CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Age Of Industrialization Notes Set B

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF THE LESSON
1. An association of craftsmen or merchants following same craft to protect
2. The members interest and supervise the standard of the work.
3. Tanning. Convert raw hide into leather by soaking in liquid containing tannic acid.
4. Food processing. Technique of chopping and mixing food for making jam, juices, etc.
5. Victorian Britain. Britain during the reign of Queen Victoria.
6. Brewery. A place where beer etc. is brewed commercially. Brewing is a process of infusion, boiling and fermentation.
7. Vagrant.A person without a settled home or regular work.
8. Bourgeois.The upper middle class.
9. Gomastha .An Indian word meaning an agent, a middle man between the merchant and weavers.
10. Stapler.A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fibre.

INDUSTRIALISATION
Production of goods with the help of machines in factories
• The first industrialized Nation-Britain
• Features
• Handmade goods to machine made goods in factories, cottage to factory, large scale production, started in
• England in later parts of 18th Century. In course of time, it affected all systems of production. Orient. Countries to the east of Mediterranean Sea usually referring to Asia.

BEFORE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

PROTO-INDUSTRIALISATION
• Production in 17th century, artisans worked for merchants to produce goods, artisans took raw material from merchants for production .Their cottages functioned as factory .
• Association of producers, trained craft people maintained control over production, restricted entry of new traders .Coming of factories

COMING UP OF FACTORIES
• Early factories in England came up by the 1730s .
• First symbol of new era -cotton mill
• Many factories sprang up in England
• A series of inventions in carding, twisting, spinning and rolling .

THE PACE OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE
• Cotton and iron and steel industries were the most dynamic industries .
• New industries could not displace traditional ones
• Technological changes occurred slowly
• Steam engine invented by James Watt had no buyers for years .
• New technologies were slow to be accepted .

PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
• Early Indian cotton mills made coarse cotton yarn .
• During the First World War Manchester imports to India declined .
• Indian factories supplied goods for war needs .

SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES PREDOMINATED
• Most of the Industries were located in Bengal and Bombay .
• A small portion of total industrial labour worked in factories .
• Use of fly shuttle increased handicraft .

MARKET FOR GOODS
• Advertisements helps in creating new consumers .
• Advertisements appear in :
• Newspaper
• Magazine
• Street walls
• Labels
• Calendars

AT A GLANCE

* Trade guilds were association of producers that trained craft people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and price.
* A Stapler was a person who stapled or sorted wool according to its fibre.
* Richard Arkwright set up the first cotton mill in England
* Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to new technology.
* Gomasthas were paid servants who would supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
* Fly shuttle was a mechanical device used for weaving.
* A jobber was an old trusted worker employed by the industrialists to get new recruits.
* The first cotton mill was set up in Bombay in 1854.
* ‘Proto Industrialization’ meant large scale production of goods for international market ,not based on the modern factory system.

The Age of Industrialisation Worksheets Class 10 Social Science

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

Question. Who were Gomasthas ?
Ans : Gomasthas described as an Indian agent of the English East India Company who was paid to supervise weavers and craftsmen, collect supplies and deliver finished goods to the company at fixed rates. He always examined the quality of the cloth.

Question. Give some examples of seasonal industries.
Ans : Gas works, breweries, book binding factories, dockyard works, repairing tasks in various other factories too.

Question. How did urbanisation help create opportunities ?
Ans : Urban activities like building up of roads, laying down railway lines, construction of new railways stations as railways were expanded too, drainage and sewers laid and river embankments created opportunities where people got employment.

Question. Why the merchants and traders did turn their attention towards the countryside for production in Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ?
Ans : Production could not be expanded in the town because the urban trade and craft guilds regulated these issues in the towns strictly. Moreover, they did not allow free entry and lenient rules for outsiders.

Question. Why the aristocrats in Victorian England demanded handmade products ?
Ans : Handmade products portrayed class, royalty, high tastes and refinement. They were unique in their own designs and carefully designed and finished, so they attracted the upper elites of the society more.

Question. Why were tjie women in England against Spinning Jenny ?
Ans : Women feared that they might lose their livelihood and these machines would overtake their positions so they started detesting the use of spinning Jenny in the factories.

Question. The machine which speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand was ......... .
Ans. Spinning Jenny

Question. Which of the following is not an Europeon managing agency who controlled large sectors of Indian Industries during the first world war ?
(a) Bird Heiglers and Company
(b) Andrew Yule
(c) Jardine Skinner
(d) East India Company
Ans. (d) East India Company

Question. Assertion : The first symbol of the new Era was cotton.
Reason : In Victorian Britain, the Industrialists did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment.
(a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) If (A) is true and (R) is false.
(d) If (A) is false and (R) true.
Ans. (c) If (A) is true and (R) is false.

Question. The countries of the East specially East Asia were called ......... .
Ans. Orient

Question. Advertisement by Indian manufacturers gave religious messages to buyers.
Ans. False

Question. .......... and .......... were the two most important industties of Europe (Britain).
Ans. Cotton, Steel and Iron

Question. Koshtis were ......... .
Ans. Community of weavers

Question. 18th Century India witnessed the decline of which port town :
(a) Surat
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Madras.
Ans. (a) Surat

Question. Assertion : In most Industrial regions, workers came from the districts around.
Reason : Peasants and Artisans who found no work in villages went to the Industrial centres in search of work.
(a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) If (A) is true and (R) is false.
(d) If (A) is false and (R) true.
Ans. (a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question. Which of the following city was known as the finishing centre of the cloth at the time of proto-Industrialisation ?
(a) London
(b) Berlin
(c) Paris
(d) Rome
Ans. (a) London

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

Question. Who were the jobbers? Explain their main functions.
Ans : These jobbers were old and trusted persons who got people from the villages, ensured them jobs and their settlement in the cities along with financial help during the times of crisis. The jobbers were employed to get new recruits. Thus they had authority and power. Later on they started demanding money and gifts for their favour and thus they controlled the lives of the workers.

