CBSE Class 12 Geography Primary Activities Assignment Set 01

Hunting and gathering
1. Depend on their immediate environment
2. Depend on animals they hunted and edible plants which they gathered
3. Primitive societies depend on hunting and gathering, fishing.
4. Oldest occupation, practiced in harsh climatic conditions
5. Depend on animals, for food, shelter, clothing
6. Small capital, low level of technology.
7. Practiced in High latitude areas such as Eurasia, Southern Chile. Low latitude such as Amazon, Congo, S.E. Asian countries
8. In modern market some gathering is done such as leaves, bark nuts, fabric rubber, balata, gums and resins.

Pastoralism
Nomadic Herding: herders depend on animals for food, transport, and shelter and clothing.
- Keep on moving from one place to another along with their animals.
- Each nomadic community Occupies a well identified territory.
- Variety of animals are kept indifferent regions
- Sahara and Asiatic deserts: sheep, goat, and camel
- Tibet: yak, Andes: llamas, arctic region: Reindeer

Regions:
1. Core regions extending from Atlantic coast of N Africa through Arabian Peninsula to central China
2. Second region extends in Tundra region of Eurasia
3. Third region is found in S.W Africa and Madagascar transhumance: seasonal movement of people along with their herds to mountains in summer and to plains in winter. Ex. Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotias in Himalayas

The number of pastoral nomads is decreasing due to:
1. Imposition of political boundaries
2. New settlement plans by different countries

Commercial livestock rearing:
1. It is more organized
2. Capital intensive
3. Practised in permanent ranches
4. Larger areas and divided in to parcels
5. Animals are moved from one parcel to another
6. Number of animals are kept based on capacity of the pasture
7. Animals are sheep, cattle, goats and horses and products are meat, wool, hides and skin
8. Practiced in New Zealand, Australia Argentina Uruguay and USA.

Agriculture
Types of agriculture
Subsistence agriculture
(a) Primitive subsistence agriculture
(b) Intensive subsistence agriculture

Primitive subsistence agriculture:
1. Also called shifting cultivation/ slash and burn agriculture
2. Practiced by tribes in topics
3. Land holdings are small
4. Do not use fertilizers
5. Change the land frequently
6. After 5 years they come back again.
7. It is called Jhuming in N.E. India, Milpa in South America, Ladang in Malaysia

Intensive subsistence agriculture:
1. Found in densely populated areas
2. There are two types -

A. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation:
(a) Dominated by rice crop,
(b) Land holdings are very small
(c) Family labour is used
(d) Less use of machine
(e) Manual labour is used
(f) Farm yard manure is used
(g) Yield per unit is high but per labour is low

B. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated crops other than paddy
(a) Depends on climate, soil, relief other crops are cultivated.
(b) Mainly practiced in SE Asia.
(c) Wheat, barley, soya bean, sorghum is cultivated
(d) In India wheat is grown in western parts of Ganga plain
(e) Millets are grown in western parts of south India
(f) Irrigation is used

Plantation agriculture:
1. Introduced by Europeans
2. Found in tropics
3. Important crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane, banana, &pine apples
4. Large estates, capital, managerial, technical support
5. Scientific methods of cultivation
6. Single crop specialization,
7. Cheap labour
8. Good system of transport
9. Export oriented
10. (a)The French established cocoa and coffee in west Africa
(b)The British setup tea gardens in India and Sri Lanka Rubber plantation in Malaysia, sugarcane and banana in west indies
(c) Spanish and Americans introduced coconut and sugarcane in Philippines
(d) Dutch started sugarcane in Indonesia
(e) Fazandas are large coffee plantations managed by British in Brazil

Extensive commercial grain cultivation
1. Practiced in semi- arid lands of mid latitudes
2. Wheat is the main crop
3. Corn, barley oats and rye are grown
4. Large land holdings
5. Machines are used
6. Low yield per acre but high yield per person
7. Practiced in prairies, pampas, velds, down, Canterbury plains.

