CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India Worksheet

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Worksheet for Class 10 Social Science India and Contemporary World II Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Class 10 Social Science students should refer to the following printable worksheet in Pdf for India and Contemporary World II Chapter 2 Nationalism in India in Class 10. This test paper with questions and answers for Class 10 will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Class 10 Social Science Worksheet for India and Contemporary World II Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

In India as in other countries/colonies the concept of modern nationalism was closely linked to anticolonial movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together. But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the same.

 THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON - COOPERATION

- More defense budget forcing countries to take war loans
- Forced recruitment in to the army
- Shortages leading to prices doubling between 1913-18.
- Shortage of food items because of crop failures
- Raised Custom duty and taxes
- Epidemic leading to death of many people

The idea of Satyagraha

- You know that Mahatma Gandhi came back to India (in January 1915) from South Africa.He had used a novel method of mass agitation against the racist regime there, which he called satyagraha.

The idea of satyagraha emphasized that :
(a) If the cause was true and the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
(b) Without seeking revenge or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence.
(c) This was to be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor, who had to be persuaded to see the truth.
(d) Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Gandhiji’s Early Experiments in Satyagraha
- 1917 Champaran to lead plantation workers against oppressive system.
- 1917 Kheda to support peasants for relaxation of revenue demand.
- 1918 Ahmedabad to support the cotton mill workers.

Rowlatt Act

- The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, also known as the Rowlatt Act was a legislative act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on March 18, 1919.
- It indefinitely extended the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defense of India Act 1915 during the First World War. It was named after the British judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt.
- This act authorized the government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj for up to two years, without a trial.
Gandhiji’s Satyagraha Against the Rowlatt Acts and Events Leading to Jallianwala killings:
(a) Gandhiji wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, starting with a strike on 6 April.
(b) Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down.
(c) Alarmed by the public response and afraid that important services such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration clamped down on the nationalists.
(d) Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
(e) On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations.
(f) Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.
(g) On 13 April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a large crowd gathered there, some had come to protest against the government’s new repressive measures. Others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. People from villages were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
(h) As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression, satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs; people were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan) were bombed.

Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.

Khilafat Movement

- Mahatma Gandhi understood that the national movement had to be made broadbased and for that muslims had to be brought in to the movement. One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue.

- The First World War had ended and there were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor

– the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). To defend him a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.
Muslim leader brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, discussed a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.

- At the Congress session in Calcutta in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.

Non-cooperation Moment -Stages

In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi said that British rule was established in India with the help of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and Swaraj would come. He wanted the non-cooperation to be implemented in stages:

1. Surrrender of Government titles
2. Boycott of civil services, army, police, court and legislative councils and schools.
3. Boycott of foreign made goods.
4. If the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign to be launched.

Many in the Congress however, were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared violence may happen. At the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.

2.2 DIFFERING STRANDS WITHIN THE MOVEMENT

Non-cooperation in cities
(a) The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.
(b) Thousands of students left government schools and colleges. Headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
(c) The council elections were boycotted except in Madras.
(d) Economic effects of the movement were more visible. Foreign cloth was burnt in huge bonfires. Value of imported cloth dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore.
(e) Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
(f) Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. But the movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons :
(i) Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth for the poor.
(ii) Boycott of British institutions could not be sustained because these were not replaced by Indian institution. So, teachers went back to schools and lawyers to courts.

Non-cooperation in villages
(a) Non-cooperation movement spread to the villages and tribal areas.
(b) In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi who had been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded exorbitantly high rents and a variety of taxes from peasants. They demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
(c) In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages to understand their grievances.
(d) The development of the peasant movement, was not liked by the Congress leadership. The houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards were taken over.
In many places local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.
(e) By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others. When the Non-Cooperation Movement began Congress tried to integrate peasant struggle into the wider struggle.

Non-cooperation by Tribals
(a) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s – led by Alluri Sitaram Raju.
(b) He claimed to have supernatural powers. He admired Mahatma Gandhi and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
(c) But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not nonviolence.
(d) The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj. Raju was captured and executed in 1924, and over time became a folk hero.

Swaraj in Plantations
Plantation workers in Assam, had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and Swaraj.
(a) For them freedom meant the right to move freely and retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and they were rarely given such permission.
(b) Because of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities and headed home.
(c) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.
The tribals interpreted the term Swaraj in their own way, imagining it to be a time when all suffering and all troubles would be over. Yet, when they chanted Gandhiji’s name and raised slogans demanding ‘Swatantra Bharat’, they were also emotionally relating to the all-India agitation.

2.3 TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
(a) As the non-cooperation movement turned violent it was withdrawn.
(b) Some leaders in the congress wanted to participate in provincial council elections set by GOI act 1919.
(c) Seniors like C R Das and Motilal Nehru formed Swaraj Party to contest council elections.
(d) Young leaders such as Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru pressed for more radical means and wanted full independence. 

Economic DepressionSimon Commission
Agricultural prices began to fall
from 1926 and collapsed after
1930.
The British government set up a Statutory Commission
under Sir John Simon in response to the nationalist
movement. However, the commission did not have a single
Indian member. They were all British. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’.
Demand for agricultural goods
fell and exports declined,
peasants found it difficult to sell
their harvests and pay their taxes
Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future.
The radicals in the Congress such as Subhas Chandra Bose and
Nehru became more assertive.


Lahore Session of Congress 1929
(a) Presided by Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Demand for Full Independence was declared
(c) Declared 26th January 1930 as Independence Day
(d) Pledged to struggle for complete independence Independence was still an abstract idea for most Indians. Mahatma Gandhi wanted to relate this abstract concept with concrete issues of everyday life.

The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

-ff Salt was a powerful symbol that was common and had the potential to unite the nation.
- On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji, sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven wide ranging demands. The demands were made wide ranging so that different sections of the society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.
- The most important among the demand was to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. He opposed the tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production. It revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.
- The letter stated that if the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.
- As Viceroy Irwin did not respond favorably so Mahatma Gandhi started his famous 240 mile, salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Civil Disobedience was different from the Non- Cooperation Movement
(a) People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British, as they had done in 1921-22, but also to break colonial laws.
(b) Thousands of people in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
(c) Foreign made cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned, and in many places forest people violated forest laws.

Calling off of Civil Disobedience

- Arrest of many congress leaders.
- British responded by brutal repression and lakhs of people were arrested.
- Arrest of Gandhiji and attack on government buildings by industrial workers.
- Arrest of Abdul Ghaffar Khan and death of many protestors in police firing.
- Violent clashes in different parts of the country.
Gandhiji called off the movement and entered into pact with Irwin. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact (5th March 1931) Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference (the Congress had boycotted the first Round Table Conference) in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.
In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed. Meanwhile the government had begun a new cycle of repression. Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail, and the Congress had been declared illegal, and holding meetings, demonstrations and boycotts was made illegal. Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement, though gradually it lost its momentum.

How Participants saw the Movement : Different social groups had different set of reasons for participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. 

Rich Peasants
They were hit by depressed prices of the food grains.They were unable to pay the land revenue. Their demand for reduction in revenue was refused.For them fight for swaraj was fight against high revenue.They were disappointed with the calling off of Civil Disobedience Movement and were reluctant to joint it back upon its relaunch.

Poor Peasants
Economic depression made it very difficult for them to pay rent to the landlords. Congress did not support their no rent campaign fearing that it would upset the rich farmers.

Business Community
Their demand was for protection against exports and fixed exchange ratio.To protect their business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

Growing socialistic sentiments in congress kept them away from the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was relaunched.

Workers
As the congress was seen close to the industrialists, the workers did not participate in the movement except in Nagpur.Congress was reluctant to include their demands, fearing alienation of industrialists.

Women
There was largescale participation of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
They participated in the Salt March and other protest march.
They participated in picketing of foreign cloth and liquor shops.
They saw service to the nation as sacred duty and even went to jail.

Limits of Civil Disobedience

Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of swaraj. The Dalits and the Muslims were such important groups.

Dalits

The congress ignored the Dalits for fear of offending the conservative upper caste Hindus.Even though Gandhiji declared them as harijan - children of god.He organized Satyagraha to secure them entry into temples and access to public wells, tanks, roads, schools, etc.He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the sweepers.
The Organized Depressed Classes Association under the leadership of B R Ambedkar demanded separate electorate in the second-round table conference.When the British government conceded the demands; Mahatma Gandhi opposed it and went on fast unto death. He believed that separate electorate for Dalits will delay their integration into the society.This resulted in the Poona pact, that gave the Dalits reserved constituency.

