CBSE Class 10 Geography Manufacturing Industry Questions and Answers

Industrialisation in India

India is one of the top ten industrialised countries in the world. With her command over vast natural resources and huge manpower resources, she is developing at a rapid pace.
Need for Rapid Industrialisation in India

• Rapid industrialisation is required to make India self-sufficient and self-reliable for fulfilling all her needs and requirements.
• As India is predominantly an agricultural country, about one two-thirds of the population is dependent on agriculture. Since agriculture cannot support the growing population, industries need to be established to solve the problem of unemployment.
• Industries give support to agriculture. For example, agricultural implements are manufactured in industries.
• Rapid industrialisation is required to keep pace with the technological advancements which have been made in the world.
• Industries produce goods and equipment required for maintaining the defence of the country.

Factors Affecting the Location of Industries

Geographical and commercial factors affect the location of industries. Geographical factors are

Raw Materials: Industries are mostly established at areas which are located close to the fields of raw materials. For example, many iron and steel industries are located near the iron and coal fields.
Industries dealing with the manufacturing of perishable goods are located close to the source of raw materials. For example, sugarcane industries are located close to the sugarcane fields as the sucrose content of sugarcane starts drying up after 24 hours of its harvest.

Water Supply: Industries require water while manufacturing goods. For example, water is used in textile industries for bleaching and washing purposes. Thus, many industries are located close to the sources of water.

Energy: Energy is required for processing raw materials into manufactured goods. Thus, many industries are located close to the coal fields. Industries are also located in regions where energy power resources are readily and cheaply available.

Transport: Transport is required for carrying raw materials to manufacturing units. It is also required for transporting finished goods to markets. Thus, many industries are located near the port cities which are also well-connected by road and rail to major towns and market cities.

Labour: The availability of skilled and unskilled labour is an important factor which decides the location of industries. Thus, many industries are located at places where cheap labour is readily available.

Proximity to Markets: Industries require markets to sell off their finished goods. For example, heavy industries are located in an industrial area as their products are required by other small industries.

Climate: It plays an important role in determining the location of agro-based industries. For example,
many cotton textile mills are located in Mumbai and Gujarat as it has a favourable climate which is required for storing and manufacturing cotton yarn.

Commercial factors deciding the location of industries are

Policies of the Government: The policies of the government play an important role in deciding the location of industries. The government makes rules and regulations for the supply of water and electricity. Further, it formulates policies for protecting and encouraging indigenous industries.

Capital: Many industries are located in the big cities where most financers and investors are present.
Thus, many big cities are also major industrial centres.

Organisational Skills: Organisational skills and technical knowledge are required for running any industry. As a result, we find that many industries are located near educational and management institutes to hire skilled people.

Classification of Industries

Distribution of Industrial Regions

Major industrial belts in India are

a. The Hooghly Belt: This industrial belt has many jute textiles, cotton textiles, chemicals, engineering, paper, leather industries etc. Kolkata is a major city in this belt. Proximity to the coal and iron ore mines of Jharkhand and Bihar, cheap labour, freshwater of River Hooghly has made this an important industrial belt of the region.
b. The Mumbai–Pune Belt: Cotton textile mills, oil refineries, chemical and fertiliser industries etc. are located in this belt. Development of hydroelectricity in the Sahyadris and the availability of cheap labour from Gujarat and Maharashtra have made this an important industrial belt. Further, the port of Mumbai facilitates the transport facilities in and out of the region.
c. The Ahmedabad–Vadodara Region: Ahmedabad has emerged as a major centre of cotton textile industries. This region has many industries such as chemical and fertiliser industries, plastics industries and engineering industries for goods and services. Availability of skilled and unskilled labour has made it an important industrial region.
d. The Chennai–Coimbatore–Bengaluru Region: Cheap and skilled labour, availability of cotton and large markets have made this region an important industrial belt. Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai are important centres of the belt.
e. The Chotanagpur Plateau Region: This region covers parts of West Bengal and Jharkhand. This region is rich in minerals such as iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite and mica. Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Durgapur are some important centres of steel production. Asansol, Ranchi and Dhanbad are some important centres of metallurgy and heavy industries. Because of the presence of rich deposits in this region, many industries are located here.
f. The Mathura–Delhi–Saharanpur–Ambala Region: Two separate belts between Faridabad and Ambala in Haryana and Mathura and Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh merge in and around Delhi. The region has cotton textile, glass industry, chemicals and fertilisers, sugar and engineering industries. Cheap availability of raw materials, good transport system and large markets have led to the establishment of many industries in the region.