Dairy farming:
1. Most advanced and efficient type of animal rearing
2. Highly capital intensive
3. Animal shed, storage facilities, mulching machines are used
4. Special emphasis is laid on breeding health care
5. Highly labour intensive
6. No off season
7. Practiced nearby urban areas and industries
8. Development of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurization has increased the marketing

Mediterranean agriculture:
1. Highly specialized commercial agriculture
2. Practiced in the countries around Mediterranean Sea also central Chile, SW Africa, SW Australia& California
3. It is an important supplier of citrus fruits
4. Viticulture is specialized in this region
5. Best quality wine is produced from grapes
6. Low quality grapes are used for raisins, and currants
7. Olives and figs are also grown
8. Fruits and vegetable are grown in winter which are great demand in Europe

Market gardening and horticulture:
1. Vegetable, fruits and flowers are grown
2. Small farms, located nearby urban areas
3. Good transportation is required
4. Labor and capital intensive
5. Use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilizers & pesticides are used
6. Green houses and artificial heating is used in cold regions
7. Practiced in NW Europe, NE USA & Mediterranean regions
8. Netherlands is famous in growing tulips flower
9. The regions where vegetable is grown is called Truck Farming

Factory farming:
1. Factory farming is also practiced in NW Europe
2. It consists of poultry farming livestock rearing
3. They are fed on factory feedstuff and carefully supervised against diseases
4. Heavy capital investments
5. Veterinary services, heating and lightning is provided
6. Breed selection and scientific breeding is important feature

Cooperative farming:
1. A group of farmers form a society
2. Pool their resources to get more profit
3. Individual farms remain intact
4. Farming is a matter of cooperative initiative
5. Societies help farmers in getting agriculture inputs
6. Sell the products at the most favourable terms
7. Help in processing products at cheaper rates
8. Practiced in Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden & Italy

Collective farming:
1. Social owner ship for means of production and labour
2. It is also called as Kolkhoz
3. It was introduced in erstwhile USSR
4. Farmers pool their resources like land livestock labour
5. A small land is allowed to retain of their own to grow their own crops
6. Yearly targets are fixed by the government
7. Government fixes the product rates
8. Excess produce is distributed among the farmers
9. The farmers are to pay taxes for their own land
10. Members are paid according to their nature of the work
11. Exceptional work is rewarded by the government

Mining:
1. There are stages of minerals copper age, bronze age, iron age
2. Actual development is started with the industrialization
Factors affection mining activity:
1. Physical factors - size, grade, and mode of occurrence of mineral
2. Economic factors - demand for mineral, technology available, capital, labour, and transportation

Methods of mining:
1. Depend on mode of occurrence of mineral there are two types of mining
A. Surface /opencast mining
1. Easiest, and cheapest mining
2. Occur close to the surface
3. Low safety precautions
4. Large and quick output
B. Underground/shaft mining
1. Vertical shafts to be sunk
2. Minerals are extracted and sent to surface
3. It requires specialized drills, lifts, haulage vehicles, ventilation systems
4. This method is risky poisonous gases, fires, floods and caving leads to accidents
5. It requires large investment
6. Developed countries are showing less interest but developing countries are more interest due to large labour availability

Question. Human activities which generate income are known as -
a) Economic activities
b) Social service
c) Non – economic activities
d) All of the above
Answer. a

Question. People engaged in primary activities are called -
a) White collar worker
b) Red collar worker
c) Pink collar worker
d) Brown collar worker
Answer. b

Question. Which activities are directly depended on environment?
a) Primary activities
b) Secondary activities
c) Tertiary activities
d) Quaternary activities
Answer. a

Question. Which is the oldest economic activity ?
a) Hunting
b) Gathering
c) Trade
d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer. d

Question. Chicle is made from the milky juice of
a) Sugarcane
b) Cocoa
c) Zapota
d) None
Answer. c

Question. Which activity is known as domestication of animals?
a) Agriculture
b) Hunting
c) Pastoralism
d) Nomadism
Answer. c

Question. What causes the decline in the number of pastoral nomads?
a) Imposition of political boundaries
b) Settlement plans
c) Harsh climatic conditions
d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer. d

Question. Which type of pastoralism is more organised and capital intensive?
a) Pastoral nomadism
b) Commercial Livestock Rearing
c) Nomadism
d) Dairy farming
Answer. b

Question. Match the columns A,B and C

Transhumance- Seasonal migration of people with animals - Gujjars, Bakarwals and gaddis Commercial Livestock farming – USA, New zealand, Australia, Argentina - Only one type of animal reared Cattle, Sheep,goats,camels- Nomadic herding -Sahara,Andes, Mongolia, Central China

