CBSE Class 10 Science Life Processes Assignment Set 03

Question. What is the normal systolic and diastolic pressure in humans-
(a) 120 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg
(b) 80 mm Hg/ 120 mm Hg
(c) 120 mm Hg/ 120 mm Hg
(d) 80 mm Hg/80 mm Hg
Answer: (a) 120 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg

Question. By which apparatus wecan measure blood pressure-
(a) Barometer
(b) Hygrometer
(c) Ammeter
(d) Sphygmomanometer
Answer: (d) Sphygmomanometer

Question. Which conducting tissue is responsible for multidirectional transport in plants-
(a) Xylem
(b) Phloem
(c) Guard Cell
(d) Parenchyma
Answer: (b) Phloem

Question. Cuscuta is a special organism as it is-
(a) Animal parasite
(b) Plant parasite
(c) Fungal parasite
(d) Blue green algae and saprophyte
Answer: (b) Plant parasite

Question. Nature of nutrition in fungi are-
(a) Parasite
(b) Autotrophs
(c) Saprotrophs
(d) Mixed autotrophs
Answer: (c) Saprotrophs

Very short Answer Questions

Question. Which acid is formed in our muscles after vigorous exercise?
Answer: Lactic acid

Question. How much energy is released when terminal phosphate linkage in ATP is broken down?
Answer: \( 30.5 \text{ Kj/mol.} \)

Question. What is holozoic nutrition? Give one example.
Answer: The nutrition that involves the taking in of solid or liquid particles of food which have to be further broken down into simpler particles inside the organism. Example- Amoeba

Question. What is the importance of nutrients?
Answer: i. Energy production
ii- growth and repair
iii- Protection from disease

Question. Draw a cross-section of the leaf and label the stomata. Also mention any two roles of stomatain plants.
Answer: Fig 6.1, page 96, NCERT

Question. Draw a labeled diagram of the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Also, mention its role.
Answer: Fig: 6.14, page 111, NCERT
Filtration of blood, reabsorption, secretion and excretion of useful and harmful substances present in the blood.

Question. Why do photosynthesis consider a photochemical reaction?
Answer: plants convert the energy of sunlight into stored chemical energy by forming carbohydrates from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water and releasing molecular oxygen as a byproduct.

Question. What is the role of the following in photosynthesis- i-Chloroplast ii- Water iii- CO2
Answer: Chloroplast trap the sunlight (radiation) Water undergoes photolysis to evolver oxygen \( \text{CO}_2 \) reduces to form carbohydrates.

Question. Write the similarity between the heart and phloem.
Answer: Both are conduction tissues. The heart is responsible for the conduction of blood while the phloem for food in plants.

Question. Mention the importance of Double circulation and Volves in the human heart.
Answer: Double circulation importance: helps keep oxygenated (blood rich in oxygen) separate from deoxygenated (blood rich in carbon dioxide). This results in a more efficient circulation of blood.

Question. Specify the role of the conducting tissues in plants.
Answer: phloem is food-conducting tissue and xylem is water-conducting tissue.
Phloem transports food in many directions from leaves to other parts of plants like another leaf, flower, stem, root, and storage part.
Xylem conducts water only in one direction from the root to the aerial parts of the plant.

Question. What is saliva? State its role in the digestion of food.
Answer: Saliva contains salivary amylase enzymes that help digest the starches in our food.
An enzyme called amylase breaks down starches (complex carbohydrates) into sugars, which your body can more easily absorb.
It helps in moistens the food for easy swallowing.

Question. (a) What is the peristaltic movement?
(b) ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How do they do photosynthesis?
Answer: (a) The relaxation of gut muscles to move the partially digested food downwards throughout the alimentary canal is called peristaltic movement.
(b) In desert plants, stomata open at night and take in carbon dioxide (\( \text{CO}_2 \)). Stomata remain closed during the daytime to prevent the loss of water by transpiration. They store the \( \text{CO}_2 \) in their cells until the sun comes out so that they can carry on with photosynthesis during the daytime.

Question. How is the wall of small intestine adapted for performing the function of absorption of food?
Answer: The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption.

Question. Out of a goat and tiger, which one will have a longer small intestine? Justify your answer.
Answer: Goat because herbivores eating grass needs a longer small intestine to allow the cellulose to be digested.