Agro-Based Industries

The sugar industry is the second largest organised industry next to cotton textile industries. Sugarcane is a cash crop.
Products of sugarcane industries are sugar, gur and khandsari. Its by-products are
Molasses: It is obtained during the process of manufacturing sugar. It is used in the alcohol industry for the distillation of liquor and for producing certain chemicals and synthetic rubber.
Bagasse: It is the leftover cane. It is used for producing steam which is a source of power for the sugarcane industry and is used for making wax, carbon paper and shoe polish.
Press mud is used for making wax, carbon paper and shoe polish.

Distribution of Sugar Industries

• As Maharashtra is the leading producer of sugar in India, the state has 119 sugar mills. Most of the mills are large.
• Uttar Pradesh is the second largest producer of sugarcane in India. Sugarcane factories are located in two belts—the Ganga Yamuna Doab (Saharanpur, Meerut, Bualndshahar and Ghaziabad) and the Terai belt (Basti, Gonda, Gorakhpur etc).
• Other northern Indian states where sugar mills are located are Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.
• Peninsular India has emerged as a leading producer of sugar in India. Tamil Nadu has become the leading producer of sugar in the region because of higher per hectare yield of sugarcane, higher sucrose content and long crushing season.
• Sugar factories are also located in Andhra Pradesh (Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Chittoor etc.) and Karnataka (Belgaum, Bellary, Bijapur etc.).

Sugar Industries have Shifted to the South because

• The climate of South India is free from the effects of summer loo and winter frost which are suitable for growing superior varieties of sugarcane. The production period is also long.
• Black soil is more fertile than the alluvial soil of north India. The sugarcane here is of superior quality with higher yield.
• The excellent transport facilities in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu have resulted in an increased number of sugarcane mills in these regions.
• The sugarcane farmers in South India have bigger area and are managed by cooperative societies.

Problems Faced by Sugarcane Industries

• Growth of poor quality of sugarcane with low sucrose content.
• High cost of production because of low yield and short crushing season.
• As maximum sugarcane is harvested at the same time, there is pressure on industries during the harvest time.
• The supply of raw materials to sugar industries is irregular as no plantation industry exists around the factories.
• Old and obsolete machinery is used in the sugar industry which has not been replaced by new machinery and modern technology.

Cotton Textile Industries

India is the third largest cotton textile manufacturing country in the world after USA and UK. It is also the third largest exporter of cotton textiles. Nearly 40% of the country’s labour force is supported by this major industry.
Many cotton textile industries are located in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. They produce threefourths of the total output of yarn. The remaining one-fourth is produced by West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
The cotton textile industry is located in almost all the Indian states. About half of the total cotton mills are located in Mumbai and Ahmedabad. Mumbai is known as the ‘cottonpolis’ of India as it is the most important centre of cotton production. Mumbai and Ahmedabad have emerged as the most important manufacturing centres because of the following reasons:

• Both cities are located close to the cotton-growing areas of the Deccan Plateau.
• Humid coastal climate have favoured the establishment in industries in both cities.
• Connectivity of Mumbai and Ahmedabad by rail and road routes to cotton-growing regions and by sea routes to foreign markets.
• Mumbai is the main port city and Ahmedabad uses port facilities from Kandla.
• Many big and large financial centres are located in Mumbai and Ahmedabad.
• Power supply in Mumbai and Ahmedabad is mostly regular. While power is supplied by the Tata hydroelectric system in Mumbai, Ukai and Kakrapara hydroelectric projects supply electricity to Gujarat.

Problems Faced by Cotton Textile Industries

• The yarn in India is produced by small industries and units which largely cater to the local markets.
• Thus, while many spinners export cotton yarn, many garment manufacturers have to import fabric.
• Therefore, there is a mismatch between the two.
• Most of the machinery installed in the cotton mills are outdated and need to be replaced.
• Irregular power supply has hampered the production.
• Uncertainty in procuring raw materials, low labour productivity, lack of modernisation etc. are some problems because of which sugar industries are running into loss.
• The cotton industry is facing tough competition from the fibre industry.