Muslims

After the decline of the Khilafat non-cooperation movement a large section of the Muslims were alienated from the congress.
The association of congress in 1920 with Hindu religious nationalist group further widened the divide.
Frequent Hindu-Muslim communal clashes aggravated the situation.There were differences over the issue of representation in future assemblies.
Negotiations over the issue of representation in assemblies fell through at the All Parties Conference in 1928, when it was opposed by Hindu Mahasabha.
Many Muslim leaders expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India. They feared that their identity would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.
Thus, the participation of Muslims in the Civil Disobedience Movement was not enthusiastic.

 2.4 THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING

Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them together. Gradually the nation became a reality in the minds of people.
- This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles.History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.
- In the twentieth century, the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.
- Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
- Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival.
In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India. He believed that folklore was national literature; it was ‘the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.
- During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolor (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.
- Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently.
- The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.
- The nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

Important Years
1885 : First meeting of Indian National Congress
1905 : Partition of Bengal
1906 : Formation of Muslim League
1914-18 : First World War
1917 : Satyagrah Movement by Gandhiji at Kheda
1919 : Rowlatt Act passed
1919 : 13th April Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
1920 : September, Calcutta Congress session
1920 : December, Nagpur Congress Session
1927 :The Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) formed.
1928 : Simon Commission arrived in India
1929 : December, Lahore session: demand for Purna Swaraj
1930 : 26th January was celebrated as independence day
1930 : April 6th Salt March reached Dandi
1931 : March 5th , Gandhi- Irwin pact signed
1932 : September – Poona pact between Gandhiji and Ambedkar
1937 : Election held for Provincial Assemblies
1939 : Second World War begins

Important Terms
Nationalism : Identifying as individual or as a group with the political united thinking.
Forced recruitment : A process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army.
Boycott : The refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities, or buy and use things; usually a form of protest.
Satyagrah : A form of protest based on the ideals of truth and non-violence.
Civil Disobedience : Breaking colonial laws
Picket : A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office.
Begar : Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.
Swaraj : Freedom or self rule

 

Question : What inspired Abanindranath Tagore to paint the famous image of Bharat Mata?

(a) Civil Disobedience Movement
(b) Swadeshi Movement
(c) Quit India Movement
(d) All of the above 

Answer : B

Question : The image depicts which movement of 1942:

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India_8

(a) Poorna Swaraj
(b) Quit India Movement
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) Chauri Chaura Movement 

Answer : B

Question : Match the following items given in column A with those given in column B.

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India_9

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) I-4, 11-3, III-1, IV-2
(b) I-3, 11-4, III-1, IV-2
(c) I-4, II-1, 111-3, IV-2
(d) I-4, 11-2, III-1, IV-3 

Answer : B

Question : The Hindustan Socialist Republican Army was founded at a meeting in Ferozshah Kotla Ground, which is situated in________.
Choose the correct option:
(a) Delhi
(b) Uttarakhand
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Madhya Pradesh 

Answer : A

Question : Who among the following threw a bomb in Legislative Assembly in April 1929?
(a) Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev
(b) Bhagat Singh and Rajguru
(c) Bhagat Singh and Batukeshvar
(d) Sukhdev and Rajguru 

Answer : C

Question : Which of the following events is intimately connected to the growth of modern nationalism in India?
(a) Anti-racial movement
(b) Religious reform movement
(c) Anti-imperial movement
(d) Anti-colonial movement 

Answer : C

Question : Match the following items given in column A with those given in column B.

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India_10

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India_11

Choose the correct answer from the option given below:
(a) I-4, II-3, III-1, IV-2
(b) I-3, II-4, III-1, IV-2
(c) I-4, II-1, III-3, IV-2
(d) I-4, II-2, III-1, IV-3 

Answer : B

Question : The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in__________.
(a) 1919
(b) 1920
(c) 1921
(d) 1922 

Answer : B

Question : Who among the following leaders headed the Oudh Kisan Sabha?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Motilal Nehru 

Answer : A

Question : Following image is of a very famous event of India's National Movement that was started by Mahatma Gandhi and accompanied by 78 volunteers. Identify the event among the following:

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India_12

Options:
(a) The Dandi March
(b) Non-Cooperation Movement
(c) Khilafat Movement
(d) Civil Disobedience Movement 

Answer : A

Question : Which of the following were Radical leaders and also the members of Congress?
(a) Bhagat Singh and Battukeshwar Dutta
(b) Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla 

Answer : B

Question : Who among the following had given the slogan 'Inquilab Zindabaad'?
(a) Bhagat Singh
(b) Sukhdev
(c) Rajguru
(d) Mahatma Gandhi 

Answer : A

Question : Which year among the following is associated with calling off the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was launched for the first time?
(a) 1931
(b) 1922
(c) 1936
(d) 1935 

Answer : B

Question : Who led the peasants in Awadh? 
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) None of these
(c) Baba Ramchandra
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
 
Answer : C
 
Question : Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that 
(a) they are part of different regions
(b) they should aim for luxuries
(c) they fight amongst themselves
(d) they are all part of the same nation
 
Answer : D
 
Question : The main features of the Poona Pact of September 1932 were: 
(a) Reserved seats for Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislative councils
(b) To be voted by special electorates
(c) The Dalits to be called Depressed Classes and not Harijans
(d) Separate electorates for Dalits
 
Answer : A
 
Question :  The Non-Cooperation Movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi in support of: 
(a) Khilafat and Swaraj
(b) Swaraj
(c) Khilafat
(d) Chauri Chaura 
 
Answer : A

Question : Where did Mahatma Gandhi launch the first Satyagrah in India?
1. Champaran
2. Kheda
3. Delhi
4. Calcutta

Answer : A

Question : After which of the following event, Mahatma Gandhi abruptly withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement?
1. Jaliawalan Bagh Masscare
2. Rowllat Act
3. Chauri-Chaura
4. Dandi March

Answer : C

Question : When was the Rowlatt Act Passed?
1. 1912
2. 1914
3. 1919
4. 1920

Answer : C

Question : Who is the author of book “Discovery of India’?
1. Jawahar Lal Nehru
2. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
3. Mahatama Gandhi
4. Baba Ramchander

Answer : A

Question : Who is the author of book “Hind Swaraj”?
1. Jawahar Lal Nehru
2. Vallabh Bhai Patel
3. Mahatma Gandhi
4. Baba Ramchander

Answer : C

Question : When did First World War begin?
1. 1910
2. 1914
3. 1917
4. 1919

Answer : B

Question : Who was the founder of Muslim League?
1. Shaukat Ali Khan
2. Muhammad Ali
3. Both are correct
4.Both are wrong

Answer : D

Question : Who was the founder of “Depressed Classes Association”?
1. Baba Ram Chander
2. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
3. Jawahar lal Nehru
4, Shaukat Ali

Answer : B

Question : Where did the brutal ‘Jallianwala Massacre’ take place?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Meerut
(c) Lahore
(d) Lucknow
Answer : A

Question : Why did General Dyer order to open fire on a peaceful demonstration at Jallianwala Bagh? Choose from the given options.
(a) He wanted to show his power.
(b) Firing was ordered because it was an unruly crowd.
(c) Because his object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create fear in the minds of ‘satyagrahis’.
(d) He ordered to fire because he noticed a sudden unrest in the crowd.
Answer : C

Question : Why did Gandhiji organise Satyagraha in 1917 in Kheda district of Gujarat?
(a) To support the plantation workers
(b) To protest against high revenue demand
(c) To support the mill workers to fulfil their demand
(d) To demand loans for the farmers
Answer : B

Question :  Why was Satyagraha organised in Champaran ?
(a) To oppose the British laws
(b) To oppose the plantation system
(c) To support indigo cultivators
(d) To protest against the oppression of the mill workers
Answer : C

Question : Why was the Simon Commission sent to India?
(a) To look into the Indian constitutional matter and suggest reform
(b) To choose members of Indian Council
(c) To settle disputes between the government and the Congress leaders
(d) To set up a government organisation
Answer : A

Question : Why was Alluri Sitarama Raju well known?
(a) He led the militant movement of tribal peasants in Andhra Pradesh.
(b) He led a peasant movement in Avadh.
(c) He led a satyagraha movement in Bardoli.
(d) He set up an organisation for the upliftment of the dalits.
Answer : A

