NEET Biology Biotechnology Principles and Processes Notes

Advanced Study Material for NEET Biology: Biotechnology Principles and Processes

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• Biotechnology is the application of techniques using live organism to get desired product of human welfare. It includes recombinant DNA, gene cloning, gene therapy.
• “Fermentation” by some microorganisms is the oldest biotechnological process. By biotechnology a wide range of products like yoghurt (curd), cheese and butter from milk, vinegar from molasses, antibiotics like penicillin extracted from certain fungi. Organic acids (acetic acids, lactic acids, citric acids), food items (bread, dosa, idli), alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, whisky), etc are obtained. It are often included in old biotechnology, which are processes that are based on the natural capabilities of microorganisms.
• Modern biotechnology using genetically modifi ed organisms was made possible only when man learnt to alter the chemistry of DNA and construct recombinant DNA. This key process is called recombinant DNA technology.
• Biotechnology is a integrated branch of biology which involves biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, cell and molecular biology, immunology, environmental sciences and engineering sciences.
• Examples of biotechnological applications are GMO (Genetically modifi ed organisms), IVF (in vitro fertilization), Test tube babies, DNA vaccines and gene therapy etc.
• 2 main techniques which are used in biotechnology are
(i) Genetic engineering.
(ii) Biochemical engineering processes which help in the growth of desired microbe/ eukaryote cell in large quantities in a sterile medium by using tissue culture technique.
It produce products in bulk like antibiotics, vaccines and enzymes.
 
• Genetic engineering is the manipulation of genes by man in vitro. Genetic engineering refers to artifi cial synthesis, isolation, modifi cation, combination, addition and repair of the genetic material (DNA) to alter the phenotype of the host organism to suit human needs.
•  Three techniques of genetic engineering are:
(i) rDNA (recombinant DNA technology)
(ii) Gene cloning/gene amplifi cation
(iii) Gene therapy
 
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
 
• rDNA technology is hybridization of DNA from different sources to achieve desired genotype and phenotype in an organism.
• r-DNA technology is based on two important discoveries in bacteria.
(i) Presence of plasmids in bacteria which can undergo replication alongwith and independent of chromosomal DNA.
(ii) Restriction endonucleases which can break DNA at specific sites. They are appropriately called molecular scissors or biological scissors.
 
Tools of rDNA technology
 
1. Enzymes
2. Cloning Vector
3. Competent host
1. Enzymes
• Different kinds of enzymes are used in genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology).
• Cleaving Enzymes : These enzymes are used to break DNA molecules. They are of three types – exonucleases, endonucleases and restriction endonucleases.
 
NEET Biology Biotechnology Principles and Processes Notes
 
 

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Biology NEET Exam Resources: Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Core Study Kit: NEET Biology Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Access comprehensive study material for Biotechnology Principles and Processes, including revision notes, concept maps, and high-probability questions. These resources are designed in alignment with the latest 2026 NEET syllabus for NEET Biology to support effective exam preparation.

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Built using official NCERT guidelines for NEET Biology, these materials provide reliable academic support. Integrating past examination questions and step-by-step solutions helps students understand official NEET grading criteria.

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Our advanced study package for Biotechnology Principles and Processes includes detailed concepts, diagrams, Mind Maps, and explanation of complex topics to ensure NEET students learn as per syllabus for 2026 exams.

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Does this material cover rationalized content for the 2026-27 NEET session?

Yes, our subject matter experts have updated the Biotechnology Principles and Processes material to align with the rationalized NCERT textbooks and have removed deleted topics and added new competency-based questions.