NEET Biology Breathing and Exchange of Gases Notes

NEET Biology Study Guide: NEET Biology Breathing and Exchange of Gases Notes

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Respiration is a physiochemical process involving exchange of gases and oxidation of food material to release energy.
It is a catabolic process and includes two parts:
 
1. External Respiration:
 
It includes intake of oxygen and removal of carbon-di-oxide from the body. It is also known as ventilation or breathing.
 
NEET Biology Breathing and Exchange of Gases Notes
 
2. Internal Respiration:
 
It includes gaseous exchange between the cells and fl uid medium and utilization of oxygen, and production of carbon-di-oxide, by the cells.
 
Survey of respiratory structures in animals
 
• In Protozoans, Porifers, Coelenterates and Helminthes there are no specialized respiratory structures, and exchange of gases occurs through general body surface.
• In Annelids respiration is either cutaneous (ex. Earthworm and Nereis) or branchial.
• In Arthropods there are various type of respiratory structures like Gills (in crustaceans), book lungs (in arachnids) and tracheal tubes (in insects). In Prawn, the gills (8 pairs) are of 3 types : (i) Podobranchs-1 pair; (ii) Arthrobranch-2 pairs (iii) Pleurobranch-5 pairs. All the gills are  hyllobranch type. In Cockroach there are three pairs of longitudinal tracheal tubes. Each lateral tube contains 10 spiracles (Total spiracles = 10 pairs).
• In Molluscs the respiratory structure are mainly Gills.
• In Echinoderms the gills, body wall, respiratory tree and Tubee ffeeeett (primarily the locomotory structures) are the respiratory structures.
• In Protochordates and Cyclostomes the respiratory structures are Gills.
• In Fishes the Gills are the main respiratory structures but in lung fi shes (Dipnoi) the Gills and Lungs both are well developed.
• In Amphibians the respiratory structures are either Gills (Branchial respiration) or Lungs (Pulmonary respiration). In Frog the respiration is Cutaneous, Bucco-pharyngeal as well as Pulmonary.
• In Reptiles birds and mammals the respiration is Pulmonary.
 
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMAN
 
In human the respiratory structures are Lungs which are endodermal in origin. The respiratory system contains following important components:
 
Nasal passage
 
• It contains hair for fi ltering out dust particles.
• Bowman’s glands secrete mucus.
• Turbinals (bones) warm up the air.
• The sensory lining of nasal passage is called Schneiderian membrane.
 
Pharynx
 
• It is a common passage for gut and respiratory tract.
• The openings of internal nostrils in pharynx are called Choane.
• The opening between Pharynx and Larynx is called Glottis. It is closed by epiglottis during swallowing of food. However, the opening between Pharynx and Gut (Oesophagus) is different, and is called Gullet.
• The lateral sides of Pharynx contain openings of Eustachian canals also.
 

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NEET NEET Biology Study Material: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

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