Question : What kind of movement was launched by the tribal peasants of Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh?
(a) Satyagraha Movement
(b) Militant Guerrilla Movement
(c) Non-Violent Movement
(d) None of the above
Answer : B

Question : Who among the following two leaders led the Khilafat Movement?
(a) Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali
(b) Gandhiji and Sardar Patel
(c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Abul Kalam Azad
(d) Abul Kalam Azad and Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer : A

Question : Why did Gandhiji withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) Gandhiji realised that people were losing interest in the movement.
(b) Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent in many places.
(c) Some Congress leaders wanted to participate in elections to Provincial Councils.
(d) Some Congress leaders wanted more radical mass agitations.
Answer : B

Question : Who were the ‘Sanatanis’?
(a) Saints
(b) Dalits
(c) Labours
(d) High-caste Hindus
Answer : D

Question : Match the columns. Find out the correct option
Colum A                                             COLUMN B
i.Non-cooperation movement              (a) December 1929
ii. Lahore session of Congress             (b) September 1932
iii.Poona pact                                    (c) December 1920
iv.Nagpur session of congress             (d) January1921
a) 1(d),2(a),3(b),4(c)
b) 1(c ),2(b),3(d),4(a)
c) 1(a),2(d),3(c),4(b)
d) 1(c),2(d),3(a),4(b)
Answer : A

Fill in the Blank : 

Question : In.....................................Session congress demanded complete Independence.

Answer : 1929, Lahore.

Question : In 1919 Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali started ..................movement in India.

Answer : Khilafat Movement.

Question : First president of Indian National Congress Was................

Answer : W.C Banerjee.

Question : In.................................Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn.

Answer : 1931

Question : Muslim league was formed in ....................

Answer : 1906.

Question : _____ was known as ‘Lion of Punjab’.
 
Answer : Lala Lajpat Rai 
 
Question : Due to a violent incident in______ Gandhiji called off the Non-cooperation Movement.
 
Answer : Chauri-Chaura
 
Question : Gandhiji called Dalits as ________.
 
Answer : Harijans
  

TRUE/FALSE 

Question : Colonial exploitation under the British rule was the important factor of nationalism in Europe.
 
Answer : False 
 
Question : Alluri Sitaram Raju was the leader of militant Guerilla Movement in the Gudem Hills.
 
Answer : True 
 
Question : 300 miles were covered in Gandhiji’s Salt March.
 
Answer : False
 

Asswertion and Reasoning Based Questions

Mark the option which is most suitable:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true. 

Question : Assertion: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote "Vande Mataram" as a hymn to the motherland and it was later included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement.
Reason: Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata, which is portrayed as an ascetic figure, who is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
Answer : (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. 

Question : Assertion: Provincial autonomy was introduced in the Government of India Act, 1935.
Reason: The Act itself made a clear-cut division of powers between the Centre and the Provinces.
Answer : (c) A is true but R is false. 

Question : Assertion: The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919.
Reason: The Act allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for three years.
Answer : (c) A is true but R is false. 

Question : Assertion: The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.
Reason: In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
Answer : (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
 

Very Short Answer Questions

Question : Name the writer of the novel Anandamath.
Answer :  Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay is the writer of the novel Anandamath. 

Question : When does nationalism spread in a country?
Answer :  Nationalism spread in a country when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity that bounds them together. 

Question : Who wrote the song ‘Vande Mataram’?
Answer :  The song Wande Matram’ was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. 

Question : What were the demands of the Awadh peasants?
Answer :  Their demands included—
(i) reduction of revenue
(ii) abolition of begar
(iii) social boycott of oppressive landlords.  

Question : Who was the writer of 'Vande Mataram'? 
Answer : The writer of 'Vande Mataram' is Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.  
 
Question : Why did Nationalists in India tour villages to gather folk songs and legends? 
Answer : In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends as it was essential to preserve one’s folk tradition in order to discover his national identity and restore a sense of pride in his past.
 
Question :  Why did Gandhiji take up the Khilafat issue? 
Answer : The Khilafat issue gave Gandhiji the opportunity to bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform and to launch a more broad-based movement. 
 
Question : Why had Congress ignored the dalits for long? 
Answer : Congress ignored the Dalits for long because of the fear of offending the Sanatanis.
 

Short Answer Questions 

Question : Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919 Explain any three reasons.
Answer :  Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act, 1919 due to the following three reasons:
a. The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly by the Imperial Legislative Council despite the opposition by the Indian members.
b. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the government for repressing the political activities.
c. According to this Act, the government can detain the political prisoners without trial for a period of two years. 
 
Question : Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non- Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain any three reasons.
Answer :  Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 due to the following three reasons:
a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many places.
b. To train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle, (c)Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to criticize the British policies within the council.
 
Question : How did the ‘Salt March’ become the base to begin the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain.
Answer :  The ‘Salt March’ become the base to begin the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ because on 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands out of which some were of general interest and some of were specific demands of different classes. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign.
The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both rich and poor.
 
Question : ‘The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.’ Support the statement with examples.
Answer :  The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways:
a. The Civil Disobedience Movement dealt with the breaking of the colonial laws whereas the Non- Cooperation Movement did not follow the rules of the colonial government.
b. In the Civil Disobedience Movement, people broke the salt law and forest law whereas in the Non- Cooperation Movement, they carried out peaceful demonstrations.
c. The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched to get Puma Swaraj whereas the Non-Cooperation Movement was to unite the Hindus and Muslims to attain Swaraj.
 
Question : The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.’ Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : According to the Inland Emigration Act 1859, the plantation workers in Assam were not allowed to leave the tea garden. Therefore, they also joined the Swaraj movement. For the plantation workers in Assam, the notion of Swaraj was to get the right of free movement in and out of the confined space, retaining a link with the village from which they belong to and also they believed that in the Gandhi Raj they would be given land.
 
Question : Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ on arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments.
Answer : Against the situation of countryside turmoil, the Tory government in Britain set up a commission named Simon Commission after the name of Sir John Simon to look into the constitutional system in India and suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian members in this commission. In the year 1928, Simon Commission arrived in India and was greeted with the slogan ‘Simon go back’.
 
Question : Explain any three reasons for the slow down of Non- Cooperation Movement in cities. 
or
Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowdown in cities? Explain.
Answer :  The Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in towns and cities because
a. The khadi clothes were expensive which the poor people could not afford.
b. There was need for Indian institutions for the teachers, students and the lawyers but these were very slow to come up.
c. Thus once again people started using the mill made British clothes and the students, teachers and the lawyers joined back their respective institutions.
 
Question : How did Salt March become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism? Explain.
or
Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation? Explain.
Answer :  Salt March become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism because on 31st March 1930,
Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin.
Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven demands in this letter out of which some were of general interest and some were specific demands of different classes.
The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both rich and poor.
 
Question : Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation movement. 
or
Explain any three problems faced by the peasants of Awadh.
Answer :  The three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement were:
a. They demanded very high rents and other cesses from the peasants.
b. The peasants were bound to work at landlord’s farm without any payment.
c. Peasants had to do begar, no security of tenure and also they were evicted regularly so that they
could not acquire right over the leased land.
 
Question : Explain the circumstances which compelled Mahatma Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1930. 
or
Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931.
Answer : The circumstances which compelled Mahatma Gandhi to call off the Non- Cooperation Movement in 1930 were:
a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many places.
b. To train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle,
c. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to criticize the British policies within the council.
 
Question : Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919? How was it organized? 
Answer :  Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919 due to the following three reasons:
a. In the year 1919, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act which was passed hurriedly by the imperial legislative council despite the opposition by the Indian members.
b. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the government for repressing the political activities.
c. According to this act the government can detain the political prisoners without trial for a period of two years.
 
Question : Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension? Explain.
Answer :  Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement after the Second Round Table Conference due to the following reasons: When Mahatma Gandhi went for the round table conference in December 1931, he returned disappointed as the negotiations broke down. He discovered a new cycle of repression by the British. The important Congress leaders were in jail and meetings, demonstrations and boycotts were prevented.
 
Question : Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Answer :  The idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji was a novel method of mass agitation which emphasizes the power of truth and the need to search for the truth.
Mahatma Gandhi said that if you are fighting for the truth and against injustice then there is no need of physical force to defeat the oppressor. This can be possible without being aggressive. The oppressors can be persuaded to see the truth with the use of nonviolence.
Mahatma Gandhi had a hard belief that the dharma of non-violence will help in uniting the people of the country.
 
