NEET Biology Principals of Inheritance and Variation Notes

NEET Biology Study Guide: NEET Biology Principals of Inheritance and Variation Notes

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• Genetics is the study of inheritance and variation.
• Term genetics was fi rst used by W. Bateson 1905.
• Gregor Johann Mendel is called father of genetics.
• Heredity or inheritance is the process by which characters are passed on from parent to progeny.
• Variation is the characteristic difference by which progeny differs from their parents.
• Cause of variation is sexual reproduction.
• Earlier theories of inheritance are
(i) Theory of preformation
(ii) Theory of gemmules/pangenesis
(iii) Theory of blended inheritance
 
TERMINOLOGIES OF MENDELIAN
 
• Phenotype : External appearance or trait of an individual.
• Genotype : Genetic constitution of an organism.
• Genes or mendelian factor :
Units of inheritance. They contain information required to express a particular trait.
• Alleles or allelomorphs : The two Mendelian factors or gene which occur on the same locus in two homologous chromosomes of an individual and control the expression of a character are called alleles or allelomorphs or alternative form of same gene e.g., T and t, Y and y, R and r are pair of alleles.
• Dominant factor or allele : It is one allele of the allele pair which can express itself whether present in homozygous or heterozygous state is called dominant allele., e.g., the factor for tallness in hybrid and homogenous states Tt and TT can express itself.
• Recessive factor or allele : The factor of an allelic or allelomorphic pair which is unable to express its effect in the presence of its contrasting factor in heterozygous stete is called recessive factor or allele. A recessive allele is represented by small letter. e.g. t in Tt. The effect of recessive factor becomes known only when it is present in the pure or homozygous state, e.g. tt in dwarf pea plant.
• Hybrid : The heterozygous organism produced after crossing of genetically different individuals is called hybrid.
• Homozygous : Both alleles are same/similar for a character. E.g., TT = Tall, tt = Dwarf.
• Heterozygous : Alleles are dissimilar for a character. E.g., Tt = Tall.
• F1 Generation : F1 or fi rst filial generation is the generation of hybrids produced from a cross between the genetically different individuals called parents.
 
 

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