Handloom and Khadi Industries
It is one of the oldest industries in India. The industry provides employment to about 10 million people and contributes over 23% of the total cloth production in the country. The khadi and handloom industries are located in many Indian states such as Tamil Nadu, Manipur, West Bengal, Nagaland, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan.

Problems Faced by Khadi and Handloom Industries

• Insufficient and inferior quality of raw materials
• Lack of technical skills among poor craftsmen
• Old and obsolete technology used in the industries
• Goods which are produced are no match to modern fast-changing fashion and designs
• Stiff competition faced by mill-made cloth
• Lack of capital and cheap credit facilities

Silk Textile Industries

India is one of the largest producers of silk in the world. It manufactures four varieties of silk—mulberry, eri, tussar and muga. The first modern silk industry was set up at Howrah by the East India Company.

Mulberry Silk
Mulberry silk accounts for about 90% of the total natural produced silk in India. Mulberry silk is produced from silkworms which are reared from mulberry trees. Rearing of silkworm for producing silk is known as sericulture. Mulberry silk is produced mainly in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir.

Distribution
Regions producing mulberry silk are

Problems Faced by the Silk Industry

• Competition from artificial silk
• Import of better quality and cheap raw silk from China
• No systematic testing and grading of silk
• Lack modern power looms for increasing production

Woollen Industry

More than 80% of woollen mills are located in northern India. The main centres of woollen production are Delhi, Srinagar, Kanpur, Dhariwal, Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Gwalior. The woollen industry in India is not as developed as cotton textile industries because the demand for woollen clothes is less as they are required only for three to four winter months mainly in northern India. Peninsular India does not experience extreme winters; hence, the demand for woollen clothes in these regions is low.

Problems Faced by the Woollen Industry

• India is a tropical country, and hence, woollen clothes are required only during winter months in northern India.
• Many people in India are poor and cannot spend on purchasing costly woollen clothes.
• Good quality of wool in India has to be imported.
• Synthetic fibres are replacing woollen industries.
• Because cotton and synthetic clothes are more in demand, capitalists prefer to invest in cotton industries.

Many steps have been taken to improve the woollen industry in India. The government has started encouraging the production of good quality wool in India. Various sheep-breeding farms have been set up in northwest India. Merino and Corriedale sheep are imported and reared in the country.

Jute Industry

It is the second important agro-based industry in India after the cotton textiles industry. It is one of the principal earners of foreign exchange.
The jute industry produces gunny bags, hessian, coarse carpets, rugs and cordage. Jute fibres are also used for packing goods.

Distribution
The jute industry is mainly centred in the Hooghly region as jute is largely grown in the Ganga Delta and
in the Lower Ganga Valley. Other important jute-growing areas in Bengal are Howrah, Titagarh, Jagatal Serampore, Bansberia and Sibpur. Jute mills are also located in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,Odisha and Madhya Pradesh.

Factors Promoting the Jute Industry around Kolkata

• The Hooghly valley is a part of the Ganga Valley where jute is predominantly grown.
• The Ganga Brahmaputra Delta has fertile soil which gets renewed every year. This has increased jute production.
• Humid climate and rainfall ranging 175–200 cm favour the growth of jute crop.
• Plenty of freshwater for retting and cleaning is available from the River Hooghly.
• Availability of labour from the neighbouring areas of Odisha and Uttar Pradesh has led to the growth of jute industries in the region.
• Kolkata is a port city and is well-connected to the other parts of the country by rail and road.

Problems Faced by the Jute Industry

• After Independence, nearly 70% of jute-producing areas went to Bangladesh. Thus, the industry suffers from inadequate supply of jute.
• The jute industry in India faces tough competition from Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt and Thailand.
• The industry is equipped with old and obsolete machinery. Costs of production have also risen.
• Products of paper, plastic and hemp are widely used today as substitutes of jute products.