Question : Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas and the notion of ‘Swaraj’, Support the statement.
Answer :  According to the Inland Emigration Act 1859, the plantation workers in Assam were not allowed to leave the tea garden. Therefore they also joined the Swaraj movement. For the plantation workers in Assam the notion of Swaraj was to get the right of free movement in and out of the confined space, retaining a link with the village from which they belong to and also they believed that in the Gandhi Raj they would be given land. 
 
Question : Explain any three measures taken by the British administration to repress the movement started against the Rowlatt act. 
or
Describe any three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clamp down on nationalists.
Answer : The three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clamp down on nationalist were:
a. To suppress the nationalist the British administration picked up the local leaders and barred Gandhiji from entering Delhi.
b. Martial law was imposed.
c. The Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs. People were beaten up and villages were bombed. 
 
Question : How had the First World War created a Jnew economic situation in India? Explain with three examples.
Answer :  The First World War created a new economic situation in India. The three examples are:
a. The defence expenditure was financed by the war loans. The increased taxes, raising the custom duties and introducing the income tax, and increased prices of the commodities caused economic hardship for the common people.
b. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the villages were called upon and recruitment was done forcefully.
c. There was a period of crop failure in many parts of the country which caused acute food shortages and millions of people perished due to the famine and the epidemics.
 
Question : Explain any three effects of the Non- Cooperation Movement on the economy of India. 
or
Describe briefly any three economic effects of Non- Cooperation Movement.
Answer :  The three effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement on the economy of India were:
a. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed, foreign clothes were burnt.
b. Import of the foreign clothes reduced by half, the value of import dropped, merchants and traders refused the trade of foreign goods.
c. Production of Indian mills and handloom rose.
 
Question : How did Gandhiji try to integrate the depressed classes into society? Explain any three points.
Answer :  Gandhiji tried to integrate the depressed classes into society because:
a. Gandhiji was of the view that Swaraj would not come for hundred years if the problem of untouchability has not removed from the country.
Gandhiji called them harijan’ means the children of God.
b. Gandhiji fought for their temple entry rights and others rights such as access to public wells, schools and other public places. Gandhiji himself cleaned the toilets in order to dignify the work of the sweepers and also urged the upper caste people to change their heart and thinking about these untouchables.
c. In the Poona Pact, the depressed class people were given the reserved seats in the provincial and the central legislative council election but to be voted in by the general electorate.
 
Question : Explain four points of Gandhiji’s idea of Satyagraha.
Answer :  The idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji was a novel method of mass agitation which emphasizes the power of truth and the need to search for the truth.
Mahatma Gandhi said that if you are fighting for the truth and against injustice then there is no need of physical force to defeat the oppressor.
The oppressors can be persuaded to see the truth with the use of non-violence.
Mahatma Gandhi had a hard belief that the dharma of non-violence will help in uniting the people of the country.
 
Question : Explain any three causes that led the tribals to revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer :  The three causes that led the tribals to revolt in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh were:
a. The colonial government closed large forest areas and prevented the people from entering the forest for the purposes like grazing the cattle, collection of fuelwood and fruits.
b. The livelihood and the traditional rights of the local people were denied.
c. The revolt began when the government forced the hill people to contribute Begar for the road building.
 
Question : How had the First World War created a new economic situation in India? 
Answer :  The First World War created a new economic situation in India which are as follows:
i. It speeded up the process of industrialization.
ii. Prices of essential commodities doubled between 1913 and 1918 leading to extreme hardship to the common people.
iii. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes.
iv. It created a demand for industrial goods (jute bags, doth, rails, etc.) and caused a decline in imports from other countries into India.
 
Question : Who was M.R. Jayakar? 
Answer :  He was member of Hindu Mahasabha, who strongly opposed the efforts of compromise during all Parties Conference in 1928. 
 
Question :  Who gave the slogan “Inquilab – Zindabad”? What do you understand by this slogan? 
Answer : a. The famous slogan Inquilab Zindabad was given by Hasrat Mohani. This famous slogan inspired the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association particularly Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.
b. It is a Hindustani phrase taken from Persian which translates to "Long Live Revolution".
c. It was a common phrase used by revolutionaries during the British rule over India.
d. It was popularized in the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association by revolutionaries such as Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad, who used it to urge future generations to endorse, and support the party’s rebellious actions.
 
Question :  Why did the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to anti colonial movement?
Answer : In India the feeling of nationalism is associated with anti colonial movement . In the process of their struggle against the colonial yoke people began to discover their own identity of belonging to one nation. By the end of Nineteenth century anti-colonial Movement in most of the colonies led to the growth of nationalism. The colonial exploitation led to poverty and caused miseries to the people. The shared a common hatred against the colonial rule. In colonies the people began to discover their unity in the process of their struggle against colonialism. Each section of the society felt the effects of colonialism. The British policy of racialism and that of divide and rule exposed the nature of their rule and created the feeling of oneness among Indians.
They felt the sense of common hatred against colonial rule.

Question. Why did non-cooperation movement slowdown in cities?
Answer : Khadi cloth was more expensive for the poor-No alternative Indian Institution to accommodate Indians. Students and teachers began going back to Govt. Schools and lawyer joined courts.

Question. What were the conditions of the Gandhi Irwin pact?
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi signed the pact with Lord Irwin on 5th March, 1931- Gandhi agreed to participate in the 2nd Round table conference in England-Government agreed to release all the political prisoners.

Question. How did the First World War help in the growth of nationalist movement in India?
Answer : War created a new political and economic situation. It led to an increase in expenditure. The war led to a price rise and hardship for common people. War led to forced recruitment of people. Acute Shortage of food led to famine and misery. Indians began to realize that they were drawn in a war unnecessarily. This feeling united Indians against the British.

Question. When did Simon commission come to India? Why was it boycotted?
Answer : Simon reached Indian in 1928. It was boycott because- It did not have any single Indian- It did not talk about Swaraj

Question. Why Non-Cooperation? What was the method used in the Movement?
Answer : Gandhi in his famous book Hind Swaraj, declared that the British continue to rule with the Cooperation of the Indians – If we withdraw our Co-operation then their rule would end. It began with surrender of titles, boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods - Swadeshi, Boycott & National education.

Question. What were the decisions of the Lahore Congress session of 1929?
Answer : In December 1929 under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru the Lahore Congress formalized the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence.It was declared that 26th January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for independence-Decided to launch Civil Disobedience movement.

Question. Who were the leaders of Khilafat Movement? Why was it started?
Answer : Ali brothers - Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. The defeat of Ottoman Turkey in 1st world war-Harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on Ottoman emperor-To defend this, a Khilafat Committee was formed –to undo the wrong done to Turkey-Joined with non-cooperation movement
 

Long Answer Questions 

Question. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhijis ideas?
Answer : Alluri Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh. He started a militant Guerilla Movement in the early 1920s. The tribal people were enraged by the British policy, but when the government began forcing them to contribute ‘beggar for road building, the hill people revolted. Raju inspired the hill people. He talked on the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi. Inspired by Gandhijis Non Cooperation Movement he persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he did not believe in Non Violence, he thought that India could be liberated only by the use of force.

Question. “This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles role of folklore, songs, icons &images”Analyse the statement.
Answer : • In late 19th century, Indian Nationalist began recording folk tales sung by bards and toured village to gather. The tales they believed gave true picture of traditional culture that was damaged by outside forces. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover the National Identity. It restored a sense of pride in one’s past
 During Swadeshi Movement, a tricolor flag was designed representing eight provinces through eight lotuses and a crescent moon symbolizing Hindu-Muslim unity. Later Gandhiji developed tricolor flag (Red, Green and White) with a spinning wheel at center representing self-help. Carrying the flag became a symbol of defiance.
 This image Bharath Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra Chttopadhyay. In 1870 he wrote Vande Mataram a hymn to the mother land. Abanindranath Tagore in his painting portrayed Bharath Mata as calm, ascetic figure, composed, divine and spiritual

Question. Describe the Dandi March of Gandhiji.
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the Nation. He sent letter to Viceroy Irwin in which the most stirring was demand to abolish salt tax. When Irwin refused, Gandhi started the salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers, marched 240 miles from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi. On his way he told the importance of Swaraj to people and asked to defy British. On 6th April he reached Dandi violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. It marked the beginning of civil disobedience movement.