Question. In which activity only one type of animal is reared?
a) Pastoral nomadism
b) Commercial Livestock Rearing
c) Mixed farming
d) Dairy farming
Answer. b

Question. Transhumance takes place in which activity?
a) Hunting
b) Gathering
c) Pastoralism
d. Plantation
Answer. c

Question. Which type of agriculture is marked by the use of primitive tools also known as shifting cultivation?
a) Intensive subsistence agriculture
b) Commercial grain farming
c) Primitive subsistence agriculture
d) Hunting
Answer. c

Question. In which of the following regions extensive commercial grain cultivation is not practiced?
a) American and Canadian praires
b) Pampas of Argentina
c) European steppes
d) Amazon basin
Answer. d

Question. Which one of the following doesn’t follow monoculture?
a) Dairy farming
b) Plantation agriculture
c) Mixed farming
d) Commercial grain farming
Answer. c

Question. Match the following
Europeans                           Crops introduced in colonies
A. French                               1. Tea garden in India
B. Spanish and Americans     2. Sugarcane in Indonesia
C. British                                3. Coffee and cocoa in West Africa
D. Dutch                                4. Coconut and Sugarcane in Philippines
    A B C D
a. 4 1 3 2
b. 2 3 1 4
c. 4 3 2 1
d. 3 4 1 2
Answer. d

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer
1. Commercial grain cultivation is practised in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid-latitudes.
2. There is high yield per acre but low yield per person.
Options
a) Only 1 is correct.
b) Only 2 is correct
c) Both the statements are incorrect
d) Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement
Answer. a

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer
1. Dairy farming is highly capital intensive.
2. Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines add to the cost of dairy farming.Options
a) Only 1 is correct.
b) Only 2 is correct
c) Both the statements are incorrect
d) Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement
Answer. d

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer
1. Market gardening and horticulture is practiced near urban areas
2. High income group of consumers are located in urban areas.
Options
a) Only 1 is correct.
b) Only 2 is correct
c) Both the statements are incorrect
d) Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement
Answer. d

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer
1. The regions where farmers specialise in vegetables only, the farming is known as truck farming.
2. The distance of truck farms from the market is governed by the distance that a truck can cover overnight, hence the name truck farming.
Options
a) Only 1 is correct.
b) Only 2 is correct
c) Both the statements are incorrect
d) Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement
Answer. d

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer
1. Collective farming or the model of Kolkhoz was introduced in erstwhile Soviet Union
2. To improve upon the inefficiency of the previous methods of agriculture and to boost agricultural production for self-sufficiency.
Options
a) Only 1 is correct.
b) Only 2 is correct
c) Both the statements are incorrect
d) Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement
Answer. d

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer
1. The surface mining also known as open-cast mining is the easiest and the cheapest way of mining minerals that occur close to the surface.
2. Surface mining is risky.
Options
a) Only 1 is correct.
b) Only 2 is correct
c) Both the statements are incorrect
d) Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement
Answer. a

Question. Match the following -
Areas of extensive commercial           Continent
grain farming     
A. Downs                                        1. Eurasia
B. Prairies                                       2. Australia
C. Pampas                                      3. Africa
D. Velds                                         4. South America
E. Steppes                                     5. North America
    A B C D E
a. 4 1 3 2 5
b. 2 5 4 3 1
c. 5 3 2 1 4
d. 1 2 4 5 3
Answer. b

Depending on the mode of occurrence and the nature of the ore, mining is of two types: surface and underground mining. The surface mining is the easiest and the cheapest way of mining as minerals that occur close to the surface. Overhead costs such as safety precautions and equipment is relatively low in this method. When the ore lies deep below the surface, underground mining method has to be used. In this method, vertical shafts have to be sunk, from where underground galleries radiate to reach the minerals. Minerals are extracted and transported to the surface through these passages. It requires specially designed lifts, drills, haulage vehicles, ventilation system for safety and efficient movement of people and material. This method is risky.

