal access of resources,
ii) Inequitable consumption of resources
iii) Differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being.
iv) Over-population in third world countries are often cited as the cause of environmental degradation.

Question. Explain with example how there exists an imbalance in the consumption of resources between rich and poor countries and also in the Indian society with reference to ecological damage.
Answer: An average American consumes 40 times more resources than an average Somalian. Similarly, the richest five per cent of Indian society probably cause more ecological damage because of the amount they consume than the poorest 25 percent. The former shares minimum responsibilities for environmental well-being.

Question.  When was the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act implemented?
Explain the main features of this act. (Any four features)
OR
Describe any five steps that have been taken to protect the wildlife in India.
OR
Evaluate measures of forest conservation.
Answer: A) 1972.
B) Features of the Act:
a) An all India list of protected species was published.
b) The thrust of the programme was towards protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife.
c) Central and many state governments established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
d) The Central government also announced several projects for protecting specific animals, which gravely threatened the tiger, the one-horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag etc.
e) More recently, Indian elephant, black buck (chinkara), the great Indian bustard and the snow leopard etc have been given full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade throughout India.

Question. „The conservation projects are now focusing on biodiversity rather than on a few of its components.‟ Explain the statement with examples.
Answer:
i) The conservation projects are now focusing on biodiversity rather than on a few of its components.
ii) There is now a more intensive search for different conservation measures. Increasingly, even insects are beginning to find a place in conservation planning.
iii) In the notification under Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles, and one dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species.
iv) In 1991, for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species.

Question. What is the other name given to reserved and protected forests? Why are they maintained?
Answer: Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forest estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce, and for protective reasons.

Question. Name the state that has largest area under permanent forests. How much it constitutes to its total forests area?
Answer: Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests, constituting 75 per cent of its total forest area.

Question. a) Name the states that have largest percentages of reserved forests to their total forest area ?
Answer: Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forests of its total forest area. (2) b) Name the states that have bulk of area under protected forests. (2) Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan have a bulk of it under protected forests.

Question. Mention the two areas that have a high percentage of their forests as un-classed. Who manages these forests?
Answer: All North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as un-classed forests managed by local communities.

Question. Explain with examples how local communities in various parts of the country conserve forests in their own ways.
OR
“Different traditional communities are involved in conserving their own natural habitats in India”. Analyse the statement. 
Answer: i) In some areas of India, local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials, recognising that only this will secure their own long-term livelihood.
ii) In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.
iii) In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting government involvement. iv)The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.

Question. Write a short note on Chipko Movement for the conservation of forests.
Answer:
i) The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully resisted deforestation in several areas but has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.
ii) Attempts to revive the traditional conservation methods or developing new methods of ecological farming are now widespread.
iii) Farmers and citizen’s groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop product ion without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable.

Question. Explain the role of Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme in management and restoration of degraded forests.
OR
Describe the Joint Forest Management programme.
Answer:
i) In India joint forest management (JFM) programme furnishes a good example for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.
 ii) The programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Orissa passed the first resolution for joint forest management.
iii) JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities.
iv) Mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department.
v) In return, the members of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested by ‘successful protection’.

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