Question :  Define Rowlatt Act. Why did Indians react against Rowlatt Act? 
Answer : A. This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of Indian Members.
B. It gave the government enormous power to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
C. The Rowlett Act acted as an instrument of suppression of civil rights of the Indians hence produced widespread discontent among masses.
The reactions of people against the Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative Council 1919 were as follows:
1. Rallies were organised in various cities.
2. Workers went on strike in railway workshops.
3. Shops closed down.
4. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, for which a day of hartal was fixed on 6 April,1919.
 
Question : How did Non-Cooperation Movement start with participation of middle class people in the cities?
Explain its impact on the economic front. 
Answer : a. In January 1921, the non-cooperation Khilafat movement was started in which different social groups participated with different aspirations from the Swaraj. This movement was started with the middle class people of the towns and cities. The students left the schools and colleges,
the teachers and headmasters resigned and the lawyers gave up their practices.
b. The council elections were also boycotted except in Madras. The Justice Party which was a party of the non-Brahmins in Madras felt that power can be acquired only through the council elections.
c. The economic effects of the Non¬Cooperation Movement — foreign goods boycotted, liquor shops picketed, foreign clothes were burnt, import of the foreign clothes became half, the value of import dropped, merchants and traders refused the trade of foreign goods, production of Indian mills and handloom rose.
 
Question : Some of the political organisations in India were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
Answer :  It is true to say that some of the political organisations in India were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
a. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and criticize the British policies within the council.
b. The Swaraj party was formed within the Congress party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru. It was formed with the purpose to argue for return to council elections.
c. The Muslims and their political organisations were also not taking much interest in the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the decline of the Non- Cooperation Khilafat Movement. They felt alienated from Congress. They felt that Congress is linked with the Hindu Mahasabha and their
propagandas are Hindu oriented.
 
Question : How did the First World War create a new economic and political situation in India? Explain with examples.
Answer : The First World War created a new economic situation in India. The three examples are:
a. The defence expenditure was financed by the war loans, the increased taxes, raising the custom duties and introducing the income tax and increased prices of the commodities which caused economic hardship for the common people.
b. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the villages were called upon and recruitment was done forcefully.
c. There was a period of crop failure in many parts of the country which caused acute food shortages and millions of people perished due to the famine and the epidemics.
 
Question : Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
Answer :  The national movement in India took a new shape after the end of the First World War. Here onwards the national movement incorporated different new social groups and also developed newer modes of struggle.
Due to the First World War the economic and political situation of India was altered. The defence expenditure was financed by the war loans, the increased taxes, raising the custom duties and introducing the income tax and increased prices of the commodities which caused economic hardship for the common people.
For the continuous supply of the soldiers the villages were called upon and recruitment was done forcefully.
There was a period of crop failure in many parts of the country which caused acute food shortages and millions of people perished due to the famine and the epidemics.
 
Question : Describe the incident and impact of the Jallianwalla Bagh.
Answer :  a. Against the Rowlatt Act rallies were organized, the railway workshop workers went on strike and the shops were closed down. The British administration got alarmed and were scared about the disruption of the communication lines such as the railways and the telegraph. To suppress the nationalists the British administration picked up the local leaders and barred Gandhiji from entering Delhi. On 10th April 1919, the police opened fire in Amritsar on a peaceful procession and Martial law was imposed.
b. On 13th April 1919, huge crowd had gathered in the Jallianwalla Bagh. The crowd had two different objectives. Some of them gathered to protest the new repressive measures of the government whereas others gathered to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Those who came from outside city were not aware of the martial law. General Dyer entered in the ground, closed the exit points and opened fire in which hundreds of innocent people were killed. This was basically done to create a feeling of terror in the minds of Satyagrahis.
c. This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes with the police and the government buildings were attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs, people were beaten up and villages were bombed.
 
Question : Describe the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the freedom struggle of India.
Answer :  a. On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin, Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven demands in this letter out of which some were of general interest and some were specific demands of different classes. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both the rich and the poor.
b. Now Gandhiji wanted Indians to refuse all sort of cooperation with the British and also break the colonial rules. Thereafter, people broke salt law, manufactured salt, staged demonstrations, boycotted the foreign clothes, picketed up the liquor shops, peasants refused to pay the taxes and revenues and the forest people violated the forest laws.
c. When Mahatma Gandhi went for the Round Table Conference in December 1931, he returned disappointed as the negotiations were broke down.
He discovered this new cycle of repression by the British. The important Congress leaders were in jail and meetings, demonstrations and boycotts were prevented. As a result Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932 which again lost its momentum by 1934.
d. These rich peasants were the main producers of the commercial crops. Due to the trade depression, falling prices and disappeared cash income they were not able to pay the revenue and also the government refused to reduce the revenue. Their notion for Swaraj struggle was basically a struggle against high revenue. For the poor peasantry groups, the meaning of Swaraj was lowering the revenue demand and also they wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted. But the Congress was reluctant to support to no rent and thus the relationship between the poor peasantry groups and Congress remained uncertain.
e. The Indian merchants and the industrialists became rich and powerful due to huge profits they made during the First World War. Thus they started opposing the colonial policies which restricted their business to expand. They had two demands - protection against the import of foreign goods and a favourable exchange ratio of rupee and sterling. Some of the industrial workers who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were the Nagpur industrial workers who selectively adopted some of the Gandhian ideas such as boycott of the foreign goods. They participated in the movement as part of their own movement against the low wages and the poor working conditions in the industries. Women also participated in large scale in the Civil Disobedience Movement during the Salt March by Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families from the urban areas and rich peasant households from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to serve the nation.
f. The untouchables who called themselves Dalits or oppressed were not taking part in any such movements due to the ignorance of the Congress and the fear of offending the Sanatanis. But Gandhiji was of the view that Swaraj would not come for hundred years if the problem of untouchability is not removed from the country.
g. The Dalit organisations were quite strong in Maharashtra and Nagpur and therefore in these regions only they participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
 
Question : How did different social groups conceive the idea of Non-Cooperation? Explain with examples.
or
How did different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples.
Answer :  The following were the different social groups who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement with different objectives:
a. The rich peasants were not able to pay the revenue due to the trade depression, falling prices and disappeared cash income and also the government refused to reduce the revenue. Their notion for Swaraj struggle was basically a struggle against  high revenue.
b. For the poor peasantry groups, the meaning of Swaraj was lowering the revenue demand and also they wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
c. The Indian merchants and the industrialists started opposing the colonial policies which restricted their business to expand. They had two demands — protection against the import of foreign goods and a favorable exchange ratio of rupee and sterling.
d. Some of the industrial workers participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were the Nagpur industrial workers as part of their own movement against the low wages and the poor working conditions in the industries.
e. In the year 1930 and 1932, the railway workers and the dock workers went on strike. The Chhotanagpur tin mines workers also protested in rallies wearing Gandhian caps and boycotted the campaigns.
f. Women also participated in large scale in the Civil Disobedience Movement during the Salt March by Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families from the urban areas and rich peasant households from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to serve the nation.
 
Question : How did peasants of Awadh use different methods to achieve their goal? Explain.
Answer :  The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside where the peasants and the tribals were taking part in this. Baba Ramachandra was a sanyasi who worked as an indentured labourer in Fiji.
A movement was led by him leading the peasants against the talukdars and landlords because they demanded very high rents and other cesses from the peasants. The peasants were bound to work at the landlord’s farm without any payment. Peasants had to do Begar, no security of tenure and also they were evicted regularly so that they could not acquire right over the leased land.
The various demands of the peasants in Awadh were - reduction of revenue, abolition of Begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords which was strengthened by the nai-dhobi bandhs organized by the Awadh panchayats to deprive the landlords from the services of the barbers and washermen. In October 1920, Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Jawahar Lal Nehru, Baba Ramachandra and a few others. This is how the Awadh peasants were integrated in the process of upcoming wider Non- Cooperation Movement by the Congress. But the Awadh peasants invoked the name of Mahatma Gandhi to sanction all action and aspirations because during the movement they attacked the houses of the talukdars and merchants, looted the bazaars and took over the grain hoards. Some of the local leaders told the peasants that Gandhiji had declared not to pay taxes and also the land will be redistributed among the poor.
 