Question. Which type of mining is also known as open-cast mining?
a) Underground mining
b) Shaft mining
c) Surface mining
d) Sea bed mining
Answer. c

Question. In which type of mining the output is large and rapid?
a) Underground mining
b) Opencast mining
c) Shaft mining
d) None of the above
Answer. b

Question. What type of accidents can occur in underground mining?
a) Poisonous gases
b) fires
c) floods
d) All of the above
Answer. d

Question. Why developed countries are retreating from mining?
a) Large labour force
b) Striving for higher standard of living
c) High labour costs
d) Fatal accidents
Answer. c

Map based questions

Question. Identify and name the areas of subsistence gathering marked as A and B

Answer. Areas of subsistence gathering
A. Amazon Basin
B. Tropical Africa

Question. Identify and name the areas of nomadic herding marked as A, B and C

Answer. Areas of nomadic herding
A. South – West Africa
B. Tundra region of Eurasia
C. Islands of Madagascar

Question. Identify the areas of commercial Livestock Rearing marked as A and B

Answer. Areas of commercial Livestock Rearing
A. United States of America
B. Uruguay

Question. Identify and name the areas of extensive commercial grain farming marked as A and B

Answer. Areas of extensive commercial grain farming
A. Australian Downs
B. Canadian and American Prairies

Question. Identify and name the areas of mixed farming marked as A and B.

Answer. Areas of mixed farming
A. Eastern North America
B. Parts of Eurasia

Question. Explain any five characteristics of extensive commercial grain cultivation practised in the world
Answer. The main characteristics of extensive commercial grain cultivation are as follows:
- It is more organized
- Capital intensive
- Practised in permanent ranches
- Larger areas and divided in to parcels
- Animals are moved from one parcel to another
- Number of animals are kept based on capacity of the pasture
- Animals are sheep, cattle, goats and horses and products are meat, wool, hides and skin
- Practiced in New Zealand, Australia Argentina Uruguay and USA.

Question. Classify intensive subsistence agriculture into two categories practised in the world. How are they different from each other? Explain
Answer. Classification of intensive subsistence agriculture :-
A. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation.
B. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy.

Question. Explain any three features of underground mining methods in different countries of the world
Answer. The three features of underground mining methods in different countries of the world.
a. Vertical shafts to be sunk
b. Minerals are extracted and sent to surface
c. It requires specialized drills, lifts, haulage vehicles, ventilation systems
d. This method is risky poisonous gases, fires, floods and caving leads to accidents
e. It requires large investment

Question. "Dairy farming is the most advanced and efficient type of rearing of milch animals in the world." Analyse the statement with examples
Answer. It is true that dairy farming is the most advanced and efficient type of rearing of milch animals in the world. This is because it is highly capital as well as labour intensive. For example, animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines add to the cost of dairy farming. Special emphasis is laid on cattle breeding, healthcare and veterinary services.
It is labour intensive also due to the caring, feeding and milching processes involved. The developed means of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurisation and other preservation processes are used to increase the duration of storage ofvarious dairy products. Thus, due to these specialised operations, dairy farming is very advanced and efficient form of rearing activity.

Question. "There is low yield per acre but high yield per person in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid latitudes in the world." Support the statement with suitable examples.
Answer. The interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid latitudes in the world are the areas where extensive commercial grain cultivation takes place.
Here the size of farms is very large and population is in small number. That is why entire operations of cultivation right from ploughing to harvesting is mechanised. Therefore, yield per person is high as the number of people working in farms is less and lot of machines are used. However, the size of the farms are very large due to which per acre production or yield is low even though the total production is high. This type of agriculture is practised in Eurasian Steppes, Canadian and American Prairies, Pampas of Argentina, Velds of South Africa, Australian Downs and the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand. Wheat is the principal crop and other crops are corn, barley, oats and rye

Question. Describe any five characteristics of the economic activities of hunting and gathering practised in the world.
Answer. Characteristics of hunting and gathering practised in the world are as follows:
- Gathering and hunting are the well-known oldest economic activities.
- Gathering is practised in region with harsh climate conditions. It often involves primitive societies, which extract both plants and animals for food, shelter and clothing.
- People living in very cold and extremely hot climates, survive on hunting.
- The early man used stone, tools, twigs or arrows, so animals were hunted in limited numbers. Now due to excessive and illegal hunting (poaching), many species have become extinct or endangered.
- Gatherers collect valuable plants, leaves, bark of trees. Gatherers also collect medicinal trees. After simple processing, they sell the products in the markets.
- Gathering requires a small amount of capital investment and operates at a very low level of technology