Question. Bile juice does not have any digestive enzyme but still plays a significant role in the process of digestion. Justify the statement.
Answer: Bile juice makes the food alkaline for the action of Trypsin. Bile salts break the large globules of fat.

Question. In birds and mammals the left and right side of the heart is separated. Give reasons.
Answer: The separation keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing allowing a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature.

Question. What is the role of acid in our stomach?
Answer: HCl of gastric juice disinfects the food and make the medium acidic for proper functioning of pepsin.

Question. Mention the respiratory unit of lungs and excretory unit of kidneys.
Answer: Respiratory unit of lungs-Alveoli
        Excretory unit of kidneys-Nephrons

Question. Where does aerobic respiration occurs in a cell?
Answer: Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria of the cell.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
Answer: 

Question. What is photosynthesis? Explain its mechanism.
Answer: Photosynthesis– A process in which green plants takes carbon dioxide and water and converts them into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

Mechanism:
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
(iii) Splitting of water molecules (H2O) into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iv) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate.

Question. What is transpiration? List its two functions.
Answer: The loss of water in the form of vapour from aerial parts/leaves/stems is known as transpiration.
Functions:
(i) It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water.
(ii) Movement of dissolved minerals from root to leaves.
(iii) It helps in the temperature regulation or cooling of the plant.

Question. (i) Draw the diagram of cross section of a leaf and label the following parts:
(a) Cuticle (b) Chloroplast
(ii) A gas is released during photosynthesis. Name the gas and also state the way in which the gas is evolved.
(iii) In certain group of plants, stomata remain closed during day. How is food synthesized by such plants?
Also name them.
Answer: (i)

(ii) Oxygen gas is evolved during photosynthesis. Oxygen gas is evolved by splitting of water 2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂
(iii) They take take up CO₂ at night through stomata, which open during night and produce an intermediate organic acid which is acted upon by the energy absorbed by chlorophyll during the day and breaks up to release of CO₂ .The CO₂ so produced internally is used in photosynthesis during day when stomata are closed. Example-desert pant

Question. (a) What is translocation? Why is it essential for plants?
(b )Where do the substances in plants reach as a result of translocation?
Answer: (a) Translocation is the process of movement of materials from leaves to all other parts of the plant body.
(b) As a result of translocation, the substances in plants reach to the storage organs of roots, fruits and seeds and to growing organs.

Question. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.
Answer: 

Question. Draw the diagram of alimentary canal of man and label it.
Answer: 

Question. How do carbohydrates, proteins and fats get digested in human.
Answer: (i) Carbohydrates: -The human saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase which digests starch. In duodenum, pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes like pancreatic amylase breaks down the starch. It is digested in jejunum by intestinal juice.
(ii) Protein-In stomach, proteins are digested by gastric juice. The enzyme pepsin breaks down proteins into amino acid and in jejunum by intestinal juice which contain trypsin. It also convert protein into amino acid.
(iii) Fats-In duodenum and jejunum fats are digested by pancreatic juice aided by bile salts.

Question. How does aerobic respiration differs from anaerobic respiration?
Answer: 

Question. Explain the three pathways of breakdown of glucose in living organisms.
Answer: 

In the very first stage the Glucose which is a 6-carbon molecule is breaks into pyruvate which is a 3-carbon molecule in the cytoplasm. After that they are broken down by three different pathways to release energy.
(i) In the absence of oxygen in Yeast.
(ii) In the lack of oxygen in human muscle
(iii) In the presence of oxygen in mitochondria.

Question.Draw the diagram of human respiratory system and label its parts.
Answer: 

Question. List two types of the transport system in human being and write the functions of any one of these.
Answer: (i) Blood circulatory system (ii)Lymphatic system
Function of blood circulatory
(i) Transport of oxygen (ii)Transport of digested food (iii)Transport of carbon dioxide
(iv) Transport of nitrogenous waste (v)Transport of salts
Functions of lymphatic system
(i) Carries digested and absorbed fat.
(ii) Drains extra fluid from tissue back into the blood.

