CBSE Class 10 History Nationalism In India Worksheet Set I

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Why did the different social groups join the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain. 
Answer: On the call of Gandhiji, different social groups joined the Civil Disobedience Movement . However, they had different reasons which are as follows:
(i) Rich peasant communities : The Patidars of Gujarat, the Jats of Uttar Pradesh and other rich peasants were the producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment. They supported the movement enthusiastically and saw the fight for swaraj as a struggle against high revenues.
(ii) Poor peasants : As the depression continued and cash incomes dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. They joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.
(iii) The business classes : During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and become powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. They supported the movement by giving financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
(iv) Industrial workers : As the industrialists came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof. But in spite of that, some workers did participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement, selectively adopting some of the ideas of the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions. There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932.
(v) Women : Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.

Question. Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments. 
Answer: In response to the nationalist movement in India, the newly elected Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. The commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations. This was a genuine reaction of Indians as the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British. This made Indian nationalists angry and it was decided to make demonstration wherever it would go.

Question. Why did Gandhiji launch the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain any three reasons. 
Answer: There were several reasons for Gandhissji to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. Three main reasons were:
(i) The Simon Commission was set in response to the nationalist movement and was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. However, this commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British.
(ii) In October 1929, Lord Irwin, the viceroy made a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss the future constitution. This did not satisfy the radicals within the Congress.
(iii) Gandhiji declared that the tax on salt by the British government and its monopoly over the production as the most oppressive rule of the British as it was one of the most essential items of food.

Question. “Gandhiji’s idea of Satyagarha emphasized the Power of truth and the need to search for truth.” In the light of this statement asses the contribution of Gandhiji towards satyagraha. 
Answer: (i) It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
(ii) Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
(iii) People, including the oppressor, had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept the truth through the use of violence.
(iv) By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Gandhiji believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Question. Why was Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhiji ? Explain any three reasons.
Answer: Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement for several reasons. Three crucial reasons were:
(i) Rowlatt Act (1919): This Act hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi objected to such unjust laws and wanted non-violent civil disobedience against it.
(ii) To address the wrong-doing at Jallianwala Bagh incident: On 13 April 1919, General Dyer blocked the exit points and opened fire, killing thousands of innocent men, women and children who had gathered for the annual Baisakhi fair and a peaceful protest against government’s new repressive measures. The satyagrahis and various protesters were humiliated and treated badly by the Britishers.
(iii) To support the Khilafat Movement: Gandhi ji saw the opportunity of uniting the Muslims and Hindus through the Non-Cooperation Movement by taking up the Khilafat issue. Ottoman Turkey was defeated in the First World War and there were rumours of harsh peace treaty. A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay by brothers like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali and Gandhiji discussed with them about a united mass action in support of Khilafat and swaraj.

Question. Describe the implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India. 
Answer: The implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India are discussed below :
Economic
(i) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(ii) Through the war years prices increased—doubled between 1913 and 1918—leading to extreme hardship for the common people.
(iii) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
Political
(i) Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
(ii) The failure of the crops in many parts of India had created food shortages, leading to the added misery of the people.
(iii) There was the outbreak of the great influenza epidemic. Millions of people perished due to influenza and starvation.
Conclusion : As a result nationalist movements grew in the country.

Question. Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act ? 
Answer: The Rowlatt Act was initiated in 1919. The Imperial Legislative Council passed the act despite the opposition from Indian members. Under this act, the police could arrest anybody without trial for two years. Under the aegis of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress condemned the act as Black Act. The provisions of the act outraged Indians. Meetings were conducted and processions adopted. It was the first time when the Indian jointly opposed the British men.

Question. What were the circumstances which led to Jallianwala Bagh incident ? Describe in brief the reaction of the people immediately after the incident.
Answer: The Rowlatt Act (1919) was passed by the British government despite the unified opposition of the Indian members. This Act empowered the government to subdue political activities and detain any person without trial for two years. Gandhiji launched non-violent civil disobedience against unjust laws. Rallies were organised in varied cities. Enraged by the popular revolt, British administration imposed martial law in Amritsar. On 13th April, 1919, General Dyer killed innocent people who assembled in Jallianwala Bagh. The news spread like a wildfire. As a matter of fact, hundreds and thousands of people took to the streets and there were strikes, clashes and mass protest.

