NEET Biology Neural Control and Coordination Notes

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• Nervous tissue is Ectodermal in origin.
• Protozoans and Porifers do not have nervous tissue.
• Nervous tissue fi rst evolved in the members of phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria). The nerve cells in this group are non-polarized (i.e., the dendrites and axons are not differentiated).
• In non-chordates the nerve cord is ventral and solid.
 
•  In chordates the nerve cord (spinal cord) is dorsal and tubular (hollow).
• Neuron (nerve cell) is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
• A multi-polar neuron has at least two dendrites (For detailed structure of Neuron, please refer Chapter 7, Animal Tissues).
 
CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSE
 
Impulse – It is a wave of depolarization
The conduction of nerve impulse is an ‘electrochemical phenomenon’. It can be studied in two parts.
(1) Conduction through axon
(2) Conduction through synapse
 
Conduction through axon
 
• Axon-membrane, called axolemma, contains voltage gates for sodium and potassium ions.
In myelinated fi bres (having Myelin sheath) these voltage gates are present only at the nodes while in non-myelinated fi bres, such gates are distributed all along the axon-membrane.
• The Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) pump channels are also distributed similarly in the axolemma. For the expense of 1- ATP, 3-Na+ move out into the extra cellular fl uid (ECF) and 2-K+ move into the intra cellular fl uid (ICF).
• Sodium ions (Na+) are maximum in ECF (~150 m. mol/Lit. or 10 times of Na+ in ICF), while K+ are maximum in ICF (~150 m.mol/Lit. or 30 times of K+ in ECF).
• Axolemma is little permeable for K+ but almost impermeable for Na+.
 
 

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