Question. Explain any five features of nomadic herding in world
Answer. Nomadic herding is also called pastoral nomadism. It basically primitive subsistence activity, in which depend upon animals for food, clothing, tools and transport.
Characteristics of nomadic herding are as follows:
- They move from one place to other place with their livestock in search of quality pastures and water. Each nomadic community occupies a well identified territory as a matter of tradition.
- Different variety of animals are reared in different regions of the world e.g. in Tropical Africa, cattles are most important livestock; in the hilly areas of Tibet and Andes, Yak and Llamas and in Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas, Reindeer is the most important livestock.
- Movement in search of pastures is undertaken either over vast grassland or mountainous regions. Movement from plains to mountains in summer season and vice-versa is called transhumance.
- It is practised by tribes such as Gujjars, Bakkerwals and Gaddis in the mountain region of Himalayas where the move from plain to mountains in summers and from mountain to plains in winters.
- Now-a-days, number of pastoral nomads are declining and their areas are also reducing in size due to imposition of political boundaries and new settlement plans by different countries.

Question. Define the term commercial livestock rearing. Explain any four characteristics
Answer. Commerical livestock rearing is a specialised activity in which only one type of animal is reared for products such as meat, wool, hides, which are processed, packed and exported.
The five characteristics of commercial livestock rearing are as follows:
- It is more organized
- Capital intensive
- Practised in permanent ranches
- Larger areas and divided in to parcels
- Animals are moved from one parcel to another
- Number of animals are kept based on capacity of the pasture
- Animals are sheep, cattle, goats and horses and products are meat, wool, hides and skin
- Practiced in New Zealand, Australia Argentina Uruguay and USA.

Question. Define the term 'mixed farming'. Explain any four characteristics of mixed farming practised in the world
Answer. Mixed farming refers to the primary activity in which animal husbandry is practised along with crop cultivation. Important animals are cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry animals.
The characteristics of this type of activity are :
- High capital expenditure on constructing farms, buildings and buying various machineries for agriculture and animal husbandry.
- In this type of activity, chemical fertilisers and green manures are used on a large scale. Farmers require skills and expertise in this farming.
- Fodder crops are important components of mixed farming as they are used to feed animals.
- The farms in mixed farming are moderate in size.
- Inter-cropping and crop rotation are used here for growing crops such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize etc.
- This is practised in highly developed regions of the world. For example North Western Europe, Eastern North America, Eurasia and Temperate latitudes of Southern Continents.

Question. What is the importance of dairy farming? Why is it mainly practised near urban and industrial centers of the world? Explain two reasons
Answer. Dairy farming is most efficient and mordernised type of rearing milch animals.The milch animals such as cows and buffaloes are used to extract milk and produce dairy products.
It is because of the following reasons:
- It is capital intensive and it requires large investments.
- Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines are required in this type of farming. So, it is very efficient form of agriculture.
- Cattle breeding, healthcare and veterinary services are given more attention in this type of farming.
- It is highly labour intensive too as it requires extensive care in feeding and milching.
- Dairy products are stored by the processes of refrigeration, pasteurisation and other preservation processes. These processes are highly advanced and efficient.
- Reasons for its Concentration Near urban areas Dairy farming is mainly practised near urban and industrial centres because of following reasons:
- These regions provide ready markets for fresh milk and dairy products.
- High income groups reside in the urban areas which creates high demand for these products. Milk and dairy products are perishable goods and need to be transported soon. So, to reduce the time of transportation, the farms are located near urban centers

Question. Differentiate between co-operative farming and collective farming
Answer. 

Question.Discuss the important characteristic features of plantation agriculture. Name a few important plantation crops from different countries
Answer. Originally introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in the tropics, plantation agriculture is distinct from other kinds of agricultural practices because of it’s specific features.

The characteristic features of this type of farming are:
- Profit oriented large-scale production system
- Large estates and plantations
- Huge capital investment
- Totally market oriented
- Scientific method of cultivation
- Cheap and large skilled labour supply
- Monoculture
- It is a link between agriculture and industry.
- They are provided with well-developed transportation facilities where raw material provided by them is processes.
- Important Plantation Crops:
- The French established cocoa and coffee plantations in West Africa.
- The British set up
- Large tea gardens in India and Sri Lanka,
- Rubber plantations in Malaysia and
- Sugarcane and banana plantations in West Indies.
- Spanish and Americans invested heavily in coconut and sugarcane plantations in the Philippines.
- The Dutch once had monopoly over in sugarcane plantation in Indonesia.Some coffee fazendas (large plantations) in Brazil are still managed by Europeans.