Question. Analyse any three reasons for slow down of Non Cooperation Movement in cities. 
Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement initiated with the participation of middle class stratum in cities and gained momentum. In the cities, the pace of movement subsequently slowed down. The few reasons are enumerated as follows :
(i) Khadi cloth was relatively more expensive than mass produced mill clothes. As a matter of fact, poor people could not afford to buy it.
(ii) The boycott of British institutions posed a serious problem as substitute Indian institutions were unavailable.
(iii) Students and teachers began to take positions in colonial government schools. At the same time, lawyers resumed work in government courts.

Question. Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer: During the Non-Cooperation Movement, the peasants of Awadh suffered tremendous problems. These problems are enumerated as follows :
(i) Talukdars and Landlords demanded excessive high rents and an array of other taxes from the peasants.
(ii) Peasants were involved in begar (labour without payment). They worked at the farms of landlords.
(iii) As tenants, the peasants barely had any security of tenure. Therefore, the peasant movement in Awadh demanded lowering of revenue load, elimination of begar and social boycott of dominating landlords.

Question. Who launched the Khilafat Movement ? Why was the movement launched ? 
Answer: The Khilafat Movement was initiated by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji treated this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under a unified umbrella. At the Calcutta Session of Congress in September 1920, Mahatma Gandhi pleaded with other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement. The Khilafat Movement (1919-24) was a pan-Islamic, political protest movement initiated by Muslims in British India. It influenced the British government and shielded the Ottoman Empire during the post First World War. The First World War ended with the discomfiture of Ottoman Turkey. There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be subdued. A Khilafat Committee was established in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders imposed pressure on the British Government to treat Turkey in better ways.

Question. Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in Februagy 1922? 
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi aimed to call off Non-Cooperation Movement because the movement adopted a violent turn at Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh. At this place, people set the police station ablaze in which 22 policemen were burnt alive. GandhiJi wanted to cease violence at any cost.

Question. Mention three reasons by which the rich peasant communities took active participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer: Three reasons by which the affluent peasant communities took part in the Civil Disobedience Movement are enumerated as follows :
(i) Being producers of cash crops, they were dismayed by the global economic depression and subsequent falling prices of 1930s.
(ii) As their cash income abated, they found it difficult to meet the revenue demand of government.
(iii) There was a popular resentment among the rich peasants and they enthusiastically bolstered the movement.

Question. How did icons and symbols advocate nationalism ?
Answer: The icons and symbols that propagated nationalism are enumerated as follows :
(i) With the subsequent development of national movement, nationalist leaders became acquainted with icons and symbols in uniting people and fostering a feeling of nationalism in them.
(ii) During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
(iii) By 1921, Gandhiji designed the theme of the Swaraj flag that unite all castes, communities and ethnicities in one thread. It also represented the Gandhian motto of self-help.

Question. Describe the role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’ 
Answer: The role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ is discussed below :
(i) The poor peasantry was consists of small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords.
(ii) As the Depression continued and cash incomes diminish, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent and wanted to remitted it.
(iii) Apart, they were asked to pay more taxes when they could hardly afford to meet their ends.
(iv) This all infuriated the poor peasants and they came in large numbers to support the Civil Disobedience Movement as ‘no rent campaign’.
(v) It was because of them that Civil Disobedience Movement could become a mass movement.

Question. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints etc., in shaping the nationalism during freedom struggle. 
Answer: The folklore is constructed in reminiscence of the golden tradition and history of India. The contribution of these folklores can be enumerated as :
(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and icons were important in fostering nationalist sentiment.
(ii) Identity of the country was tantamount to the image of Bharat Mata composed by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
(iii) In the 1870s, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay composed ‘Vande Mataram’ (Hail Motherland) as a hymn to the motherland.
(iv) Notion of nationalism was formed through a movement that revived Indian Folklore culture.

Question. Read the sources given below and answer the question that follows.
Source A - The Rowlatt Act
Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch nationwide Satyagraha against the Proposed Rowlatt Act (1919). This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave enormous power to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Source B-Swaraj in the Plantations
For plantations workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
Source C-The Limits of Civil Disobedience
Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of swaraj. One such group was the nation’s untouchables.’ who from around the 1930s had began to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatonis, the conservatives high caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.

