Class 7 Science Acid Base and Salts Chapter Notes

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Study Material for Class 7 Science Chapter 5 Acids Bases and Salts

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Class 7 Science Chapter 5 Acids Bases and Salts

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Acid, Base and Salts

Acids and Bases
1. Different workers gave different definitions for acids and bases from time to time.
i) Arrhenius Theory : Arrhenius defined acids are those compounds which give hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, and bases are those compounds which give hydroxide ions in solutions.e.g.

class_7_science_useful_01

,The strength of an acid or base depends upon its tendency to furnish H+ or OH ions in solution.This definition can be applied only for those reactions which take place in aqueous solutions. Further this theory does not include substances that do not contain H+ and OH ions but still can neutralize acids and bases.

Basicity or protonicity of acids: - It is the number of H+ ions furnished by a molecule of an acid.

Monobasic acid : An acid furnishing one H+ ions e.g.HCl, HNO3 etc.

Dibasic acid : An acid furnishing two H+ ions e.g. H2SO4, H3PO3 etc.

Tribasic acid : An acid furnishing three H+ ions e.g. H3PO4.

Acidity or Hydroxicity of base : It may be defined as the number of OH ions furnished by amolecule of a base.

Monoacidic base : NaOH, KOH

Diacidic base : Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

ii)Bronsted Lowry Theory : According to this theory acids are defined as those substances which give up proton and bases are substances which accepts proton.e.g.,

class_7_science_useful_02

From the above observations we may conclude that every acid has a conjugate base and every base has a conjugate acid.In above equation 1, the conjugate base of acid HCl is Cl and The conjugate acid of water is H3O+ (hydroxonium ion)

In the above equation 2, the conjugate acid of base NH3 is NH4+ and the conjugate base of H2O  is OH.
Thus according to this theory the following conclusions can be drawn.
a) A substance can act as an acid/base when another substance capable of accepting a proton and capable of donating a proton exists.

class_7_science_useful_03

Classification of Solvents
i) Aprotic: Solvents which can neither accept nor donate a proton.e.g. CCl4, CS2, Benzene.
ii) Amphiprotic: Solvents which can both accept and donate a proton, e.g. H2O, liquor Ammonia.
iii) Protophillic: Solvents which have a greater tendency to accept proton e.g. H2O, R-OH, liquor NH3.

Levelling Effect
Water acts as a very strong base because it has a great tendency to accept proton from mineral acids. The ionization of strong acids in water may be represented as below :

class_7_science_useful_04

Thus all strong acids (e.g. HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, HClO4) react almost completely to form H3O+ ion. Therefore all strong acids in aqueous solution appear equally strong. i.e. Acidic levels for all acids are same. This is called levelling effect and water is the levelling solvent. Thus the relative acidic strengths or basic strengths in aqueous solutions cannot be compared.

When acetic acid is used as solvent instead of water it is found that the acidic strength of the acid lowers and now the given acid in acetic acid becomes weak and thereby different acids will dissociate to different extent in glacial acetic acid. (This is because of poor proton accepting character of acetic acid).

class_7_science_useful_05

In this reaction the equalibrium does not lie very much to the right and hence strong acids are feebly dissociated. The degree of dissociations of a number of acids dissolved in glacial acetic acid has been determined and it is found that the acidic strength order is

class_7_science_useful_06

Lewis Concept of Acids And Bases

According to Lewis, an acid is any species which is capable of accepting a pair of electrons and a base is a species that is having a lone pair of electrons for donations.

This statement covers a wide range of acids and bases. Thus all Bronsted-Lowry bases are Lewis bases while all Bronsted-Lowry acids are not Lewis acids.
Hence this theory includes acids which do not donate proton or liberate H+ (aprotic)
 
Lewis acids

i) Compounds where the central atom has incomplete octet. This means all electron deficient molecules can act as Lewis acids e.g.
BF3, BBr3, AlCl3, FeCl3, GaCl3 etc.
ii) Compounds in which the central atom has available vacant orbitals. e.g. SnF4, SnCl2, SnCl4, PF3, PF4,SF4, TiCl4 etc.
iii) Simple cations like Ag+, Cu2+, Al3+ etc. e.g. Cu2+ + 4NH3 [Cu (NH3)4]2+.
 