Question. Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follows

1. Identify the picture and give suitable title to it.
2. Why do the products of these activities cannot compete in the world market?
3. Write any two characteristics of this activity.
4. List out the high latitude areas where it is practiced.
Answer. 1. Gathering
2. Synthetic products often of better quality and at lower prices, have replaced many items supplied by the gatherers in tropical forests.
3. This type of activity requires a small amount of capital investment and operates at very low level of technology. The yield per person is very low and little or no surplus is produced
4. Northern Canada, northern Eurasia and southern Chile

Question. Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follows

Answer. 1. Identify the picture and give suitable title to it.
2. What is transhumance?
3. Name the tribes of India who practice transhumance.
1. Pastoral nomadism
2. The process of migration from plain areas to pastures on mountains during summers and again from mountain pastures to plain areas during winters is known as transhumance.
3. Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotiyas

Question.

1. Identify and name the type of primary activity.
2. Reindeer are reared by which communities in Northern Alaska?
3. Mention the areas where this activity is practiced?
Answer. 1. Commercial livestock rearing
2. Eskimos
3. The northern regions of Alaska

Question. Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follows

Answer. 1. Name the type of agriculture in which the farming areas consume all or nearly so of the products locally grown.
2. Identify the type of agriculture in the given picture.
3. In which area in India it is practiced ?
4. What are the other names of this type of agriculture?
5. What is its impact on environment?
1. Subsistence agriculture
2. Primitive subsistence agriculture
3. North eastern states
4. Shifting cultivation or slash and burn agriculture
5. Deforestation and soil erosion

Question.

1. Identify and name the type of agriculture.
2. In which area of the world is it practiced.
3. Which is the dominant crop?
4. Name the type of agriculture which depends on irrigation.
Answer. 1. Intensive subsistence agriculture
2. Monsoon Asia
3. Rice
4. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy

Question.

1. Name the type of agriculture introduced by Europeans.
2. What are Fazendas?
3. Name a few important crops of this type of agriculture.
Answer. 1. Plantation agriculture
2. Coffee plantation in Brazil
3. Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Sugarcane

Question.

1. How will you define the type of farming shown in the picture?
2. Why is it practiced near urban and industrial centers?
3. What factors makes it a costly activity?
4. What all are given special emphasis in this activity?
Answer. 1. Dairy farming
2. High income consumers are located in such areas
3. Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines
4. Special emphasis is laid on cattle breeding, health care and veterinary services

Question.

1. Viticulture is the speciality of which type of agriculture?
2. What are the various uses of grapes in this region ?
3. What are the other important crops of this agriculture?
4. Which parts of the world have greater demands for fruits and vegetables grown in this region?
Answer. 1. Mediterranean agriculture
2. Wine, making raisins and currants
3. Figs and olives
4. European and north America

Question.

1. Give a suitable title to the pictures given.
2. Why this type of agriculture is practiced near urban areas?
3. Name one region which practice this type of agriculture.
4. Which country specialises in growing tulips?
5. Name the type of farming where farmers specialize in and grow only vegetables.
Answer. 1. Market Gardening and Horticulture
2. High income consumers are available in urban areas
3. North west Europe, North east USA
4. Netherlands
5. Truck farming

Question.

1. Identify the diagram and give suitable title to it.
2. What type of mining activities are shown as A and B.
3. Which type of mining is the most dangerous?
4. In which type of mining the output is large and rapid?
5. Why developed countries are retreating from mining?
6. State the two groups of factors which affect the profitability of mining.
Answer. 1. Methods of mining
2. A- surface mining B- underground mining
3. Underground mining
4. Surface mining
5. High labour cost
6. Physical and economic factors

PRIMARY ACTIVITIES

Question 1. Write any two plantation crop.
Answer: Banana and Coffee.
In simple words: Plantation crops are large-scale commercial crops grown for profit, such as banana and coffee.

Exam Tip: Memorize common plantation crops like tea, coffee, rubber, and banana as frequent examples in board exams.

Question 2. In which country co-operative farming the most successful experiment?
Answer: Denmark.
In simple words: Denmark is renowned for making co-operative farming highly successful through farmers pooling resources.

Exam Tip: Remember Denmark as the textbook example for co-operative societies.

