CBSE Class 12 Geography Human Settlements Assignment Set 01

HUMAN SETTLEMENT

GIST OF THE LESSON
● Settlement -Cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live.
● They vary in size from hamlet to metropolitan cities, they may be small and large, closed or spaced, and they may practice primary/secondary/tertiary activities.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS

RURAL                               URBAN
1. Primary occupation        other than primary
2. Provide raw material      process the raw material
3. Produce food                 provide services
4. Low income                   high income
5. Low density                   high density
6. Spaced                         clustered

TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENT:

CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS:
1. Compact and closely built houses
2. Living area is different from surrounding farms
3. Recognizable pattern
4. Different shapes such as geometric rectangular, radial, linear,
5. Sometimes defence may cause shape of the settlement
6. Availability of water also decides the shape

SEMI-CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS:
1. Formed due to result from tendency of clustered in restricted area of dispersed settlement
2. Segregation of large settlement may also cause
3. Some may be forced to live separately from the main village
4. Dominance group live in the center of the village
5. People of lower strata live in out skirt of the village
6. Most common in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

HAMLETED SETTLEMENTS
1. Physically separated and located in different place having common name
2. They are locally called panna, para palli,nagla ,dhani
3. They are motivated by social and ethnic factors
4. Found mostly in middle and lower ganga valley

DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS:
1. They are isolated huts or hamlets
2. Located on hills or agricultural lands
3. It is due to nature of terrain, and land resource, water
4. Found in Meghalaya, Uttaranchal, HP, and Kerala

URBAN SETTLEMENTS
1. Compact and large in size
2. Non Agriculture, eco., admin activities
3. Exchange of goods and services
4. Directly linked with rural settlements

EVOLUTION OF TOWNS IN INDIA

1. ANCIENT TOWNS:
1. Developed as religious and cultural towns.
2. Towns in India having historical background Over 2000 years old
3. Patna, Varanasi, Madurai, are examples

2. MEDIEVALTOWNS:
1. They are the headquarters of kingdoms
2. There are more than 100 towns
3. They are fort towns developed over ruined forts
4. Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra & Nagpur

3. MODERN TOWNS:
1. They are developed by British and other Europeans
2. Generally located on the coast
3. They were forts constructed by Europeans
4. Ex. Surat, Goa, Pondicherry, Mumbai, Madras, Calcutta

Classification of Towns on the basis of Population Size
1.Urban centre with population of more than one lakh is called a city or Class I town
2.Cities accommodating population size between one to five million are called metropolitan cities.
3.More than five million are mega cities

Urban agglomeration-
(i) a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths,
(ii) two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths, and
(iii) a city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths together forming a contiguous spread.

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
1. Administrative towns: All capitals of states with national capital
2. Industrial towns: Mumbai. Salem, Coimbatore Modinagar, Jamshedpur
3. Transport towns: They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import activities Kandla,Cochin, vizag or hubs of inland transport, such as Agra, Dhulia, Mughalsarai, Itarsi, Katni, etc.
4. Commercial towns: Satna, Kolkata
5. Mining towns: Digboi, Ranigunj, Jharia
6. Garrison cantonment towns: Ambala, Mhow. Jalandhar
7. Educational towns: Pilani, Aligarh, Varanasi
8. Religious cultural towns: Amritsar, Varanasi, Tirupati
9. Tourist towns: Shimla, Mussori, Nainital

Question. The type of settlements found in the lower valleys of the Himalayas are
a. Semi-clustered
b. Hamleted
c. Dispersed
d. Clustered
Answer. b

Question. Which among the following is not an ancient city?
a. Varanasi
b. Harappa
c. Pataliputra
d. Madurai
Answer. b

Question. Match the following
1. Mining town             A. Coimbatore
2. Industrial town         B. Ambala
3. Garrison town          C. Digboi
4. Educational town      D. Varanasi
a. 1A,2C,3D,4B
b. 1C,2A,3B,4D
c. 1B,2C,3A,4D
d. 1C,2B,3D,4A
Answer. b

Question. The clustered rural settlement is
a. Closely built up houses
b. Sparsely built up houses
c. Scattered houses
d. Infinite built up houses
Answer. a