Question : Why did Gandhiji start the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain any four features of Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer : As the Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many places it was called off by Mahatma Gandhi in February 1922 to train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to criticize the British policies within the council.
The Swaraj Party was formed within the Congress Party by C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru. It was formed with purpose to argue for return to council elections.
Due to the worldwide economic depression the agricultural prices began to fall, demands for agricultural goods fell and the export declined. This resulted in a countryside turmoil because now it was difficult for the peasants to sell then- harvest and pay the high revenue. Against this situation of countryside turmoil the Tory government in Britain set up a commission named Simon Commission under Sir John Simon to look into the constitutional system in India and suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian members in this commission. When Mahatma Gandhi went for the round table conference in December 1931, he returned disappointed as the negotiations broke down. He discovered this new cycle of repression by the British. The important Congress leaders were in jail and meetings, demonstrations and boycotts were prevented. As a result Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience movement in 1932 which again lost its momentum by 1934.
 
Question : How did the revival of Indians folklore develop the ideas of Nationalism among Indians? Explain. 
Answer :  The spirit of nationalism could be fostered only when people were aware of the concept of one single nation by breaking the divisions of region and communities. The folklore and paintings helped to achieve the same.
The image of Bharat mata with the tri-colour in her hand helped the people of the nation to look up to a image or a figure they were fighting for. The native folk songs inspired all to look up to the cultural achievements of one's country and use it as a weapon to encourage all.
A. Idea of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
B. In late nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.
C. These tales they believed gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces.
D. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.
E. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballades, nursery rhymes and myths and the movement for folk revival.

Question : How could non-cooperation became a movement? Explain with examples.
Answer : a. Non-cooperation against the colonial policies was issue-specific and the movements also used to be issue-specific that seek to achieve the objectives within a certain time period.
b. Mahatma Gandhi called off the non-violent Civil Disobedient Movement against the Rowlatt Act because the violence was spreading all over. Now he wanted to launch a much wider movement in India by joining the Hindus and the Muslims of the country. That’s why he took up the Khilafat issue.
c. In the year 1909 Mahatma Gandhi wrote a book named Hind Swaraj in which he wrote that the British survived in India only because of the cooperation of the Indians, otherwise they would have collapsed within a year.
d. Gandhiji planned to unfold the movement in stages. In the first stage the people surrendered the titles, boycotted civil services, army, police, schools, foreign goods, courts and legislative councils. The full Civil Disobedience Campaign was planned for the second phase if the government tried to repress the first phase. Many within the Congress were reluctant to boycott the council election which was scheduled for November 1920. Finally in December 1920, a compromise was made to adopt the non-cooperation.
e. In January 1921, the Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement was started in which different social groups participated with different aspirations from the Swaraj. This movement was started with the middle class people of the towns and cities. The students left the schools and colleges, the teachers and headmasters resigned and the lawyers gave up their practices.
f. The council elections were also boycotted except in Madras. The Justice Party which was a party of the non-Brahmins in Madras felt that power can be acquired only through the council elections.

Question : Some of the political organisations in India were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
Answer : It is true to say that some of the political organisations in India were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
a. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and criticize the British policies within the council.
b. The Swaraj party was formed within the Congress party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru. It was formed with the purpose to argue for return to council elections.
c. The Muslims and their political organisations were also not taking much interest in the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the decline of the Non- Cooperation Khilafat Movement. They felt alienated from Congress. They felt that Congress is linked with the Hindu Mahasabha and their propagandas are Hindu oriented.

Question : ‘Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
Answer : The untouchables who called themselves Dalits or oppressed were not taking part in any such movements due to the ignorance of the Congress and the fear of offending the Sanatanis. But Gandhiji was of the view that Swaraj would not come for hundred years if the problem of untouchability is not removed from the country. Gandhiji called them ‘harijan’- which means the children of God. Gandhiji fought for their temple entry rights and other rights such as access to public wells, schools and other public places. Gandhiji himself cleaned the toilets in order to dignify the work of the sweepers and also urged the upper caste people to change their heart and thinking about these untouchables.
The Dalit leaders demanded reserved seats in the educational institutions and separate electorates so that would be getting seats in the legislative councils and thus become politically empowered. “JThe Dalits believed that these are the only ways through which they will be treated equally in the society.
The Dalits organisations were quite strong in Maharashtra and Nagpur and therefore in these regions only they participated in the Civil Disobedience movement.
In the Second Round Table Conference Dr. B.R.Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for the Dalits. Against this Gandhiji began a fast unto death because he believed that separate electorates for the Dalits would slow down the process of national integration.
Later on Ambedkar accepted Gandhian view and in the Poona Pact the depressed class people were given the reserved seats in the provincial and the central legislative council election but to be voted in by the general electorate.

Question : Explain the importance of the ‘Salt March’ of Gandhiji as a symbol to unite the nation.
Answer : On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin. Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven demands in this letter out of which some were of general interest and some were specific demands of different classes. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both rich and poor.
Mahatma Gandhi started the march for over 240 miles with his 78 trusted volunteers from Sabarmati to Dandi. They walked for 10 miles a day for 24 days. He violated the salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling the sea water on 6th April 1930. Now Gandhiji wanted Indians to refuse all sort of cooperation with the British and also break the colonial rules. There after, people broke salt law, manufactured salt, showed demonstrations, boycotted the foreign clothes, picketed the liquor shops, peasants refused to pay the taxes and revenues and the forest people violated the forest laws.

Question : Explain the role played by the tribal peasants in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh during the Non-Cooperation Movement. 
or
Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhiji’s ideas.
Answer : In the early 1920s a militant guerrilla movement spread in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. The Congress never approved such type of movements. This took place because the colonial government closed large forest areas and prevented the people from entering the forest for the purposes like grazing the cattle, collection of fuelwood and fruits.
The livelihood and the traditional rights of the local people were denied. The revolt began when the government forced the hill people to contribute Begar for the road building.
Alluri Sitaram Raju who was the leader of this revolt claimed that he had special powers like making correct astrological predictions, healing the people and could survive even bullet shots. Therefore the rebels proclaimed him the incarnation of God.
Though Raju favoured the Gandhian styles and greatness and urged people to wear khadi and give up drinking but at the same time he asserted the use of force and violence to get India liberated. The police stations were attacked, British officials were killed and guerrilla warfare continued for Swaraj. As a result in the year 1924, Raju was arrested and executed and hence became a folk hero.

Question : How did Non-Cooperation Movement start with participation of middle class people in the cities?
Explain its impact on the economic front. 
Answer : a. In January 1921, the non-cooperation Khilafat movement was started in which different social groups participated with different aspirations from the Swaraj. This movement was started with the middle class people of the towns and cities. The students left the schools and colleges, the teachers and headmasters resigned and the lawyers gave up their practices.
b. The council elections were also boycotted except in Madras. The Justice Party which was a party of the non-Brahmins in Madras felt that power can be acquired only through the council elections.
c. The economic effects of the Non¬Cooperation Movement — foreign goods boycotted, liquor shops picketed, foreign clothes were burnt, import of the foreign clothes became half, the value of import dropped, merchants and traders refused the trade of foreign goods, production of Indian mills and handloom rose.

Question : Why did Gandhiji start the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain any four features of Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer : As the Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many places it was called off by Mahatma Gandhi in February 1922 to train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to criticize the British policies within the council.
The Swaraj Party was formed within the Congress Party by C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru. It was formed with purpose to argue for return to council elections. Due to the worldwide economic depression the agricultural prices began to fall, demands for agricultural goods fell and the export declined. This resulted in a countryside turmoil because now it was difficult for the peasants to sell then- harvest and pay the high revenue. Against this situation of countryside turmoil the Tory government in Britain set up a commission named Simon Commission under Sir John Simon to look into the constitutional system in India and suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian members in this commission. When Mahatma Gandhi went for the round table conference in December 1931, he returned disappointed as the negotiations broke down. He discovered this new cycle of repression by the British. The important Congress leaders were in jail and meetings, demonstrations and boycotts were prevented. As a result Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience movement in 1932 which again lost its momentum by 1934.

Question : How did the First World War create a new economic and political situation in India? Explain with examples.
Answer : The First World War created a new economic situation in India. The three examples are:
a. The defence expenditure was financed by the war loans, the increased taxes, raising the custom duties and introducing the income tax and increased prices of the commodities which caused economic hardship for the common people. 
b. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the villages were called upon and recruitment was done forcefully.
c. There was a period of crop failure in many parts of the country which caused acute food shortages and millions of people perished due to the famine and the epidemics.