Question 3. Mention the term for 'Growing of flowers'.
Answer: Floriculture.
In simple words: The specialized farming of flowers for urban markets is known as floriculture.

Exam Tip: Learn specific agricultural terms like horticulture, viticulture, and floriculture for one-mark questions.

Question 4. In which type of agriculture is the farming of citrus fruit very important?
Answer: Mediterranean region.
In simple words: Citrus fruits like oranges and lemons are primarily cultivated in Mediterranean agriculture.

Exam Tip: Associate citrus fruits and viticulture directly with the Mediterranean region.

Question 5. Which type of agriculture is called Slash and Burn agriculture?
Answer: Primitive subsistence.
In simple words: Primitive subsistence agriculture involves clearing land by slashing and burning vegetation to grow crops.

Exam Tip: Note that slash and burn goes by many local names (Jhuming, Milpa, Ladang), but the broad category is primitive subsistence.

Question 6. Write any two primary activities?
Answer: Hunting, Agriculture, Fishing, Mining.
In simple words: Primary activities are directly dependent on environment, such as hunting, gathering, and agriculture.

Exam Tip: Be ready to list any two or three examples of primary economic activities when asked.

Question 7. What do you mean by red color workers?
Answer: People engaged in primary activities.
In simple words: Workers involved in outdoor primary tasks like forestry and agriculture are called red-collar workers.

Exam Tip: Connect worker color codes with economic sectors (Red for primary, Blue for secondary, White for tertiary).

Question 8. What do you mean by Transhumance?
Answer: Seasonal migration of the people with their herds.
In simple words: Transhumance is moving livestock between mountain pastures in summer and lowland areas in winter.

Exam Tip: Emphasize both the seasonal aspect and the movement of herds in your definition.

Question 9. Name any two era based on civilization of minerals?
Answer: Copper and Bronze era.
In simple words: Human history epochs are sometimes named after the dominant metal used, such as the Copper and Bronze eras.

Exam Tip: Mention Copper, Bronze, and Iron ages when discussing mineral-based civilization stages.

Question 10. Name the main crop grown in temperate grassland?
Answer: Wheat.
In simple words: Vast temperate grasslands like the prairies and steppes are primarily used for extensive wheat cultivation.

Question 11. What is Truck Farming? Mention any two features of truck farming.
Answer: This type of farming is practiced in the peripheral areas of Metropolitan cities where vegetables and milk are brought daily to the cities by trucks by traveling overnight.
Features of truck farming:
- Farmers are engaged in growing of vegetables, fruits, and flowers.
- They use HYV seeds, chemicals, and fertilizers.
- This farming requires a well-developed network of roads connected with fields.
In simple words: Truck farming involves growing vegetables near cities so they can be transported overnight to urban markets.

Exam Tip: Remember the distance factor: truck farms are located exactly within overnight trucking distance of metropolitan centers.

Question 12. What is Plantation Agriculture? Why is it practiced mainly in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world?
Answer: It is a special type of farming in which crops like tea, coffee, bananas, and rubber are grown in big estates by using modern techniques. Crops are grown for commercial purposes and require more investment.
Reasons for plantation agriculture in tropical areas:
1. Hot and humid climate.
2. Fertile soil.
3. Availability of cheap labor due to high density of population.
In simple words: Plantation agriculture is large-scale commercial farming found in warm, humid regions with abundant cheap labor.

Exam Tip: Mention both the commercial nature of estates and the specific climatic/labor requirements for full credit.

Question 13. What are the chief characteristic features of dairy farming?
Answer:
(i) It is the most advanced type of farming which is centered on efficient rearing of milch animals.
(ii) Heavy capital investment.
(iii) Highly labor-intensive as it involves rigorous care in feeding and milking.
(iv) No off-season as animals require care throughout the year.
(v) It is mainly practiced near urban and industrial centers where there is a ready market for fresh milk and dairy products.
(vi) Scope for dairy farming has increased considerably due to development of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurization, and other preservation processes.
In simple words: Dairy farming is a capital and labor-intensive specialized activity focused on milk production near urban markets.

Exam Tip: Highlight proximity to urban markets and technological aids like refrigeration as key features.

