CBSE Class 12 Geography

Unit I: Human Geography (3 Marks)

• Chapter-1 Human Geography: Nature and Scope: Introduction to Human Geography; Approaches to study Human Geography Regional and Systematic Geography, Dualism; Nature of Human Geography; Naturalisation of Humans and Humanisation of Nature; Schools of thought in Human Geography; Fields and subfields of Human Geography.

Note for Students: This unit provides the foundational theoretical framework of human geography, exploring how humans interact with and adapt to their natural environment.

Unit II: The World Population Distribution Density Distribution and Growth (8 Marks)

• Chapter- 2 The World Population Distribution, Density and Growth: Population-distribution and density; Factors influencing the distribution of population; Population Growth; Components of Population change; Demographic Transition; Population Control Measures.
• Chapter- 3 Human Development: Human development - concept; selected indicators; Growth and Development; The four pillars of Human Development; Approaches to Human Development; Measuring Human Development- HDI, HPI and GNH; International comparisons.

Note for Students: These chapters analyze global population dynamics and the qualitative measures of human progress through various development indicators.

Unit III: Human Activities (19 Marks)

• Chapter- 4 Primary Activities: Concept and types: Hunting and Gathering, Pastoralism; Nomadic Herding, Commercial Livestock Rearing; Types of agriculture: Primitive Subsistence, Intensive Subsistence; Commercial Agriculture: Plantation Agriculture, Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation, Mixed Farming, Dairy farming, Mediterranean Agriculture, Market Gardening and Horticulture, Cooperative Farming, Collective Farming; Mining, factors affecting mining; Methods of Mining.
• Chapter- 5 Secondary Activities: Manufacturing: Characteristics of Modern large-Scale Manufacturing; Factors influencing industrial Location; Classification of manufacturing Industries: On the basis of Size, Inputs /raw material, Output /Products and Ownership; Concept of High tech Industry.
• Chapter- 6 Tertiary Activities: Tertiary activities-concept and types; Trade and commerce: Retail and Wholesale trading Transport, Factors Affecting Transport; Communication; Services; People engaged in tertiary activities; Tourism, Major tourist regions; Tourist attractions - some examples from selected countries; Medical Services for Overseas Patients in India; Quaternary and Quinary activities-concept; The Digital Divide.
• Chapter- 7 Transport and Communication: Transport; Modes of Transportation; Land transport: Roadways, Highways, Road Density, Border Roads; Railways: Trans-continental Railways: Trans-Siberian, Trans Canadian, Australian Trans Continental; Water Transport: Important Sea Routes, Shipping Canals, Inland waterways; Air transport: Inter-Continental air routes; Pipelines; Communications: Satellite Communications and Cyber Space- Internet.
• Chapter- 8 International Trade: History of International trade; Why Does International Trade Exist? Basis of International Trade; Balance of Trade; Types of International Trade: Bilateral and Multi-lateral trade; Case for Free Trade; Concept of Dumping; World Trade Organisation; Regional Trade Blocs; Concerns Related to International Trade; Gateways of International trade: Ports; Types of Port.

Note for Students: This comprehensive unit covers the entire spectrum of human economic activities, ranging from basic resource extraction to advanced global trade and communication systems.

Unit I (Book-India People and Economy): Population Distribution Density Growth and Composition (5 Marks)

• Chapter- 1 Population Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition: Distribution of Population; Density of Population; Growth of population; Four distinct phases of population growth; Regional Variation in Population Growth; Population Composition: Rural – Urban Composition, Linguistic Composition, Religious Composition; Composition of Working Population; Promoting Gender Sensitivity through ‘Beti Bachao–Beti Padhao’ Social Campaign.

Note for Students: This unit focuses specifically on the demographic profile of India, highlighting regional variations and important social campaigns regarding gender sensitivity.

Unit II (Book-India People and Economy): Human Settlements (3 Marks)

• Chapter- 2 Human Settlements: Rural settlements - types and distribution; Urban settlements - types, distribution; Evolution of Towns in India; Urbanisation in India; Functional Classification of Towns; Smart Cities Mission.