Question. Cities having more than 5 million population are known as
a. Metropolitan city
b. Mega city
c. Class I city
d. Million city
Answer. b

Question. A town containing military base is known as
a. Defence town
b. Military town
c. Garrison town
d. Fort town
Answer. c

Question. Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Gurugram are the examples of-
a. Port towns
b. Garrison towns
c. Satellite towns
d. Transport towns
Answer. c

Question. Nainital, Mussoorie, Shimla are
a. Transport town
b. Recreational town
c. Tourist town
d. Holiday town
Answer. c

Question. Which of these is not a medieval town?
a. Delhi
b. Hyderabad
c. Jaipur
d. Madurai
Answer. d

Question. Nagaland is a state in India having nucleated settlement. Identify the reason behind the same
a. Tribal tradition
b. Security reason
c. Scarcity of water
d. Caste
Answer. b

Question. In which one of the following environments does NOT one expect the presence of dispersed rural settlements-?
a. Alluvial plain of Ganga
b. Forest area of India
c. Desert area of Rajasthan
d. Hilly area of North –East
Answer. a

Question. How many metropolitan cities are there in India?
a. 468
b. 53
c. 60
d. 4
Answer. b

Question. Which of the following is NOT matched correctly?
a. City - 1 Lakh and more
b. Metropolitan city- 10 Lakh to 50 Lakh
c. Urban agglomeration - 55 to 60 Lakh
d. Mega city - More than 50 Lakh
Answer. c

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer:
I. Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of social relationship, attitude and outlook.
II. Rural people are less mobile and social relations among them are intimate whereas way of life is complex and, social relations are formal in urban areas.
a. Only I is correct.
b. Only II is correct
c. Both the statements are incorrect
d. Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement
Answer. d

Question. Assertion(A):There are number of towns in India having historical background spanning over 2000 years
Reason(R):These towns have been developed by Britishers and Europeans.
a. Only Assertion is correct.
b. Only Reason is correct.
c. Both Assertion and Reason is correct and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
d. Both Assertion and Reason correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Answer. a

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer:
I. The clustered rural settlements are fragmented into several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name.
II. These units are locally called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani, etc. in various parts of the country.
a. Only I is correct.
b. Only II is correct
c. Both the statements are incorrect
d. Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement
Answer. c

Question. Which class of urban centres has the lowest urban population?
a. Class V
b. Class I
c. Class VI
d. Class III
Answer. c

Question. What is the population size of a Class I Town?
a. 1 lakh and more
b. More than 5 million
c. 1 to 5 million
d. 10 lakhs and more
Answer. a

Question. What is the population size of the second class of cities?
a. 50 000 to 99 9999
b. 20,000-49,9999
c. 1,00,000 -10,00,000
d. 10,000-19,999
Answer. a

Question. Which among the following is not a megacity in India
a. Bengaluru
b. Hyderabad
c. Chennai
d. Kochi
Answer. d

Question. The number of towns in India is:
a. 4161
b. 5161
c. 6161
d. 7161
Answer. b

Question. Which one of the following is NOT part of the definition of a town as per the census of India?
a. Population density of 400 persons per sq km.
b. Presence of municipality, corporation, etc.
c. More than 75% of the population engaged in the primary sector
d. Population size of more than 5,000 persons
Answer. c

Question. Urbanization is expressed in terms of
a. Absolute number
b. Ratio
c. percentage
d. none of above
Answer. c

Settlements vary in size and type. They range from a hamlet to metropolitan cities. With size, the economic character and social structure of settlements changes and so do its ecology and technology. Settlements could be small and sparsely spaced; they may also be large and closely spaced. The sparsely located small settlements are called villages, specialising in agriculture or other primary activities. On the other hand, there are fewer but larger settlements which are termed as urban settlements specialising in secondary and tertiary activities. The basic differences between rural and urban settlements are as follows:
• The rural settlements derive their life support or basic economic needs from land based primary economic activities, whereas, urban settlements, depend on processing of raw materials and manufacturing of finished goods on the one hand and a variety of services on the other.
• Cities act as nodes of economic growth, provide goods and services not only to urban dwellers but also to the people of the rural settlements in their hinterlands in return for food and raw materials. This functional relationship between the urban and rural settlements takes place through transport and communication network.
• Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of social relationship, attitude and outlook. Rural people are less mobile and therefore, social relations among them are intimate. In urban areas, on the other hand, way of life is complex and fast, and social relations are formal