Question 14. What are the types of farming according to farming organisation?
Answer:
(i) Co-operative farming: Group of farmers voluntarily pool their land and resources and form a co-operative society. It is practiced in Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, and Italy. In Denmark, every farmer is a member of a co-operative.
(ii) Collective farming: It is based on social ownership of means of production and collective labor. It was adopted in the U.S.S.R. after the 1917 revolution. Farmers pool their resources like land, livestock, and labor in collective farming.
In simple words: Farming organization types include co-operative farming (voluntary pooling) and collective farming (state-directed social ownership).

Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between voluntary co-operative societies and state-sponsored collective farming (Kolkhoz).

Question 15. Describe in five points the main features of plantation agriculture practised in the world.
Answer:
- Large estates or plantations.
- Large capital investment.
- Single crop specialization.
- Managerial and technical support.
- Scientific methods of cultivation.
In simple words: Plantation agriculture relies on massive estates, huge capital, single-crop focus, and modern scientific techniques.

Exam Tip: Single crop specialization and large estate size are the most critical keywords to include.

Question 16. Distinguish between Intensive farming and Extensive farming.
Answer:
Intensive farming:
- It is practiced in high-density areas where population is large and agricultural land is limited.
- It is done in Monsoon Asia.
- Land holdings are very small.
- Most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labor.
- Yield per unit area is high, but per-labor productivity is low.

Extensive farming:
- Practiced in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid-latitudes.
- The size of the farm is very large.
- Low yield per acre, but high yield per person.
- Entire operations of cultivation from ploughing to harvesting are mechanized.
- Wheat is the principal crop.
- It is best developed in Eurasian steppes, Canadian and American prairies, pampas of Argentina, Velds of South Africa, Australian Downs, and Canterbury Plains of New Zealand.
In simple words: Intensive farming uses small land with high labor for high yield per acre, while extensive farming uses large mechanized land for high yield per worker.

Exam Tip: Use a comparative table or clear bullet points contrasting farm size, mechanization, and yield per acre vs. per person.

Question 17. Describe in brief the commercial livestock rearing economic activity in the world.
Answer:
- Commercial livestock rearing is a specialised activity in which only one type of animal is reared.
- It is practiced on permanent ranches.
- The emphasis is on breeding, genetic improvement, disease control, and health care of the animals.
- Products such as meat, wool, hides, and skin are processed and packed scientifically and exported to different world markets.
- New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay, and the United States of America are important countries where commercial livestock rearing is practiced.
In simple words: Commercial livestock rearing is a scientific, single-animal ranching system geared toward global export of animal products.

Question 18. What is the meaning of market gardening and horticulture? Describe any four characteristics of this type of agriculture of the world.
Answer: Market gardening and horticulture specialise in the cultivation of high-value crops such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers solely for the urban markets.
Characteristics:
- Farms are small.
- Labour and capital intensive.
- Farms are located where there are good transportation links with the urban centre.
- Lays emphasis on the use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilisers, insecticides, greenhouses, and artificial heating in colder regions.
In simple words: Market gardening focuses on high-value perishables near cities using intensive labor and technology.

Exam Tip: Mention high value, perishability, and proximity to transportation networks.

Question 19. Why Mediterranean agriculture is considered as one of the best and profitable type of agriculture.
Answer:
- Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialised commercial agriculture.
- Viticulture or grape cultivation is a speciality of the Mediterranean region.
- Best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavours are produced from high quality grapes. Inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currants.
- Olives and figs are produced in this region.
- The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such as fruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in European and North American markets.
In simple words: It is profitable because it produces high-demand specialty items like wine grapes, olives, and winter vegetables for wealthy markets.

Question 20. Distinguish between pastoral nomadism and commercial livestock rearing.
Answer:

In simple words: Pastoral nomadism is traditional subsistence animal movement, while commercial livestock rearing is modern, ranch-based business.

Exam Tip: Use a clear table format when asked to distinguish between two economic activities.

Question 21. Explain the factors affecting mining activity?
Answer:
(A) Physical factors - Size, grade, and mode of occurrence of mineral deposits.
(B) Economic factors - Demand for minerals, availability of capital, labor, and level of technology.
In simple words: Mining viability depends on physical factors (deposit quality and size) and economic factors (market demand and technology).

Question 22. What are the two types of mining?
Answer: Surface mining and underground mining.
In simple words: Mining methods are broadly classified into surface mining (open-cast) and underground mining (shaft).

Exam Tip: Remember that surface mining is safer and cheaper, while underground mining requires specialized lifts, ventilation, and safety equipment.