Remedial Steps Taken by the Government

• A Jute Consultative Council has been set up to advice the government on the jute industry.
• Many research programmes have been undertaken to extend the range of jute products. Some new jute products are tarpaulins, jute carpets etc.
• Modern machinery has begun to be installed in jute industries.
• Steps have been taken by the government to stabilise jute prices.

Question. What was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India?
Answer : Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty.

Question. What is the desired growth rate of manufacturing in the next decade?
Answer : 12 per cent.

Question. With what objective was The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) set up?
Answer : To achieve the desired growth rate of manufacturing in the next decade by 12 %

Question. What is the key to decision of the factory location?
Answer : Least cost.

Question. To which all categories do iron and steel industries fall?
Answer : Mineral based, Basic, Heavy, large scale industries.

Question. Name the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.
Answer : Textile industry.

Question. Why are jute products still in demand in spite of stiff competition from synthetic products?
Answer : Because it is biodegradable and ecofriendly.

Question. Name any two manufacturing goods in which India ranks first.
Answer : Gur and khandsari, sponge iron

Question. Name the minerals used in the smelting of iron in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.
Answer : Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone

Question. What is the per capita consumption of steel per annum in India?
Answer : 32 kg.

Question. Name the two undertakings through which most of the steel is marketed in India.
Answer : Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) , Tata Steel. (TISCO)

Question. Name the country, which is the largest producer and consumer of steel in the world.
Answer : China

Question. Name the region where iron and steel industries are concentrated the maximum.
Answer : Chotanagpur plateau

Question. Name the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
Answer : Aluminium smelting

Question. What is the rank of India in the production of nitrogenous fertilizers?
Answer : Third

Question. Name any two raw materials used in cement industry.
Answer : limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

Question. When and where was the first cement plant set up in India?
Answer : Chennai in 1904.

Question. Name the electronic capital of India.
Answer : Bangalore

Question. Mention any two major industrial solid wastes.
Answer : Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags.

Question. What is the upper limit of investment in a small-scale industry?
Answer : One crore rupees

Question. What do you mean by an agro-based industry? Give two examples.
Answer : The industry that gets its raw materials from agriculture is known as an agro- based industry. Examples — cotton, woollen.

Question. What are called joint sector industries? Give examples.
Answer : Joint sector industries are jointly managed (owned) by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.

Question. What are called cooperative sector industries? Give examples.
Answer : Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Examples — the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coin industry in Kerala.

Question. On what basis is the industrial sector classified into public and private sectors?
Answer : The industrial sector is classified into public and private sectors on the basis of ownerships of enterprises.

Question. What is the objective of the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC)?
Answer : The objective of NMcc is to improve the productivity of the manufacturing sector.

Question. Explain light industry with examples.
Answer : Light industries use light raw materials and produce light goods. Examples — electrical industries.

Question. What happened to our traditional industries during the colonial period?
Answer : Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill-make cloth from England.

Question. Which sector is considered to be the backbone of development?
Answer : Manufacturing sector is considered to be the backbone of development.

Question. How will our country be able to compete in the international market?
Answer : Our manufactured goods must be at par in the quality with those in the international market.

Question. How many cotton and human made fibre textile mills are there in India?
Answer : There are nearly 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in India.

Question. What is manufacturing?
Answer : Manufacturing refers to producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. It helps transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and thus help earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials.

Question. Why have sugar mills shifted to the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra in recent years?
Answer : In recent years, the mills have shifted to the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra. This is because:
(i) The cane produced here has higher sucrose content.
(ii) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
(iii) Super industry can thrive only if it is run by corporatives and they are popular and more successful in the southern states.

Question. Why is iron and steel industry called the basic industry? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : The iron and steel industry is called the basic industry because of the following reasons:
(i) All the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on this industry for their machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and variety of consumer goods.
(iii) This industry contributes a lot in providing employment opportunities to the people.
(iv) It helps in the development of agriculture.

Question. On the basis of reading of the graph, answer the following questions:

(i) What was the status of India and China in steel production in the 1950s?
(ii) What is the status of China today?
(iii) Which country was the largest exporter of steel in the year 2004?
Answer : (i) In the 1950s, India and China produced almost the same quantity of steel.
(ii) Today, China has become the largest producer of steel.
(iii) In the year 2004, India was the largest exporter of steel.