Question. Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of:
a. economic activities
b. differ in terms of social relationships
c. attitude and outlook
d. all of these
Answer. d

Question. The sparsely located small settlements are called ………….., specializing in agriculture or other primary activities.
a. towns
b. cities
c. villages
d. None of these.
Answer. c

Question. Rural people are …………… relationship among them are ………..
a. less mobile, intimate
b. more mobile, less intimate
c. less active, intimate
d. more active, less intimate
Answer. a

Question. Which of these statements is not true?
a. Villages are rural settlements that specialize in primary activities such as forestry, farming, fishing, diary, etc.
b. Rural settlements are centers of manufacturing finished goods
c. Cities provide goods and services to both urban dwellers and rural population living nearby
d. Urban settlements are based on tertiary activities.
Answer. b

Census of India classifies urban centres into six classes. Urban centre with population of more than one lakh is called a city or class I town. Cities accommodating population size between one to five million are called metropolitan cities and more than five million are mega cities. Majority of metropolitan and mega cities are urban agglomerations. An urban agglomeration may consist of any one of the following three combinations: (i) a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths, (ii) two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths, and (iii) a city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths together forming a contiguous spread. It is evident from Table 4.2 that more than 60 per cent of urban population in India lives in Class I towns. Out of 468 cities, 53 cities/ urban agglomerations are metropolitan cities. Six of them are mega cities with population over five million each. More than one-fifth (21.0%) of urban population lives in these mega cities. Among them, Greater Mumbai is the largest agglomeration with 18.4 million people. Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru and Hyderabad are other mega cities in the country.

Question. Urban centres with population of more than 1 lakh is called ……………….
a. class I town
b. Class III Town
c. Class IV town
d. Class V Town
Answer. a

Question. Cities having population size between 1 to 5 million are called ……………………….
a. Mega cities
b. Class V towns
c. metropolitan cities
d. Class VI towns
Answer. c

Question. Out of 468 cities, how many are metropolitan cities?
a. 43
b. 53
c. 58
d. 62
Answer. b

Question. What percentage of urban population lives in mega cities?
a. 10 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 21 percent
d. 30 percent
Answer. c 

Question. Which of the following factors are not responsible for the different kind of rural settlements found in India?
a. Nature of terrain
b. Availability of water
c. Defiance against thefts and robberies
d. Planning structure
Answer. d

Question. Sometimes settlement is fragmented to several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name. Such kind of settlements is known as
a. Isolated settlements
b. Clustered settlements
c. Hamleted settlements
d. Semi-clustered settlements
Answer. c

Question. Which of the following possess a good example of Fort town?
a.Delhi
b.Jaipur
c. Agra
d. All of the above
Answer. d

Question. Which of the following urban agglomerations is the largest agglomeration?
a. Greater Mumbai
b. Delhi
c. Chennai
d. Bengaluru
Answer. a

Question. Which of the following features is not associated with urban areas?
a. Cities act as nodes of economic growth
b. Social relations are formal
c. Urban people are less mobile
d. Urban settlements depend on processing of raw materials, manufacturing of finished goods and a variety of services
Answer. c

Question. Distinguish between rural and urban settlements.
Answer. Rural Settlement:
● Primary activities are main occupation in these settlements and 75% population isengaged in primary occupation
● Population size is low in these settlements
● Rural people are less dynamic and social relations are intimate.
Urban Settlement
● Non agriculture work is the main occupation in these settlements and 75%
● Population is engaged in these activities.
● Population size is large in these settlements
● Urban people are dynamic and their social relations are formal and complex.