Question. Source A - The Rowlett Act
Why did Indian members of Imperial Legislative Council opposed the Rowlatt Act.
Answer: Indian members of Imperial Legislative Council Opposed the Rowlatt Act because it allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

Question. Source B - Swaraj in the Plantations
What was the notion of swaraj for plantation workers in Assam?
Answer: For plantation workers, the notion of swaraj was to let them free from the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 according to which, they were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without the permission.

Question. Source C-The Limits of Civil Disobedience Movement.
Why dalits did not want to participate in Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer: Dalits did not want to participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement because the Congress had ignored the dalits for long as it did not want to offend the conservative high caste Hindus.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ ? How did this movement unite the country ? Explain. 
Answer: Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement because :
(i) He decided to launch a satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act which allows detention of Indians without trial for two years.
(ii) He was against the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
(iii) He wanted to launch a broad-based movement for bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together through the Khilafat issue.
(iv) In the Congress session at Colcutta and Nagpur, he convinced other congress leaders to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.
Unification of the country by the Non-Cooperation Movement :
(i) Various social groups joined this movement, each with its own specific objective.
(ii) People surrendered titles and awards and boycotted civil services, police, courts, legislative councils and foreign goods.
(iii) Thousands of students left their schools and colleges.
(iv) Merchants, teachers, lawyers, peasants, tribal peasants and plantation workers also joined the movement.

Question. How did the ‘ First World War ‘ create a new economic and political situations in India ? Explain with example. 
Answer: New Economic and political situation created by the First World War:
The First World War created a new economic and political situations in India. The war led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced. Through the war years prices increased doubling between 1913 and 1918 leading to extreme hardship for the common people. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen.
Mahatma Gandhi who returned to India in January 1915 appeared as a new leader appeared and suggested a new mode of struggle. He had come from South Africa where he had successfully fought the racist regime with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called satyagraha

Question. “Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of ‘Swaraj’,” Support the statement in the light of Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930s. 
Answer: Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of swaraj.
(i) As the dalits had been ignored by the Congress for a long time, the dalit leaders began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational insititutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils. They believed political empowerment would resolve the problems of their social disabilities.
(ii) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.
(iii) Poona Pact of September 1932 reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils for Depressed Classes but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
(iv) Few of the Muslim political organisations were lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(v) After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement, a large section of the Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.
(vi) As after mid-1920s, Congress became associated openly with Hindu religious groups, the relation between Hindus and Muslims worsened.
(vii) Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were given reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces, but M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha was reluctant for any compromise.
(viii) Therefore, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle when the Civil disobedience Movement started.

Question. How had a variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century ? Explain with examples. 
Answer: Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation and when they discover some unity, it binds them together. This sense of collective belonging unites people of different communities, regions or languages by experience of many united struggles.
There were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore, and songs, popular poems and symbols, all played a vital role in the awakening of the spirit of nationalism. The identity of a nation is often symbolised by a figure or image. It was in the early 19th century, with the growth of nationalism that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and in the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Moved by Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this painting, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure, she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. In the late 19th century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. These tales gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. When people would hear these songs, they would be filled with a spirit of belongingness to the country. They felt energised and highly patriotic. It was thus, essential to spread this folk tradition in order to discover citizen’s national identity and restore a sense of pride for their past.

Question. Who had organized the dalits into the ‘Depressed Classes Association‘ in 1930? Describe his achievements. 
Answer: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. His achievements were :
(i) The ‘Depressed Classes Association‘ was in favour of seperate electorate for dalits.
(ii) He uplifted the dalits against the dominance of upper caste Hindus.
(iii) He gave the depressed classes, reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils in proportion to their population.
(iv) The ‘Depressed Classes Association‘ enhanced the dignity of marginalised sections of society such as SCs and STs.

Question. Define the term ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.‘ Describe the participation of rich and poor peasant communities in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.‘ 
Answer: The term ‘Civil Disobedience’ meant “Refusal by a large group of people to obey particular laws or pay taxes, usually as a form of peaceful political protest‘‘.
In the countryside, rich peasant communities – like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh – were active in the movement. Being producers of commerical crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement, organizing their communities, and at times forcing reluctant members, to participate in the boycott programmes. For them, the fight for Swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.
Poor peasants wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. They joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists. Apprehensive of raising issues that might upset the rich peasants and landlords, the Congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent‘ campaigns in most places. So, the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain.