Question : How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities?
Explain.
or
How did the Non-Cooperation Movement start in cities? Explain its economic effects.or How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities across the country? Explain its effect on the economic front.
Answer : a. In January 1921, the Non-Cooperation Khilafat movement was started in which different social groups participated with different aspirations from the Swaraj. This movement was started with the middle class people of the towns and cities. The students left the schools and colleges, the teachers and headmasters resigned and the lawyers gave up their practices.
b. The council elections were also boycotted except in Madras. The Justice Party which was a party of the non-Brahmins in Madras felt that power can be acquired only through the council elections. 
c. The economic effects of the Non¬Cooperation Movement - foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed, foreign clothes were burnt, import of the foreign clothes came down by half, the value of import dropped, merchants and traders refused the trade of foreign goods, production of Indian mills and handloom rose.
d. The Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in towns and cities because the khadi clothes were expensive which the poor people could not afford. There was need for Indian institutions for the teachers, students and the lawyers but these were very slow to come up. Thus once again people started using the mill made British clothes and the students, teachers and the lawyers rejoined their respective institutions.

Question : How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India? Explain. 
or
How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
Answer : The cultural processes helped in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India:
a. Nationalism is a belief that all are a part of the same nation which binds the people together and make different communities, regions and language groups united.
b. This came through the united struggles like the different Non-Cooperation Movements, Civil Disobedience movements, the wars like 1857, history, fiction, folklores, folk songs, prints, icons and symbols etc. all these helped in unifying the Indians and inspired a feeling of nationalism in them.
c. The image of India was first visualized as Bharat Mata by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and also a hymn ‘Vande Mataram’ was written by him in 1870s. This hymn was later included in his novel Anandmath and sung in the swadeshi movement in Bengal. The image of Bharat Mata was portrayed as calm, composed, divine and spiritual which acquired different forms in different years by different artists. This image of India developed the ideas of nationalism in India.
d. The Indian folklores were revived and the folk tales were recorded and sung by bards which gave a true picture of the traditional Indian culture and tells how it was ruined by the Britishers.
e. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green and yellow was designed during the swadeshi movement in Bengal which had 8 lotuses for the representation of the 8 provinces and a crescent moon for symbolizing the Hindus and the Muslims. 
f. A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji in the year 1921 using the colours red, green and white. A spinning wheel was in the Centre of the flag which represented the Gandhian ideal of selfhelp.

Question : How did different social groups conceive the idea of Non-Cooperation? Explain with examples. 
or
How did different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples.
Answer : The following were the different social groups who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement with different objectives:
a. The rich peasants were not able to pay the revenue due to the trade depression, falling prices and disappeared cash income and also the government refused to reduce the revenue. Their notion for Swaraj struggle was basically a struggle against high revenue.
b. For the poor peasantry groups, the meaning of Swaraj was lowering the revenue demand and also they wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
c. The Indian merchants and the industrialists started opposing the colonial policies which restricted their business to expand. They had two demands — protection against the import of foreign goods and a favorable exchange ratio of rupee and sterling.
d. Some of the industrial workers participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were the Nagpur industrial workers as part of their own movement against the low wages and the poor working conditions in the industries.
e. In the year 1930 and 1932, the railway workers and the dock workers went on strike. The Chhotanagpur tin mines workers also protested in rallies wearing Gandhian caps and boycotted the campaigns.
f. Women also participated in large scale in the Civil Disobedience Movement during the Salt March by Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families from the urban areas and rich peasant households from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to serve the nation.

Question : Explain the reactions of the Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919. 
Answer : In the year 1919, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act which was passed hurriedly by the Imperial Legislative Council despite the opposition by the Indian members. He planned a non¬violent Civil Disobedience against this Act which would start with a hartals on 6th April 1919. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the government for repressing the political activities. According to this Act the government can detain the political prisoners without trial for a period of two years.
Against the Rowlatt Act rallies were organized, the railway workshop workers went on strike and the shops were closed down. The British administration got alarmed and were scared about the disruption of the communication lines such as the railways and the telegraph. On 13th April 1919, a huge crowd was gathered in the Jallianwalla Bagh.
This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes with the police and the government buildings were attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs, people were beaten up and villages were bombed.

Question : Describe the incident and impact of the Jallianwalla Bagh.
Answer : a. Against the Rowlatt Act rallies were organized, the railway workshop workers went on strike and the shops were closed down. The British administration got alarmed and were scared about the disruption of the communication lines such as the railways and the telegraph. To suppress the nationalists the British administration picked up the local leaders and barred Gandhiji from entering Delhi. On 10th April 1919, the police opened fire in Amritsar on a peaceful procession and Martial law was imposed.
b. On 13th April 1919, huge crowd had gathered in the Jallianwalla Bagh. The crowd had two different objectives. Some of them gathered to protest the new repressive measures of the government whereas others gathered to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Those who came from outside city were not aware of the martial law. General Dyer entered in the ground, closed the exit points and opened fire in which hundreds of innocent people were killed. This was basically done to create a feeling of terror in the minds of Satyagrahis.
c. This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes with the police and the government buildings were attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs, people were beaten up and villages were bombed.

Question : How did peasants of Awadh use different methods to achieve their goal? Explain.
Answer : The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside where the peasants and the tribals were taking part in this. Baba Ramachandra was a sanyasi who worked as an indentured labourer in Fiji. A movement was led by him leading the peasants against the talukdars and landlords because they demanded very high rents and other cesses from the
peasants. The peasants were bound to work at the landlord’s farm without any payment. Peasants had to do Begar, no security of tenure and also they were evicted regularly so that they could not acquire right over the leased land.
The various demands of the peasants in Awadh were - reduction of revenue, abolition of Begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords which was strengthened by the nai-dhobi bandhs organized by the Awadh panchayats to deprive the landlords from the services of the barbers and washermen. In October 1920, Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Jawahar Lal Nehru, Baba Ramachandra and a few others. This is how the Awadh peasants were integrated in the process of upcoming wider Non- Cooperation Movement by the Congress. But the Awadh peasants invoked the name of Mahatma Gandhi to sanction all action and aspirations because during the movement they attacked the houses of the talukdars and merchants, looted the bazaars and took over the grain hoards. Some of the local leaders told the peasants that Gandhiji had declared not to pay taxes and also the land will be redistributed among
the poor.

Question : How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread in countryside? Explain. 
or
Explain the impact of Jallianwalla Bagh incident on the people.
Answer : a. On 10th April 1919, fire was opened by the police in Amritsar on a peaceful procession and Martial law was imposed.
b. On 13th April 1919, huge crowd had gathered in the Jallianwalla Bagh. The crowd had two different objectives. Some of them gathered to protest the new repressive measures of the government whereas others gathered to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Those who came from outside city were not aware of the* martial law. General Dyer entered in the ground, closed the exit points and opened fire in which hundreds of innocent people were killed. This was basically done to create a feeling of terror in the minds of Satyagrahis.
c. This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes with the police and the government buildings were attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs. People were beaten up and villages were bombed.

Question : Describe the developments which led to the launching of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer : a. In the year 1919, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act which was passed hurriedly by the Imperial Legislative Council despite the opposition by the Indian members. He planned a non¬violent Civil Disobedience against this Act which would start with a hartals on 6th April 1919.
b. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the government for repressing the political activities. According to this Act the government can detain the political prisoners without trial for a period of two years.
c. On 13th April 1919, huge crowd had gathered in the Jallianwalla Bagh. The crowd had two different objectives. Some of them gathered to protest the new repressive measures of the government whereas others gathered to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Those who came from outside city were not aware of the martial law. General Dyer entered the ground, closed the exit points and opened fire in which hundreds of innocent people were killed. This was basically done to create a feeling of terror in the minds of Satyagrahis.
d. A harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Khalifa of the Ottoman empire the defeat in the First World War. In March 1919, a Khilafat committee was set up in Bombay to defend the temporal powers of the Khalifa. Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali were the two brothers among the youth generation of the Muslim leaders who discussed the issue with Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, in September 1920 session of Congress in Calcutta it was decided to start a Non-Cooperation in support of Khilafat and also for the Swaraj.
e. In the year 1909 Mahatma Gandhi wrote a book named ‘Hind Swaraj’ in which he wrote that the British survived in India only because of the cooperation of the Indians, otherwise they would have collapsed within a year.
f. Gandhiji planned to unfold the movement in stages. In the first stage the people surrendered the titles, boycotted civil services, army, police, schools, foreign goods, courts and legislative councils. The full Civil Disobedience Campaign was planned for the second phase, if the government try to repress the first phase. Many within the Congress were reluctant to boycott the council election which was scheduled for November 1920. Finally in December 1920, a compromise was made to adopt the non-cooperation.