Question. India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet, We are not able to perform to our full potential. Give any four reasons.
Answer : There are several reasons behind this:
(i) Although India has modernised its steelmaking considerably, however, nearly 6% of its crude steel is still produced using the outdated open-hearth process.
(ii) Labour productivity in India is still very low.
(iii) Steel production in India is also hampered by power shortages.
(iv) Insufficient shipment capacity and transport infrastructure too hinder the growth of Indian steel industry.
(v) India is deficient in raw materials required by the steel industry.

Question. Classify industries according to their main role.
Answer : According to their main role, industries are of two types:
(i) Basic or Key: Industries which supply their raw materials to manufacture other goods.
Example: Iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
(ii) Consumer: Industries produce goods for direct use by consumers.
Example: Sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines etc.

Question. (i) Mention the two industries that are supported by the cotton textile industry.
Or
(ii) What are the major problems faced by the cotton textile industries in India?
Answer : (i) The two industries that are supported by the cotton textile industry are:
• Spinning
• Dyeing
(ii) The major problems faced by the cotton textile industries in India are:
• Power supply is erratic.
• Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in particular.
• The output of labour is low.
• This industry faces stiff competition with the synthetic fiber industry.

Question. (i) Which are the two major challenges faced by sugar industry of India?
(ii) Why should the sugar mills be located close to the sugar producing regions of the country?
Answer : (i) Challenges faced by sugar industry:
• Old and inefficient methods of production.
• Transport delays in Sugarcane reaching to the factories. As once cut the sugar in the cane begins to decrease and has to be transported to the factory within 48 hours.
(ii) Sugar mills should be located close to the sugar producing regions of the country due to the following reasons:
• The raw-material used in sugar industry is bulky.
• Sucrose contents reduce if there is a delay in haulage.

Question. Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(i) Used to drive machinery (5)
(ii) People who work in a factory (6)
(iii) Where the product is sold (6)
(iv) A person who sells goods (8)
(v) Thing produced (7)
(vi) To make or produce (11)
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9)
Answer : (i) POWER, (ii) WORKER, (iii) MARKET
(iv) RETAILER, (v) PRODUCT, (vi) MANUFACTURE
(vii) POLLUTION

Question. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
Answer : Differences between integrated steel plants and mini steel plants:

Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world still it is unable to perform to its full potential mainly due to the following problems:
(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal
(b) Lower productivity of labour
(c) Irregular supply of energy
(d) Poor infrastructure
Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

Question. How much is the contribution of manufacturing sector to the national income of the country? 
Answer : Over the last two decades, the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of GDP. Out of a total of 27 per cent for the industry which includes 10 per cent for mining, quarrying, electricity and gas. This is much lower in comparison to some East Asian economies, where it is 25-30%. The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been around 7 per cent per annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12%. Since 2003, manufacturing is once again growing at the rate of 9 to 10 per cent per annum. With appropriate policy intervention by the government, manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade.

Question. Describe in brief the aluminium smelting industry in India with emphasis on:
(i) Any three uses of aluminium.
(ii) Any three locational factors for the industry.
(iii) Any two states where aluminium smelting is done on a large scale.
Or
Explain the aluminium smelting industry with reference to the following.
(i) Two major uses of aluminium
(ii) Names of two smelting states
(iii) Annual production
(iv) Any two locational factors
Answer : (i) Three uses of aluminium:
• It combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability.
• It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
• It has become a popular substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
(ii) Two locational factors:
• Assured source of raw material at minimum cost.
• Regular supply of electricity.
(iii) Two states where aluminium smelting is done on a large scale:
• Odisha
• West Bengal
(iv) Annual Production:
• About 600 million tonnes per annum.

