NEET Biology The Living World and Taxonomy Notes

Advanced Study Material for NEET Biology: The Living World and Taxonomy

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There is no clear cut distinction between living and non-living things. The organisms like viruses are non-living by themselves but become active and multiply when they are inside the living cells. They are neither plants nor animals but have hereditary material of their own. The prions do not even have the hereditary material and propagate diseases like Kuru and Madcow.
The living organisms occur almost in every habitat on earth. We can fi nd them from cold mountains to hot springs. A wide range of the living organisms can be found in fresh or marine water bodies and forests. The living froms as compared to non-livings have some fundamental characteristics. They are defi ned as ‘the self-replicating, self evolving with self-regulating interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli’. All living organisms- the past, the present and the future, are linked to one another by sharing the common genetic material.
Following are the important distinctive characteristics exhibited by living forms.
 
1. Growth :
 
The increase in mass and increase in the number of individuals are twin characteristics of growth. The multi-cellular organisms grow by cell division. The animals grow up to a certain age, whereas the plants grow throughout their life. The cell devision also occurs to replace lost cells. The unicellular organisms also grow by cell division but there it is a type of reproduction. In multicellular organisms, whether animals or plants, the growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events. Though the non-livings, like mountains, sand mounds and snow also grow, if we consider the increase in body mass as criterion, but this growth is by accumulation of material on the surface, and not from inside as we see in animals. So, growth alone cannot be considered as a defi ning property of living organisms until and unless it is well specified.
 
2. Reproduction :
 
The living organisms reproduce asexually as well as sexually to multiply their number. Fungi reproduce asexually by spore formation. The lower organisms, like Hydra and Yeast, reproduce by budding. In Planaria (fl at worm), there is fragmentation and regeneration of lost parts. In unicellular forms, as described above, the reproduction is synonymous with growth. Moreover, there are living organisms who do not reproduce, e.g., mule, worker honey bee or infertile human. Thus, the reproduction, like growth, can also not be taken as defi ning characteristic of the living forms. On the other hand, this is however true, that non-living objects are not capable of reproducing or replicating themselves.
 
 
NEET Biology The Living World and Taxonomy Notes
 
 

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