Question : Evaluate the role of business classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’ ? 
or
Describe the role of merchants and the industrialists in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
or
Analyse the role of merchants and industrialists in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
or
Explain the reasons for the business class to participate in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. 
or
Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. 
or
Explain with examples the role of industrialists in the freedom struggle of India. 
or
How did the industrialist relate to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Analyse their role.
Answer : The Indian merchants and the industrialist became rich and powerful due to huge profits they made during the First World War. Thus they started opposing the colonial policies which restricted their business to expand. They had two demands — protection against the import of foreign goods and a favourable exchange ratio of rupee and sterling. In the year 1920 and 1927, Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries were formed respectively by the Indian merchants and industrialist to organize their business interest.
Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla were the prominent industrialist who supported the Civil Disobedience Movement, given financial assistance, refused to buy and sell the foreign goods and attacked the colonial control. According to the merchants and the industrialists, the meaning of Swaraj was expansion of trade and business without restrictions by
the colonial government. But they were disheartened due to the failure of the Round Table Conference.

Question : Examine the role of industrial working class in the Civil Disobedience Movement. 
Answer : Most of the industrial workers did not participate in the Civil Disobedience movement as the industrialists were close to the Congress. Some of the industrial workers who participated in the Civil Disobedience movement were the Nagpur industrial workers who selectively adopted some of the Gandhian ideas such as boycott of the foreign goods. They participated in the movement as part of their own movement against the low wages and the poor working conditions in the industries. In the year 1930 and 1932, the railway workers and the dock workers went on strike. The Chotanagpur tin mines workers also protested in rallies wearing Gandhian caps and boycotted the campaigns. But the Congress was not willing to include their demands.

Question : How did people belonging to different communities, regions or languages develop a sense of collective belonging? Explain with examples.
Answer : The cultural processes helped in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India:
a. Nationalism is a belief that all are a part of the same nation which binds the people together and make different communities, regions and language groups united.
b. This came through the muted struggles like the different Non-Cooperation Movements, Civil Disobedience movements, the wars like 1857, history, fiction, folklores, folk songs, prints, icons and symbols etc. all these helped in unifying the Indians and inspired a feeling of nationalism in them.
c. The image of India was first visualized as Bharat Mata by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and also a hymn ‘Vande 3 Mataram’ was written by him in 1870s. This hymn was later included in his novel Anandmath and sung in the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. The image of Bharat Mata was portrayed as calm, composed, divine and spiritual which acquired different forms in different years by different artists. This image of India developed the ideas of nationalism in India.
d. The Indian folklores were revived and the folk tales were recorded and sung by bards which gave a true picture of the traditional Indian culture and tells how it was ruined by the Britishers.
e. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green and yellow was designed during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal which had 8 lotuses for the representation of the 8 provinces and a crescent moon for symbolizing the Hindus and the Muslims.
f. A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji in the year 1921 using the colours red, green and white. A spinning wheel was in the Centre of the flag which represented the Gandhian ideal of selfhelp. 

Question : Describe the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the freedom struggle of India.
Answer : a. On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin, Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven demands in this letter out of which some were of general interest and some were specific demands of different classes. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both the rich and the poor.
b. Now Gandhiji wanted Indians to refuse all sort of cooperation with the British and also break the colonial rules. Thereafter, people broke salt law, manufactured salt, staged demonstrations, boycotted the foreign clothes, picketed up the liquor shops, peasants refused to pay the taxes and revenues and the forest people violated the forest laws.
c. When Mahatma Gandhi went for the Round Table Conference in December 1931, he returned disappointed as the negotiations were broke down. He discovered this new cycle of repression by the British. The important Congress leaders were in jail and meetings, demonstrations and boycotts were prevented. As a result Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932 which again lost its momentum by 1934.
d. These rich peasants were the main producers of the commercial crops. Due to the trade depression, falling prices and disappeared cash income they were not able to pay the revenue and also the government refused to reduce the revenue. Their notion for Swaraj struggle was basically a struggle against high revenue. For the poor peasantry groups, the meaning of Swaraj was lowering the revenue demand and also they wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted. But the Congress was reluctant to support to no rent and thus the relationship between the poor peasantry groups and Congress remained uncertain.
e. The Indian merchants and the industrialists became rich and powerful due to huge profits they made during the First World War. Thus they started opposing the colonial policies which restricted their business to expand. They had two demands - protection against the import of foreign goods and a favourable exchange ratio of rupee and sterling. Some of the industrial workers who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were the Nagpur industrial workers who selectively adopted some of the Gandhian ideas such as boycott of the foreign goods. They participated in the movement as part of their own movement against the low wages and the poor working conditions in the industries. Women also participated in large scale in the Civil Disobedience Movement during the Salt March by Gandhiji.
They belonged to the high caste families from the urban areas and rich peasant households from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to serve the nation.
f. The untouchables who called themselves Dalits or oppressed were not taking part in any such movements due to the ignorance of the Congress and the fear of offending the Sanatanis. But Gandhiji was of the view that Swaraj would not come for hundred years if the problem of untouchability is not removed from the country. 
g. The Dalit organisations were quite strong in Maharashtra and Nagpur and therefore in these regions only they participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question : Describe the actions taken by the British administration against the nationalists who opposed the Rowlatt Act.
Answer : In the year 1919, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act which was passed hurriedly by the Imperial Legislative Council despite the opposition by the Indian members. He planned a non¬violent Civil Disobedience against this Act which would start with a hartals on 6th April 1919.
The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the government for repressing the political activities. According to this Act the government can detain the political ‘ prisoners without trial for a period of two years.
Against the Rowlatt Act, rallies were organized, the railway workshop workers went on strike and the shops were closed down. The British administration got alarmed and were scared about the disruption of the communication lines such as the railways and the telegraph. To suppress the nationalist the British administration picked up the local leaders and barred Gandhiji from entering Delhi. On 10th April 1919, the police opened fire in Amritsar on a peaceful procession and Martial law was imposed.
On 13th April 1919, huge was gathered in the Jallianwalla Bagh.
This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes with the police and the government buildings were attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs, people were beaten up and villages were bombed.

Question : Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
Answer : The national movement in India took a new shape after the end of the First World War. Here onwards the national movement incorporated different new social groups and also developed newer modes of struggle. Due to the First World War the economic and political situation of India was altered. The defence expenditure was financed by the war loans, the
increased taxes, raising the custom duties and introducing the income tax and increased prices of the commodities which caused economic hardship for the common people.
For the continuous supply of the soldiers the villages were called upon and recruitment was done forcefully.
There was a period of crop failure in many parts of the country which caused acute food shortages and millions of people perished due to the famine and the epidemics.

Question : How did the people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer : As the Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many places, it was called off by Mahatma Gandhi in February 1922 to train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non¬cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to criticize the British policies within the council.
The Swaraj Party was formed within the Congress party by C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru. It was formed with purpose to argue for return to council elections. Against this situation of countryside turmoil, the Tory government in Britain set up a commission named Simon Commission under Sir John Simon to look into the constitutional system in India and suggest the
changes needed. There were no Indian members in this commission.
In the year 1928, Simon Commission arrived India and was greeted with the slogan ‘Simon, go back’. On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin. Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven demands in this letter out of which some were of general interest and some were specific demands of different classes. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both rich and poor. To suppress this movement the colonial government started arresting the Congress, leaders. The arrest of Abdul Ghaffar Khan made the Indians angry and the crowd demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar. The arrest of Mahatma Gandhi made this demonstration more wide and worse as the industrial workers in Sholapur Maharashtra attacked the police posts, railway stations and other government buildings. A brutal repression policy was adopted by the colonial government to suppress this and the police attacked the peaceful Satyagrahis, beat up the women and the children and arrested about 1 lakh people. This resulted in the call off of the movement by Gandhiji and Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5th March 1931.
He agreed for the round table conference and thus the political prisoners were released.

 

 
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