Question. Write three differences between clustered and dispersed settlements of India.
Answer. Clustered
(i) These settlements are found in fertile plains
(ii) Streets are not well drained
(iii)Houses are close to each other and their size is small.
Dispersed
(i) These settlements are found in hilly regions or desert areas
(ii) Settlements are neat and clean with drainage arrangements
(iii)Houses are big and are located at gaps

Question. Write the factors which affect the types of settlements in India.
Answer. (i) Physical feature-
A- Nature of land-Relief
B- Altitude
C- Climate and water supply.
(ii) Cultural and human factors-
A- Caste
B- Religion.
(iii)Security factors
A- Political disturbances
B- War.

Question. Name those towns which have become mega cities
Answer. The following towns have become Mega Cities : Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad.

Question. What are garrison towns? What is their function?
Answer. Garrison towns are those towns which are established for security functions during the British rule. Their main function is related to defense. For example, Ambala, Jalandhar, Babina, etc.

Question. Define human settlements.
Answer. Human settlement means clusters of dwelling of any type or size where human beings live.It refers to an organised colony of human beings together with buildings in which they live or use and the paths and streets over which they travel.

Question. Name the towns that have developed in India after independence?
Answer. Modern towns have developed in India after independence. The British and other Europeans have developed a number of towns in India. They first developed some trading ports such as Surat, Daman, Goa.

Question. What factors are responsible for different types of human settlements?
Answer. There are various factors and conditions responsible for having different types of rural settlements in India. These include:
● Physical features – nature of terrain, altitude, climate and availability of water
● Cultural and ethnic factors – social structure, caste and religion
● Security factors – defence against thefts and robberies

Question. Discuss the features of different types of rural settlements with examples.
The Different types of rural settlements are:
Answer. 1. Clustered Settlements-It is a compact or closely built up area of houses. Such
Settlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in the north-eastern states. ex-Gangetic plains of U.P.
2. Semi-Clustered Settlements-In such settlements, the land-owning and dominant
community occupies the central part of the main village,whereas people of lower strata of society and manual workers settle on the outer flanks of the village. ex-Gujarat andRajasthan plains.
3. Hamleted Settlements-When Settlement is fragmented into several units bearing a common name. These units are locally called' Panna, Para, Palli, Nagla, Dhani etc.ex-Chhattisgarh and lower valleys of the Himalayas.
4. Dispersed Settlements-Such settlements appear in the form of isolated huts or hamletsof few huts in remote jungles or on small hills with farms or pasture on the slopes.ex-Meghalaya,Uttarakhand,Himachal Pradesh.

Question. Describe functional classification of town.
Answer. Functional Classification of Towns
On the basis of dominant or specialised functions, Indian cities and towns can be broadly classified as follows:
● Administrative towns and cities-Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order are administrative towns, such as Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong, Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar,Jaipur Chennai, etc.
● Industrial towns- Industries constitute prime motive force of these cities such as Mumbai,Salem, Coimbatore,Modinagar, Jamshedpur, Hugli, Bhilai, etc.
● Transport Cities-They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import activities such as Kandla, Kochi,Kozhikode, Vishakhapatnam, etc. or hubs of transport such as Agra, Dhulia, Mughal Sarai, Itarsi, Katni,etc.
● Commercial towns-Towns and cities specialising in trade and commerce are kept in this class. Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc. are some examples.
● Mining towns- These towns have developed in mineral rich areas such as Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi, Ankaleshwar, Singrauli, etc.
● Garrisson Cantonment towns- These towns emerged as garrisson towns such as Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Babina, Udhampur, etc.
● Educational towns- Starting as centres of education, some of the towns have grown into major campus towns such as Roorki, Varanasi, Aligarh, Pilani, Allahabad etc.
● Religious and cultural towns- Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, Madurai, Puri, Ajmer, Pushkar,Tirupati, Kurukshetra,Haridwar, Ujjain came to prominence due to their religious/cultural Significance.

