CBSE Class 12 Chemistry General Principles Process of Isolation of Elements Assignment Set B

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Assignment for Class 12 Chemistry Unit 06 General Principles And Processes Of Isolation Of Elements

Class 12 Chemistry students should refer to the following printable assignment in Pdf for Unit 06 General Principles And Processes Of Isolation Of Elements in Class 12. This test paper with questions and answers for Class 12 Chemistry will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Unit 06 General Principles And Processes Of Isolation Of Elements Class 12 Chemistry Assignment

Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question. What is meant by the term ‘pyrometallurgy’?
Answer: The process of extraction of metal from its ore by heating the ore with a suitable reducing agent is known as pyrometallurgy.

Question. What is the role of coke in the extraction of iron from its oxides?
Answer: Coke reduces iron oxide to iron.
FeO(s) + C(s) → Fe(s/l) + CO(g)

Question. Which form of the iron is the purest form of commercial iron?
Answer: Wrought iron is the purest form of commercial iron.

Question. What is ‘copper matte’?
Answer: Copper matte is mixture of Cu2S and FeS.

Question. What is the composition of ‘copper matte’?
Answer: Cu2S and FeS.

Question. Give reason for the following :
Zinc oxide can be reduced to metal by heating with carbon but Cr2O3 cannot be reduced by heating with carbon.
Answer: Carbon is suitable reducing agent for reduction of zinc oxide. Reduction of Cr2O3 by carbon is not thermodynamically favourable.

Question. Although thermodynamically feasible, in practice, magnesium metal is not used for reduction of alumina in the metallurgy of aluminium. Why?
Answer: Below the temperature (1623K) corresponding to the point of intersection of Al2O3 and MgO curves in ellingham diagram magnesium can reduce alumina. But magnesium is a much costlier metal than aluminium and hence the process will be uneconomical.

Question. Describe the principle controlling the following process : Preparation of cast iron from pig iron.
Answer: Pig iron is melted with scrap iron and coke using hot air blast. Due to this, impurities such as C, S and P present in the pig iron are removed as CO2, SO2 and P2O5 and carbon content is reduced to about 3%.

Question. Copper matte is charged into a silica lined converter in extraction of copper. What is the role of silica lining here? 
Answer.
 The copper matte containing Cu2S and FeS is put in silica lined converter. Some silica is also added and hot air blast is blown to convert remaining FeS to FeO, which is removed as slag with silica.

Question. The reaction Cr2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr ;
ΔG° = – 421 kJ is thermodynamically feasible as is apparant from the Gibbs energy value. Why does it not take place at room temperature?
Answer: In solid state chance of contact between reactants is negligible.
Some thermodynamically feasible reactions also require some activation energy for initiation.

Question. What is the role of cryolite in the extraction of aluminium?
Answer: Purified alumina (Al2O3) is mixed with cryolite (Na3AlF6) which lowers the melting temperature of electrolyte and also increase its conductivity.

Question. Which reducing agent is employed to get copper from the leached low grade copper ore?
Answer: Scrap iron or H2.

Question. Write the role of graphite rod in the electrometallurgy of aluminium.
Answer: Graphite anode is used in the electrometallurgy of aluminium from alumina, Al2O3. Oxygen liberated at high temperature reacts with graphite to form both CO2 and CO gases and prevent the liberation of O2 gas at the anode which may react with Al metal to give Al2O3 again.

 

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Question. How is copper extracted from a low grade ore of it?
Answer: Copper is extracted by hydrometallurgy from low grade ores. It is leached out using acid or bacteria.
The solution containing Cu2+ is treated with scrap iron or H2.
Cu2+(aq) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + 2H+(aq)

Question. Which of the two scraps, zinc or iron would be preferred for the recovery of copper from the leached copper ore and why?
Answer: Zinc scrap should be preferred because zinc is more electropositive than iron.
But zinc is costlier metal than iron so using iron scraps will be preferred.

Question. What is the role of dilute NaCN in the extraction of gold?
Answer: NaCN is used for leaching of gold ore in the presence of air to form soluble gold complex from which metal is displaced by adding more reactive metal.
4Au(s) + 8CN(aq) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) → 4[Au(CN)2](aq)+ 4OH(aq)

Question. Name the methods used for the vapour phase
Answer: Titanium is refined by van Arkel method and nickel is refined by Mond’s process.

Question. Explain the role of the following : Iodine in the refining of titanium.
Answer: Iodine forms a volatile compound with titanium which on further heating decomposes to give pure titanium.

 

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Question. Write the chemical reaction which takes place in
Answer: 

CBSE-Class-12-Chemistry-General-Principles-Process-of-Isolation-of-Elements-Assignment-Set-B-3

 

Question. What types of metals are usually purified by the
Answer: The metals such as germanium, silicon, gallium, etc. which are used as semiconductors are purified by zone refining which is based upon the principle that impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the solid state of metals.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. What is the role of limestone in the extraction of iron from its oxides?
Answer: Limestone decomposes to form CaO and CO2. CaO thus formed acts as a flux and combines with silica (present as impurity) to form fusible calcium silicate slag.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
           (Silica)     (slag)

Question. What is the role of silica in the extraction of copper?
Answer: During the metallurgy of copper from copper pyrites, CuFeS2, its roasting gives FeO besides Cu2O and SO2.