Question. Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each.
Answer: (i) Arteries-No valves, thick walled, carry oxygenated blood away from heart.
(ii) Veins-Presence of valves, thin walled, carry deoxygenated blood towards heart.
(iii) Capillaries-Very fine blood vessels, found in tissues, site for material exchange

Question. Differentiate the followings-
I. Vena cava and Aorta II- Pulmonary artery and Pulmonary vein III- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation IV- Bronchi and bronchiole
Answer:
• Vena cava: carries deoxygenated blood from body parts to the heart
Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body parts
• Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
• Anaerobic respiration: respiration without oxygen
Fermentation: respiration without oxygen in microorganisms
• Bronchi: extends from the trachea, have incomplete cartilage ring
Bronchioles: extended from bronchi

Question. Give reasons:
i- Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
ii- The transport system in plants is slow.
iii- Blood circulation differs in aquatic vertebrates from that in terrestrial vertebrates.
iv- During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through the xylem as compared to the night.
v-Veins have valves whereas arteries do not.
Answer:
(i) Ventricles pump blood into various organs with high pressure so they have thicker walls.
(ii) Plants are non-motile, less active, and require less energy so their cells do not need to be supplied with materials so quickly.
(iii) The aquatic vertebrates like fish have gills to oxygenate blood. Fishes have single circulation. Terrestrial vertebrates like birds and humans have four-chambered hearts and show double circulation.
(iv) it is due to a high transpiration rate id day time.
(v) The lumen of veins has valves, which allow the blood in them to flow in only one direction. Thus preventing the backflow of blood.

Question. Describe the double circulation of blood in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Answer: In the human heart, blood passes through the heart twice in one cardiac cycle. This type of circulation is called double circulation. Double circulation ensures complete segregation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
It includes - Pulmonary circulation and Systemic circulation.
In Pulmonary circulation: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs where it is oxygenated. The oxygenated blood is brought back to the left atrium, and from there it is pumped into the left ventricle and finally, blood goes into the aorta for systemic circulation.
In Systemic circulation: The oxygenated blood is pumped to various parts of the body from the left ventricle. The deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body passes through the vena cavato reach the right atrium. The right atrium transfers the blood into the right ventricle.

Question. Mention the location of four major glands associated with the digestive system ofhumans and explain the function of each.
Answer:
i- Salivary Glands- There is three pairs of salivary glands (Parotid, submaxillary and sublingual) that secrete saliva. Saliva moistens the food, disinfects food by lysozyme and digests starch by salivary amylase.
ii-Gastric Glands- these are present inside the stomach. Gastric glands secreteHCl- disinfect found od, provide an acidic medium for digestive juices.
Pepsin - for partial digestion of proteins to form peptones and proteases
iii-Liver- secretes bile, which neutralizes the acidity of chyme and emulsifies fat.
iv-Pancreas- Lies in the loop of the duodenum below the stomach.
It secretes trypsin (digest protein), lipase (break down of fat)

Long Answer Type Questions

Question.(a) Mention any two components of blood.
(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valve present in between atria and ventricles.
(d) Differentiate between an artery and a vein.
Answer: (a) Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
(b) Lungs → left side of the heart → aorta → body organs
(c) Valve prevents back flow of blood.
(d)

Question. (a) Draw a sectional view of the human heart and label on it Aorta, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery
(b) Explain the process of double circulation.
Answer: (a)

(b) In human beings, the blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle i.e. The blood passes through the human heart two times to supply once to the whole body.So,it is called Double circulation.
Importance: –
It is necessary for human being to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood because this makes their circulatory system more efficient and helps in maintaining constant body temperature.

Question. (a) Define excretion.
(b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.
(c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the following organs of excretory system which perform following functions:
(i) form urine
(ii) is a long tube which collects urine from kidney.
(iii) store urine until is passed out
Answer: a) Excretion: Process involved in removal of nitrogenous/harmful metabolic waste from the body.
(b) Basic filtration unit present in the kidney is nephron.
(c) Diagram of human excretory system:

Question. (i) Draw a diagram of an excretory unit of a human kidney and label the following:
Bowman’s capsule, Glomerulus, Collecting duct, renal artery
(ii) Write the important function of the structural and functional unit of kidney.
(iii) Write any one function of an artificial kidney.
Answer: (i)

(ii) Function of nephron is filtration, re-absorption and secretion.
(iii) Function of artificial kidney:
Help to remove harmful wastes, extra salts and water. It controls blood pressure. Maintain the balance of sodium, potassium salts in a patient whose kidneys have failed.