Question. Discuss the classification of Indian towns on the basis of their evolution in different periods. Also give their features.
Answer. The classification of Indian towns on the basis of their evolution in different periods are as follows :
a. Ancient Towns:
i. The number of towns in India have a historical background spanning over 2000 years. Most of them have developed as religious or cultural centres.
ii. One of the important towns among the ancient towns is Varanasi.
iii. Examples of ancient towns: Prayag (Allahabad) Pataliputra (Patna), Madurai.
b. Medieval Towns:
i. In the medieval period there are about 100 existing towns.
ii. Most of them are headquarters of kingdoms and principalities. These are fort towns which came up on the ruins of ancient towns.
c. Modern Towns:
i. In India, European and British and European developed Modern Towns.
ii. Starting their foothold on coastal locations they first developed some trading ports such as Surat, Daman and Diu, Goa, Pondicherry, etc.
iii. Then the British consolidated their hold around three principal modern towns Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai (Madras) and Kolkata (Calcutta) and built them in British style.
iv. Rapidly extending their domination either directly or through control over the princely states they established their administrative centres, hill towns as summer resorts and added administrative, new civil and military areas to them.
v. Towns based on modern industries also evolved after 1850. Example: Jamshedpur.

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Question 1. What are the two main types of Settlements?
Answer: Urban and rural.
In simple words: Settlements are broadly classified into two categories based on their lifestyle and economic activities: rural and urban.

Exam Tip: Remember the two primary divisions of human habitation for geography questions.

Question 2. Name three factors on the basis of which the villages are separated from towns.
Answer: Size of population, economic basis, and administrative basis.
In simple words: Villages and towns differ mainly in how many people live there, what jobs people do, and how they are governed.

Exam Tip: Mention population size, economic function, and administration to secure full marks.

Question 3. Which was the first million city in the world?
Answer: London.
In simple words: London was the first city globally to reach a population of one million around the year 1810.

Exam Tip: London is a classic one-word factual answer for early urbanization milestones.

Question 4. Which are the two groups of rural settlements?
Answer: Compact and dispersed.
In simple words: Rural settlements are either grouped closely together (compact) or spread out over large areas (dispersed).

Exam Tip: Compact (nucleated) and dispersed (isolated) are standard geographical terms.

Question 5. Name the country with 100% urban population.
Answer: Singapore.
In simple words: Singapore is a city-state where the entire population lives in urban settings.

Exam Tip: Singapore is the primary example of a 100 percent urbanized nation.

Question 6. What are slums?
Answer: Unhygienic and illegal settlements.
In simple words: Slums are overcrowded urban areas characterized by substandard housing and poverty.

Question 7. Mention the name of two planned towns of the world?
Answer: Addis Ababa and Canberra.
In simple words: Planned towns are intentionally designed from scratch before being built, such as the capitals of Ethiopia and Australia.

Exam Tip: Other examples include Chandigarh or Washington D.C., but Addis Ababa and Canberra match standard curriculum expectations.

Question 8. What % of the urban population is found in developing countries?
Answer: 40%.
In simple words: Forty percent of the developing world's population lives in urban areas.

Exam Tip: Memorize this demographic percentage for objective questions.

Question 9. What are the problems of rural settlement in developing countries?
Answer: (1) Poorly equipped with infrastructure
(2) Inadequate water supply
(3) General absence of toilets and garbage disposal facilities
(4) The house made up of mud, wood and thatch remains susceptible to damage during natural calamities
(5) Lack of proper ventilation
(6) Unmetalled roads and lack of modern communication network
(7) Lack of health, education and recreational infrastructure
In simple words: Rural areas in developing nations suffer from poor basic amenities, weak housing, and inadequate transport.

Exam Tip: List at least 4 to 5 points clearly with headings or numbers for full marks.

Question 10. Differentiate between Compact and dispersed Settlement.
Answer: Compact Settlements:
1. They are mainly found in fertile plains and river valleys.
2. Houses are built in close vicinity to each other and have lesser living space.
3. The main occupation is agriculture. The size of fields is small.
4. Streets are dirty due to lack of proper drainage.

Dispersed Settlements:
1. Scattered settlements are mainly found in hills, plateaus, highlands, etc.
2. Houses are isolated and scattered over the land. They provide more living space.
3. Animal grazing and lumbering are the main occupations.
4. These settlements are quite neat and clean.
In simple words: Compact settlements feature tightly clustered homes in flat agricultural plains, while dispersed settlements feature isolated homes scattered across rugged terrain.