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Question. Out of C and CO, which is a better reducing agent at the lower temperature range in the blast furnace to extract iron from the oxide ore?
Answer: Ellingham diagram for oxides of metals and carbon shows
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)                        (i)
2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)                     (ii)
2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)               (iii)
that at 673 K, ΔfG°(CO2) < ΔfG°(CO) hence
formation of CO2 gas is more favourable than CO gas.
Hence, out of C and CO, CO is a better reducing agent.

Question. Describe the principle controlling the following process : Vapour phase refining of titanium metal.
Answer: In this method, the metal is converted into its volatile compound and collected elsewhere. It is then decomposed to give pure metal.

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Question. Describe the underlying principle of the following process : Vapour phase refining of metals.
Answer: Vapour phase refining : In this method, the metal is converted into its volatile compound and collected elsewhere. It is then decomposed to give pure metal. So, the two requirements are :
(a) The metal should form a volatile compound with an available reagent.
(b) The volatile compound should be easily decomposable, so that the recovery is easy.

Question. Write the reactions involved in the following process : refining of zirconium by van Arkel method.
Answer: Refining of zirconium by van Arkel method.

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Question. Describe the underlying principle of recovery of silver from the solution obtained by leaching silver ore with a solution of NaCN.
Answer: During leaching Ag is oxidised to Ag+ which then combines with CN ions (from NaCN) to form soluble complex [Ag(CN)2]. Silver is then recovered from this complex by displacement method using more electropositive zinc metal.
2[Ag(CN)2](aq) + Zn(s) → 2Ag(s) + [Zn(CN)4]2–(aq)

Question. Answer the following : Differentiate between roasting and calcination.
Answer: 

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Question. Write all the reactions involved in the extraction of aluminium from bauxite ore.
Answer: Aluminium metal is extracted from bauxite
(Al2O3·2H2O) in two steps.
Stage I (Leaching) : The ore is treated with sodium hydroxide solution. Aluminium oxide and silica dissolve to form sodium aluminate and sodium silicate respectively. Iron oxide and TiO2 is filtered off.

 

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Stage II (Electrolysis) : the alumina is dissolved in molten cryolite Na3[AlF6] and then electrolysed in a large steel tank lined with graphite which acts as cathode. the anodes are made of carbon. On passing current, molten aluminium is produced at cathode and oxygen gas is evolved at the anode which reacts with carbon anode producing CO and CO2. The electrolytic reactions may be written as :
Cathode : 2Al3+ (melt) + 6e → 2Al(l)
Anode : C(s) + O2– → CO(g) + 2e
C(s) + 2O2– → CO2(g) + 4e
The anode burns away. therefore the graphite rods must be replaced from time to time.

Question. The extraction of gold by leaching with NaCN involves both oxidation and reduction. Justify giving chemical equations.
Answer: During the leaching process, Au is first oxidised to Au+ by O2 of the air which then combines with CN ions to form the soluble complex, sodium dicyanoaurate (I).

 

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Gold is then extracted from this complex, by displacement method using a more electropositive zinc metal. In this reaction,
Zn acts as a reducing agent. It reduces Au+ to Au while itself gets oxidized to Zn2+ which combines with CNions to form soluble complex, sodium tetracyanozincate (II).

 

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Thus, extraction of Au by leaching with NaCN involves both oxidation and reduction.

Question. How is chemical reduction different from electrolytic reduction? Name a metal each which is obtained by
(i) electrolytic reduction,
(ii) chemical reduction.

Answer: In chemical reduction, metal is obtained by reduction of its ore by a suitable reducing agent, whereas in electrolytic reduction, reduction is carried out by passing electric current through molten ore.
(i) Aluminium is obtained by electrolytic reduction.
(ii) Iron is obtained by chemical reduction.

Question. Write the principle behind the froth floatation process. What is the role of collectors in this process?
Answer: Froth oatation method : The method has been in use for removing gangue from sulphide ores. In this process, a suspension of the powdered ore is made with water. To it collectors and froth stabilisers are added.
Collectors (e.g., pine oils, fatty acids, xanthates, etc.) enhance non wettability of the mineral particles and froth stabilisers (e.g., cresols, aniline) stabilise the froth.
The mineral particles become wet by oils while the gangue particles by water. A rotating paddle agitates the mixture and draws air in it. As a result, froth is formed which carries the mineral particles. The froth is light and skimmed off.

Question. What is meant by the term, ‘Chromatography What criterion is followed for the selection of the stationary phase in chromatography?
Answer: The term chromatography was derived from the Greek word “chroma”, meaning colour and “graphy”, for writing. It was used for the first time to separate the colour pigments of plants. Chromatography is a technique for analysing or separating mixtures of gases, liquids or dissolved substances. The criterion of selecting, the stationary phase depends on the different adsorbing powers of the components of a mixture to be separated. Generally used adsorbent material is silica gel or alumina. The adsorbent can be spread over a flat glass plate (thin – layer chromatography) or taken in a glass tube (column chromatography). In paper chromatography, the stationary phase is water held in the pores of the paper. Here, the separation depends upon the different distribution of the components between water in stationary phase and the element.

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CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Unit 06 General Principles And Processes Of Isolation Of Elements Assignment

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