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide ‘Satyagraha‘ against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919) ? How was it opposed ? 
Answer: Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act in 1919. People opposed the Rowlatt Act because:
(i) This Act was hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members.
(ii) It gave the colonial government enormous powers to repress political activities.
(iii) It allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April.
It was opposed in the following ways:
(i) Rallies were organised in various cities.
(ii) Workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down.

Question. Why was the ‘Salt March‘ considered an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism ? Explain. 
Answer: The tax on salt and the government‘s monopoly over its production, according to Mahatma Gandhi, its the most repressive face of the British rule.
(i) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
(ii) On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. The demands were wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.
(iii) The most vital demand was to abolish salt tax.
(iv) Salt was an essential ingredient for food items and consumed by the rich and poor alike.
(v) If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, 1930 the letter stated that the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.

Question. Explain the course of the Non-Cooperation Movement in India. Explain the social groups responsible for this movement.
Answer: Diverse social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement were : (i) Middle class people in the town (ii) Plantation workers (iii) Peasants and tribal people, and (iv) Business class people.
(i) Middle class people in the towns : The middle stratum consisted of students, teachers and lawyers reacted to the clarion call of Non-Cooperation and social boycott of institutions.
(ii) Plantation Workers : The workers participated in the movement and wanted to rescue themselves from the garb of darkness. They hoped that the Gandhi Raj would give them power to secure land in their own villages.
(iii) Peasants and Tribal people : Peasants and tribal people participated in the movement. The movement was directed against the talukdars and landlords. In their opinion, ‘Swaraj’ meant non-payment of land dues i.e. land revenues hence the colonial government compelled the tribal people to contribute ‘begar’ for the construction of road, they revolted.
(iv) Business Class People : Merchants and traders showed their reluctance to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922 and its value depreciated from \( ` \) 102 crore to \( ` \) 57 crore.

Question. Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation ? How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain. 
Answer: An important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women. During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes in response to the clarion call of Mahatma Gandhi. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. In urban areas, these women were from high-caste families; in rural areas they came from rich peasant households. Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. Nevertheless, this increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the position of women was visualised. Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home, be good mothers and good wives. For a long time, the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi re-launch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension ? Explain.
Answer: In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London to participate in the Second Round Table Conference. However, the negotiations broke down and he returned with a heavy heart. After returning to India, he understood that the government had started a new cycle of repression. Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were detained and the Congress was banned. A series of measures had been imposed to obstruct meetings, demonstrations and social boycott. In the later stage, Gandhiji aimed to relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the questions of separate electorates ?
Answer: There was no consensus of opinions among the political leaders related to the aspect of separate electorate. The reasons are as follows :
(i) The Nationalist Congress leaders felt that the policy of ‘Divide and Rule‘ would enervate the Nationalist Movement.
(ii) The Muslim leaders thought that their interest could only be guarded in a Muslim state and not in a Hindu majority state.
(iii) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the depressed classes hugely favoured separate electrorates. However, Gandhi ji felt that separate electorate for Dalits would slow down the pace of their societal integration. Subsequently, Ambedkar accepted the stance of Gandhi ji and concluded ‘Poona Pact‘.

Question. How did Non-Cooperation movement start with participation of middle class people in the cities? Explain its impact on the economic front. 
Answer: Introduction : The Non cooperation movement started in Jan 1921. Each group took it in its way. In the cities middle class group participated :-
(a) Students left govt schools, headmasters & teachers resigned lawyers gave up their practice.
(b) Everyone joined the movement by boycotting European goods, using Swadeshi products. Dealers refused to trade in European products.
(c) Economic Front:-
• Foreign clothes burned in huge bonfires.
• Dealers refused to trade in imported goods.
• Liquor shops picketed, foreign cloth goods boycotted.
• Imports of British goods fell by half.
(d) However poor people couldn't afford to wear rich khadi instead of cheap mill-made clothes.
(e) People began trickling back to govt institutions as Indian institutions were slow to come up.
Conclusion : Thus, Non-cooperation movement of cities was organised.