Exam Tip: Use a comparative perspective covering location, housing density, and primary occupation.

Question 11. Classify urban settlements
Answer: (i) Population Size: The settlement in India with 5000 persons and 30,000 persons in Japan is considered as urban. In India, its density is an additional condition, which is 400 persons per sq. km.
(ii) Occupational Structure: In Italy, a settlement is called urban if more than 50% of the economically productive population are engaged in non-agricultural pursuits.
(iii) Administrative Decision: In Central American countries, Brazil, and Bolivia, even a small administrative centre is designated as an urban settlement.
In simple words: Urban areas are classified internationally using criteria like population size, job types, and government status.

Exam Tip: Clearly separate the three criteria: population, occupation, and administration.

Question 12. Write a note on Addis Ababa
Answer: Addis - New and Ababa - flower. This capital city of Ethiopia is often called the New flower. It was established in 1878. It is located on a hill valley topography. A new airport known as Bole airport has also been constructed. This multi-functional city is located in the centre of Ethiopia and has grown rapidly in the recent past.
In simple words: Addis Ababa, meaning 'New Flower', is Ethiopia's rapidly growing capital established in 1878 on hilly terrain.

Exam Tip: Mention its meaning, establishment year, location, and modern importance (airport).

Question 13. Explain any five factors which affect the location of rural settlements in the world.
Answer: - Water Supply
- Land
- Building Material
- Defence
- Planned Settlements
In simple words: People build rural settlements where water, fertile land, building supplies, and safety are readily available.

Exam Tip: Elaborate briefly on each of the five bullet points during exams.

Question 14. Name the five types of urban settlements based on the size and the services available
Answer: (1) Town - Manufacturing, retail and wholesale trade, professional services
(2) City - Transport terminals, major financial institutions, regional administrative offices
(3) Conurbation - Large area of urban development resulting from merging of towns or cities
(4) Megalopolis - Super metropolitan region extending as union of conurbations
(5) Million City - Population more than one million
In simple words: Urban centers range in scale from small towns to massive conurbations and megalopolises based on size and services.

Question 15. What is meant by urbanisation? Describe four problems associated with over urbanisation in the developing countries?
Answer: Urbanisation means the increase in the proportion of a country who live in urban areas.
- Congested housing and streets
- Lack of drinking water facilities
- Lack of infrastructure such as electricity, sewage disposal, health, and educational facilities
- Unsustainable concentration of population
In simple words: Urbanization is the growth of city populations, which in developing countries leads to severe congestion, water shortages, and inadequate infrastructure.

Question 16. What is a healthy city? Explain its basic features
Answer: World Health Organisation suggests that a healthy city must have:
- a clean and safe environment
- meets the basic needs of all its inhabitants
- involves the community in local government
- provides easily accessible health service
In simple words: A healthy city provides clean surroundings, basic needs, community participation, and good healthcare for all residents.

Exam Tip: Attribute the definition directly to the WHO guidelines.

Question 17. Classify rural settlements on the basis of forms or shapes
Answer: (1) Linear pattern
(2) Rectangular pattern
(3) Circular pattern
(4) Star like pattern
(5) Cross shaped pattern
In simple words: Rural settlements take different geometric shapes like lines, rectangles, or circles depending on geography and roads.

Exam Tip: List the standard morphological patterns clearly.

Question 18. Describe five types of towns on the basis of their functions. Also give an example of each type of town from different parts of the world
Answer: - Administrative Towns - eg: New Delhi
- Cultural Town - Jerusalem
- Health and recreation - Miami
- Industrial town - Pittsburg
- Transport town - Singapore
- Commercial town - Frankfurt
In simple words: Towns are categorized by their primary economic or administrative function, such as capitals, religious centers, or industrial hubs.

Question 19. Discuss the various criteria on which the rural settlements may be classified
Answer: Rural settlements may be classified on the basis of a number of criteria:
(a) On the basis of setting:
- Plain villages
- Plateau villages
- Coastal villages
- Forest villages
- Desert villages
(b) On the basis of functions:
- farming villages
- fishermen's villages
- lumberjack villages
- pastoral villages
(c) On the basis of forms or shapes of the settlements:
- linear
- rectangular
- circular
- star like
- T shaped
- double village
- cross-shaped village
In simple words: Rural settlements are classified based on their geographical setting, primary economic function, and physical shape.