Question. Why is aluminium smelting gaining popularity?
Answer : It is gaining popularity due to the following reasons:
i) It is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. Bauxite from which aluminium is obtained is widely available in India. India has vast reserves of bauxite.
ii) Aluminium is used as a substitute to steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
iii) It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals.
iv) It is used in manufacturing of airplanes, utensils, electrical wires and other equipments, house fabrications etc. Hence its demand is increasing. India produced 15.29 lakh million tonnes of aluminium in 2008-09.
v) It is a cheap metal compared to copper, bronze and iron.For all these reasons aluminium smelting is gaining popularity.
(Which is the second important metallurgical industry of India? Why is it getting popularity? Write the answer above)

Question. State two prime factors that determine the location of Aluminium industry. Name the states where aluminium plants are located.
Answer :
a) Availability of regular supply of cheap electricity
b) Availability of bauxite. (Explain points)
➢ The aluminium plants are located.in Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal (C.T. KUMB)

Question. Name any two heavy organic and inorganic chemicals produced in India. What is its use? Where is it manufactured?
Answer :
i. Petrochemicals are heavy organic chemicals, which is used for manufacturing of articles like synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuff, drugs and pharmaceuticals. The organic chemical industries are located near oil refineries and petro-chemical plants.
ii. Sulphuric acid is a heavy inorganic chemical, which is used for the manufacturing of fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, paints and dyestuffs. Soda ash is used in the manufacture of glass, paper, soap and detergents. Other inorganic chemicals are nitric acid and alkalis.

Question. How has chemical industry gained an important position in the Indian economy? Explain any six points in this regard.
Answer :
i) Chemical industry is growing fast. Rapid growth has been recorded in both organic and inorganic chemical industries.
ii) Petrochemicals are heavy organic chemicals, which is used for manufacturing of articles like synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuff, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
iii) Sulphuric acid is a heavy inorganic chemical, which is used for the manufacturing of fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics paints and dyestuffs.
iv) Soda ash is used in the manufacture of glass, paper, soap and detergents. Other inorganic chemicals are nitric acid and alkalis.
v) Production of pesticides has contributed much to agriculture by controlling harmful insects and weeds.
vi) In the production of pharmaceuticals India leads in the developing countries. It contributes 14 % of production of entire manufacturing sector and its share in export is also 14%

Question. How does industrial pollution degrade environment?
OR How do manufacturing industries contribute to polluting and environmental degradation?
Answer : Manufacturing industries are responsible for environmental degradation and pollution.
There are four types of pollution created by these industries.
(a) Air pollution: It is caused by the smoke or gases emitted by industries which contain poisonous gases like carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. Air-borne particulate materials consist of both solid and liquid particles. Dust, fume, mist, spray and smoke contain both types of particles. Air pollution affects human health, animals, plants, materials and the atmosphere.
(b) Water pollution: The industrial effluents are discharged into rivers. They contain both organic and inorganic materials. Coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides, fertilizers, plastics and rubber are the common pollutants of water. The principal industries, which create water pollution are paper pulp, textiles, chemical, petroleum, refining, tannery and electroplating. Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel stags are the major solid wastes in India. Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal power plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling
(c) Land and soil pollution: Industrial wastes containing toxic metal, glass, and harmful chemicals pollute land and soil. Unscientific processing in many industries like ceramic industry and cement industry create a lot of dust containing chemicals, settle down the land which causes pollution. Industrial effluents even
cause acid rain, which degrade the land.
(d) Noise pollution: Unwanted noise arise from industry and transport vehicles create a lot of problems.The noise from mechanical saws and pneumatic drills is unbearable and it may cause impairment of hearing (deafness)

Question. Suggest a few measures to control environmental degradation and pollution that is caused by industries.
Or Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industries.
Answer :
(a) There should be proper planning in the selection of industrial sites. It should not be in a congested area.
(b) Equipments used in industries should be designed better to prevent smoke.
(c) Avoid using coal in industries and use of oil as fuel to prevent smoke.
(d) Equipments like inertial separators, fabric filters, smoke stags, electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers should be used to control particulate matter in the air.
(e) Discharge the industrial effluents after proper treatment.
(f) Equipments or generators should be fitted with silencers.

Question. Give two reasons why iron and steel industry is considered a heavy industry.
Answer: Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.

Question. Where should the steel plants be ideally located?
Answer:
* Since the raw material and the finished products are heavy, hence the iron & steel industry should be located near the sources of raw materials.
* The finished products also need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers.