Lewis Bases

i) All simple anions are Lewis bases e.g. Cl–, NO–, OH–.
ii) Molecules containing one or more unshared pairs of electrons (Lone pairs) e.g. H2O, NH3, ROH,NX3, R2S, etc. are Lewis bases.
iii) Multiple bonded compounds which can donate the pair of electrons. e.g. C = O, N = O,CH2 = CH2, CH ≡ CH.
 
SALT

A substance which ionizes in water to produce ions other than H+ and OH– is called a salt.
 
Types of Salts

Neutral Salts: Those salts whose aqueous solutions neither turn blue litmus red nor red litmus blue are called neutral salts. These are prepared by the neutralization of strong acid and strong base. e.g. NaCl, K2SO4,KNO3 etc.
Acidic Salts: Those salts whose aqueous solutions turn blue litmus red are called Acidic salts. These are prepared by neutralisation of strong acid with weak base, e.g., NH4NO3, NH4Cl.
Basic Salts: Those salts whose aqueous solutions turn red litmus blue are called basic salts. These are formed by the neutralization of strong bases with weak acids. e.g. Na2CO3, CH3COONa
Mixed salts: Salts formed by the neutralization of one acid by two bases or one base by two acids are called mixed salts. e.g. CaOCl
Double Salts: A compound of two salts whose aqueous solution shows the tests for all constituent ions is called double salt e.g.
Mohr Salt FeSO4. (NH4)2 SO4. 6H2O
Potash Alum K2SO4. Al2 (SO4)3. 24H2O
Complex Salts: A compound whose solutions does not give tests for the constituent ions is called a complex salt. e.g.
 Class 7 Science Acid Base and Salts Chapter Notes
Indicators: Universal indicators give different colours with different strength of acidity and alkalinity. Universal indicators are mixture of indicators to produce a range of colours. It comes in liquid or paper form eg. pH, .
 The different papers colours are:
 Red for strong acids
 Orange / Yellow for weak acids
 Green for neutral substance
 Turquise for weak alkali
 Deep blue for strong alkali
 
SOME IMPORTANT CHEMICALS

Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2)

Preparation In Hasen-Clever Plant
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
 
Properties 1. It is yellowish white solid having chlorine like smell
                 2. Bleaching powder decomposes to form O2
2CaOClCoCl2 2CaCl2 + O2
 
3. When reacted with H2O liberates Cl2.
CaOCl2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
 
4. Bleaching powder is decomposed to Cl2 by dilute H2SO4.
CaOCl2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + Cl2
 
5. It reacts with carbondioxide to form calcium carbonate and Cl2.
CaOCl2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + Cl2
 
6. The chlorine liberated in above reaction can be used to oxidise I– to I2 thereby liberating
I2. This I2 can be estimated by Na2S2O3 thus we can measure the available chlorine in bleaching powder.
2KI + Cl2 → 2KCl + I2
Uses Bleaching powder is used for the disinfection of drinking water or swimming pool water. For use in outdoor swimming pools, it can be used as a sanitizer in combination with a cyanuric acid stabilizer. The stabilizer will reduce the loss of chlorine because of UV radiation.
Calcium does make the water ‘hard’ and tends to clog up some filters, for this reason Sodium hypochlorite is preferred. Bleaching powder is also used for bleaching cotton and linen and used in the manufacture of chloroform.

Uses Bleaching powder is used for the disinfection of drinking water or swimming pool water. For use in outdoor swimming pools, it can be used as a sanitizer in combination with a cyanuric acid stabilizer. The stabilizer will reduce the loss of chlorine because of UV radiation.
Calcium does make the water ‘hard’ and tends to clog up some filters, for this reason Sodium hypochlorite is preferred. Bleaching powder is also used for bleaching cotton and
linen and used in the manufacture of chloroform.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Preparation 1. Soda lime process, causticisation process or Gossage process
Na2CO3 + Ca (OH)2
80 - 90ºC 2NaOH + CaCO3


2. Castner kellner proces - Electrolytic process
Electrolyte → Brine (NaCl Solution in water)
Anode → Graphite
Cathode → Iron rods and Mercury acts as intermediate cathode by induction.

Reaction NaCl → Na+ + Cl–

At anode – Cl– → Cl + e

Cl + Cl → Cl2

At cathode – Na+ + e + Hg → Na – Hg

2Na – Hg + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 + 2Hg
(sodium amalgam)

Properties 1. White hygroscopic solid.

2. Sodium hydroxide decomposes on heating to form sodium, hydrogen and oxygen.
2NaOH 1300ºC 2Na + H2 + O2
3. It reacts with acids to form salt and water
a) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O


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