Question. How did the Colonial Government repress the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement‘ ? Explain. 
Answer: The ‘Civil Disobedience Movement‘ initiated the boycott of foreign clothes and picketed liquor shops. Peasants showed their reluctance in paying revenues and taxes. At the same time, village officials resigned. The Colonial Government prevented the members from participating in national movements.
(i) In many places, forest people transgressed forest laws and prevented people from entering the reserved forests and grazing cattle. Enraged by the development, the colonial government started detaining the congress leader one by one. This resulted in the outbreak of violent clashes in various places.
(ii) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a staunch disciple, was detained in April 1930. Various people were assassinated who protested the movement.
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi was detained. Industrial workers of Sholapur captured police post, municipal buildings and railway stations.
(iv) Being frightened by these developments, the British Government adopted a policy of brutal repression.
(v) Peaceful demonstrators were attacked.

Question. Explain the measures taken by Gandhiji to eliminate the problem of untouchability.
Answer: The measures adopted by Gandhiji to eradicate the problem of untouchability are enumerated as follows :
(i) Mahatma Gandhi claimed that Swaraj would not come for hundred years if untouchability was not eradicated.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi himself washed toilets to represent the dignity of the work of a sweeper.
(iii) Gandhiji convinced the upper caste to change their heart and disavow ‘sin of untouchability‘.
(iv) He organised Satyagraha to protect their entrance into temples and access to public wells, tanks, roads and public schools.
(v) He concluded Poona Pact in September 1932 with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar that led to the reservation of some seats for them in provincial and central legislative councils.

Many within the Congress were, however, concerned about the proposals. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might lead to popular violence. In the months between September and December there was an intense tussle within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and the opponents of the movement. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted. In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles. Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence. On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declare,revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question. In which session of Congress, the Non Cooperation Movement was adopted?
Answer: The Non-Cooperation movement was adopted in the Nagpur session of Congress in 1920.

Question. Due to which incident Mahatma Gandhi Call off the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer: In 1922, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar at Chauri Chaura turned into a violent clash with the police. Hearing this incident, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non- Cooperation Movement.

Question. What was the role of the women in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer: The women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.

Source/Extract Based Questions

In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come. How could non-cooperation become a movement? Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. Through the summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support for the movement. Many within the Congress were, however, concerned about the proposals. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might lead to popular violence. In the months between September and December there was an intense tussle within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and the opponents of the movement. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non- Cooperation programme was adopted.

Question. The Cogress Session at Nagpur was held in ________ .
(a) September 1920
(b) April 1919
(c) November 1920
(d) December 1920
Answer: (d)

Question. The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in _______ .
(a) April 1919
(b) January 1921
(c) December 1920
(d) January 1924
Answer: (b)

Question. Which of the following options best describe the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) Rowlatt Act
(b) Jalliawala Bagh Massacre
(c) Swadeshi and Boycott
(d) Salt March
Answer: (c)

Question. Which of the following option is the reason of the participation of Muslims in the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) Repressive plantation system.
(b) Defending Khalifa’s temporal power.
(c) Restriction to use forest produce.
(d) All of the above.
Answer: (b)

In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles. Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence. On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declare, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question. Which of the following options was the reason for suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) Chauri Chaura incident
(b) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
(c) Kakori conspiracy case
(d) All of the above
Answer: (a)

Question. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement :
(a) Simon Commission
(b) Lahore Congress
(c) Rowlatt Satyagraha
(d) Dandi March
Answer: (d)

Question. In which of the following years the Swaraj Party was formed?
(a) 1929
(b) 1923
(c) 1931
(d) 1932
Answer: (b)

Question. ________ and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declare, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.
(a) Tax on cotton
(b) Tax on salt
(c) Tax on crop
(d) Tax on property
Answer: (b)

The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians. After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised satyagraha movements in various places. In 1917 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. Then in 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

Question. Gandhiji organised Satyagraha to support the peasants in Kheda district of Gujarat :
(a) 1913
(b) 1916
(c) 1917
(d) 1918
Answer: (c)

Question. Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha movement amongst Cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad in :
(a) 1913
(b) 1918
(c) 1919
(d) 1920
Answer: (c)

Question. Which one of the following was the first nationwide satyagraha movement?
(a) Non-Cooperation Movement
(b) Rowlatt Satyagraha
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b)

Question. _______ was the successful movement launched by Gandhiji?
(a) Non-Cooperation Movement
(b) Rowlatt Satyagraha
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) Satyagraha movement in Kheda district in Gujarat.
Answer: (d)