Exam Tip: Structure your answer clearly under the three subheadings: setting, functions, and shapes.

Question 20. Explain the priorities outlined by the UNDP as a part of its urban strategy.
Answer: UNDP has outlined these priorities as part of its urban strategy:
- Increasing shelter for the urban poor
- Provision of basic urban services such as education, primary healthcare, clean water, and sanitation
- Improving women's access to basic services and government facilities
- Upgrading energy use and alternative transport systems
- Reducing air pollution
In simple words: The UNDP focuses on housing the poor, providing basic services, empowering women, improving green energy, and reducing pollution in cities.

Exam Tip: Mention shelter, basic services, women's access, energy, and pollution reduction.

Question 21. Distinguish between Rural settlements and Urban settlements.
Answer: Rural Settlement:
(1) People are engaged in primary activities.
(2) Village panchayat.
(3) Small population.
(4) Simple mode of living.
(5) Pollution free/Eco friendly.

Urban Settlement:
(1) People are engaged in secondary activities and services.
(2) Municipality corporation and cantt.
(3) Large population with high densities.
(4) Advance mode.
(5) Pollution due to transport and industries.
In simple words: Rural areas feature primary occupations and quiet lifestyles, while urban areas feature secondary/tertiary jobs, high density, and modern infrastructure.

Exam Tip: Use a tabular format or clear points comparing economic activity, governance, population, and environment.

Question 22. What are three criteria in India to consider a settlement as an urban settlement.
Answer: (1) Minimum population of 5000 with the density 400 person / sq.km.
(2) 75% of the population should be engaged in secondary activities and services.
(3) Places should have municipality, corporation or cantonment board.
In simple words: In India, a place is urban if it has over 5,000 people (400 density), 75% non-agricultural workers, and urban local governance.

Exam Tip: Memorize these exact demographic and administrative thresholds for India.

Question 23. See the following data of continent-wise distribution of Million Cities and answer the questions that follow:

(i) Name the continent which has maximum Million Cities and why?
Answer: Asia has the maximum Million Cities (206), because it is the largest continent. Many countries come under it and it is also one of the most populous.
In simple words: Asia has the most million-plus cities due to its huge population and large land area.

Exam Tip: Reference both population size and geographic scale when explaining Asian urbanization.

(ii) Which continent has the minimum Million Cities and state one reason for that?
Answer: Australia has the minimum Million Cities because Australia itself is a country and has very low population.
In simple words: Australia has the fewest million cities because of its smaller overall population.

Exam Tip: Keep the reason concise and tied to total population size.

(iii) Name the continent which initially (between 1950 to 2000), had maximum growth of the Million Cities.
Answer: Asia has the maximum growth of Million Cities between 1950 to 2000.
In simple words: Asia experienced the fastest increase in million-plus cities between 1950 and 2000.

Exam Tip: Read table values across columns to verify growth rates.

Question 24. See the following data carefully and answer the questions that follow

Table: Mega Cities of the world

(i) Name the major countries which have the maximum mega cities. State on reason also.
Answer: China and India have the maximum mega cities as both these countries are the most popular (populous) of the world.
In simple words: China and India have the most mega cities because they are the world's most populous nations.

Exam Tip: Connect high overall national population directly to the presence of multiple megacities.

(ii) How many mega cities are from the African continent?
Answer: Lagos (Nigeria) and Cairo (Egypt) are the two major cities.
In simple words: There are 2 megacities listed from Africa: Cairo and Lagos.

Exam Tip: Scan the table specifically for African countries (Egypt, Nigeria).

(iii) Name the mega city which has the maximum population (in million)
Answer: Tokyo (Japan) has the maximum population (34.2 million among the mega cities).
In simple words: Tokyo is the largest megacity in the world with 34.2 million people.

Exam Tip: Tokyo consistently ranks as the world's most populous urban agglomeration.