Note for Students: Students will explore the evolution and classification of various types of human habitations in the Indian context, including modern urban initiatives.

Unit III (Book-India People and Economy): Resources and Development (10 Marks)

• Chapter- 3 Land Resources and Agriculture: Land resources- general land use; Land use categories; Land-use Changes in India; Common Property Resources; Agricultural Land Use in India; Cropping Seasons in India; Types of Farming; Geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber); Agricultural development in India; Growth of Agricultural Output and Technology; Problems of Indian Agriculture.
• Chapter- 4 Water Resources: Water resources- Surface water and Groundwater Resources; Lagoons and Backwaters; Water Demand and Utilisation - irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; Emerging Water Problems: Deterioration of Water Quality; Water Conservation and Management; Prevention of Water Pollution; Rain water harvesting and Watershed management.
• Chapter- 5 Mineral and Energy Resources: Mineral Resources: Introduction and Types; Major mineral belts of India; Distribution of Ferrous Minerals (Iron ore and Manganese), Non-Ferrous Minerals (Bauxite and Copper); Non-metallic minerals (Mica); Energy Resources: Conventional sources (Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas) and non-conventional sources (Nuclear, Solar, Wind, Tidal and Wave and Geothermal and Bio energy); Conservation of Mineral Resources.
• Chapter- 6 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context: Planning- Introduction; Target Area Planning: Hill Area Development Programme, Drought Prone Area Programme; Concept of Sustainable Development; Case Studies – Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur* Region, Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area.

Note for Students: This unit examines India’s natural resource base and the planning strategies employed to achieve sustainable growth across different geographic regions.

Unit IV (Book-India People and Economy): Transport, Communication and International Trade (7 Marks)

• Chapter- 7 Transport and Communication: Means of transport: Land (Road transport, Rail transport and Oil and Gas pipelines), Water transport (Inland waterways and Oceanic routes) and Air transport; Communication Networks- Personal and Mass Communication Systems.
• Chapter- 8 International Trade: Changing Pattern of the Composition of India’s Exports and Import; Direction of Trade; Sea Ports as Gateways of International Trade; Major Seaports of India along with their hinterlands; Airports.

Note for Students: This section analyzes the infrastructure and systems that facilitate domestic movement and international commerce for the Indian economy.

Unit V (Book-India People and Economy): Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems (5 Marks)

• Chapter- 9 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems: Environmental pollution- Introduction and types; Urban-waste disposal; Rural-Urban Migration: Case Study; Problems of Slums; Land degradation: Case study.

Note for Students: This unit addresses critical contemporary challenges such as pollution, migration, and land degradation from a geographical viewpoint.

Geography Practical Part II (30 Marks)

• Chapter- 1 Data – Its Source and Compilation: What is Data, Sources of data: Primary, Secondary and Unpublished sources; Tabulation and Classification of Data; Grouping of Data; Frequency Polygon.
• Chapter- 2 Data Processing: Tabulating and processing of data; Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode; Comparison of Mean, Median and Mode.
• Chapter- 3 Graphical Representation of Data: Representation of data- General rules for drawing diagrams, graphs and maps, construction of line graphs, polygraphs, simple bar diagrams, line and bar diagram, Multiple bar, Compound bar, Pie diagram, Flowchart; Thematic maps; Construction of Dot Map; Choropleth Map and Isopleth map.
• Chapter- 4 Spatial Information Technology: Introduction to GIS; Advantages of GIS, Components of GIS, Spatial data formats, Sequence of GIS activities; Spatial data input, Entering attribute data, Data Linkages and matching, Spatial analysis: Overlay Analysis Operation and Buffer Operation.
• Practical Record Book and Viva Voce: Maintenance of records and oral examination.

Note for Students: The practical component equips students with essential skills in data handling, statistical analysis, cartographic representation, and introductory GIS technology.