Question. „Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industry.’ Justify the statement giving four examples.
Answer: Reasons: Mainly due to the relative advantages this region has for the development of the industry. These include:
1. Low cost iron ore
3. High grade raw materials in proximity
2. Cheap labour
4. Vast growth potential in the home market.

Question. „Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet, we are not able to perform to our full potential.’ Explain the statement giving four reasons.
Answer: Reasons:
a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal
c) Lower productivity of labour.
b) Irregular supply of energy
d) Poor infrastructure

Question. What has given a boost to iron and steel industry in India? What more is needed to produce steel more competitively?
Answer: a) Liberalisation and Foreign direct Investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
b) There is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more competitively.

Question. Describe the two prime factors that influence the location of aluminium smelting industry.
Answer: Factors:
a) Regular supply of electricity
b) Assured source of raw material at minimum cost.

Question. Differentiate between the inorganic chemicals and organic chemicals on the basis of the following:
Answer: 

Question. „The chemical industry is its own largest consumer industry.‟ Justify the statement giving three examples.
Answer: Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for:
* Industrial application
* Agriculture
* Directly for consumer market

Question. Mention the four important raw materials required for cement industry. Also two other requirements of cement industry.
Answer:
a) Raw materials- Industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
b) Other requirements- Coal and electric power and rail transportation.

Question. Name the state that has strategically location of cement plants.
Answer:
a) The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat
b) Suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.

Question. What led to the expansion of cement industry after independence?
Answer: State the number of large and mini cement plants in the country. a) Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms led to cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production. b) 128- Large plants and 332 Mini cement plants.

Question. Where and what has made a readily available market for cement?
Answer:
1. Readily available market in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia apart from large demand within the country.
2. Improvement in the quality.

Question. „The automobile industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 years.‟ State two reasons.
Answer: Reasons:
a) Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology
b) Aligned the industry with global developments.

Question. How is the software industry a major foreign exchange earner? What is the key to the success of IT industry in India?
Answer:
a) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
b) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Question. Explain air pollution under the following:
Answer:
a) Causes- By the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
b) Particulate materials- Contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
c) Sources of smoke- Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
d) Effects- Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Question. Explain water pollution under the following headings:
Answer:
a) Causes: Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluent discharged into rivers.
b) Main source of water pollution: Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries
c) Pollutants in the water bodies: dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber.
d) Major solid wastes: Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags

Question. How does the thermal pollution of water occur?
Answer: Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

Question. What are the effects of waste from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities?
Answer: They cause:
a) Cancer
b) Birth defects
c) Miscarriages

Question. What renders the soil useless? How does the ground and under ground water gets contaminated?
Answer:
a) The following renders the soil useless:
1. Dumping of wastes specially glass
4. Harmful chemicals
2. Industrial effluents 5. Packaging 3. Salts 6. Garbage
b) Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground.

Question. What are the results of noise pollution? Also state the sources that lead to noise pollution?
Answer: Results:
a) Irritation and anger
b) Hearing impairment
c) Increased heart rate and blood pressure
d) Other psychological effects- stress etc. Sources of noise pollution:
1. Industrial and construction activities 2. Machinery
3. Factory equipment 4. Generators 5. Saws 6. Pneumatic and electric drills

Question. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced?
Answer: Some suggestions:
A) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
B) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
C) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases:
♦ Primary treatment by mechanical means- This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation
♦ Secondary treatment by biological process
♦ Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.

Question. Suggest ways: A) to reduce particulate matter in the air and B) to reduce smoke.
Answer:
a)To reduce particulate matter in the air:
i) Fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators
ii) Fabric filters
iii) Scrubbers
iv) Inertial separators
b)To reduce smoke:
a) Using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

Question. Suggest four measures to reduce noise pollution.
Answer: Suggestions:
a) Machinery and equipment can be reduced and generators should be fitted with silencers.
b) All machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
c) Noise absorbing material may be used
d) Personal use of earplugs and earphones.

Question. NTPC is a major power-providing Corporation in India. Explain how NTPC has played an important role in preserving the natural environment and resources. Answer: This has been done by NTPC through the following:
Answer: 
a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilization.
c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicle for afforestation.
d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
e) Ecological monitoring reviews and online database management for all its power stations.