Question. Why did upper classes in Victorian period preferred things produced by hands?
Ans : The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie were the upper class people in the Victorian Britain who preferred hand-made things because these products symbolize refinement and class as they were better finished and carefully designed. They had the thinking that the machine-made goods were for export to the colonies.

Question. Where were guilds? How did they make it difficult for new merchants to set business in towns of England? Explain.
Ans : Urban crafts and trade guilds were associations of producers who trained the craftspeople, controlled the production and regulated the price and competition. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade and the colonies expanded which increased the demands of goods. The merchants were not able to sustain within towns because of the powerful urban crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to the countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans to produce for the international market and also supplied money to them.
These trade guilds restricted the entry of the new people into the trade because monopoly rights were granted to them to produce and trade in specific products. This situation made the new merchants difficult to set up their business units in towns.

Question. How did industries develop in India in the second half of the nineteenth century? Explain.
or
Describe the contributions of the early industrialists of India in shaping the industrial development of India.
Ans : Dwarkanath Tagore in Bengal, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata in Bombay and Seth Hukumchand, and a Marwari businessman set up first Indian jute mill in Calcutta.
These early entrepreneurs had accumulated wealth from the trade with China, the merchants of Madras from trade with Burma and the others from the trade with the Middle East and east Africa.
There were another group of entrepreneurs who had accumulated wealth from trade within India, supplying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and by financing the traders.

Question. Describe the condition of the workers in the nineteenth century in England.
Ans : Due to the news of job opportunities in the city, large number of people migrated from the countryside. This created a situation of abundance of labour in the market. Getting a job was dependent on the networks of friendship and kin relations in factories.
But not all had such connections and that’s why they had to wait for weeks spending nights under the bridges or in the night shelters or the night refuges built by the private individuals or in the casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities. The abundance of labour, social connections in the factories, seasonality of work and welfare of the workers were the main issues which made the life of the workers miserable.

Question. Describe any three major problems faced by Indian weavers in nineteenth century.
Ans : The three problems faced by the Indian cotton weavers:
1. Their export market collapsed and the local market shrunk.
2. Indian market flooded with Manchester imports.
3. Thus the Indian weavers could not compete with the mill-made products as they were much cheaper and also they were not getting supply of good quality raw cotton.

Question. How did the seasonality of employment affect the lives of Indian workers during 18th century? Explain.
Ans : Gas work and breweries industries had seasonal demand of labour in the cold months. Likewise the book binders and the printers needed labour before December as they had to cater to the demand before the Christmas. The ships were also cleaned and repaired during the winter season. Due to the fluctuation of production with the season in these industries, hand labour was preferred and were employed for the season only.

Question. “In eighteenth century Europe, the peasants and artisans in the countryside readily agreed to work for the merchants.” Explain any three reasons.
Ans : In eighteenth century Europe, the poor peasants and artisans eagerly agreed to take the advance offered by the merchants and were willing to produce goods for them. Due to the following reasons:
a. During this time in the countryside the open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. The cottagers and peasants were looking for alternative source of income because they were dependent on the common lands and gathering of firewood, vegetables, berries, hay and straw for their livelihood. Many of them had small plots of land which was not sufficient to provide work to all the family members. ,
b. It proved good for the peasants and artisans to work for the merchants as they could now remain in the countryside and continue with their small plot cultivation.
c. Their family income was supplemented and also they were able to engage all the family members as labour resources.

Question. Describe the lifestyle of the British workers in the nineteenth century.
Ans : Due to the news of job opportunities in the city large number of people migrated from the countryside. This created a situation of abundance of labour in the market. Getting a job was dependent on the networks of friendship and kin relations in factories.
But not all had such connections and that’s why they had to wait for weeks spending nights under the bridges or in the night shelters or the night refuges built by the private individuals or in the casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities. The abundance of labour, social connections in the factories, seasonality of work and welfare of the workers were the main issues which made the life of the workers miserable.

Question. Explain the impact of the First World War on Indian industries.
Ans : Effects of the First World War on the Indian Industries - Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war- needs production and also the Manchester imports declined in India, due to the prolonged war. Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs, many new factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple shifts. Demands for workers increased and they had to work for long hours. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market.

Question. “The First World War created the favorable conditions for the development of industries in India.” Support the statement with suitable examples.
or
Why could Manchester never recapture its old position in the Indian market after the First World War? Explain.
Ans : a. Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war-needs production.
b. The Manchester imports declined in India.
c. Due to the prolonged war, Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs.
d. Many new factories were set up and the old factories ran multiple shifts, demands for workers increased and workers had to work for long hours.
e. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market.

Question. Who were Jobbers ? What was their role ?
Ans. 1. Jobbers were kept for recruitment.
2. Jobber was generally an old confident
3. He used to bring people from villages.

Question. The network of Indian Merchants started break down why ?
Ans. 1. The European companies gradually gained power first securing a variety of concession from local courts.
2. Then the monopoly right to trade.
3. Decline of parts of Surat and Hoogly.

Question. Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Ans. 1. There was no dearth of Human labour.
2. They did not want to install new machines because it required more capital investment.
3. For seasonal industry it was better to employ hand labour.
4. There was a demand for fine intricate work in the market which could only be fulfilled handicrafts.

Question. Why it was difficult for new merchants to establish trade in towns ?
Ans. 1. In towns the guild system was powerful.
2. Provide training to workers.
3. Control the production.
4. Tried to discourage new entrants into the profession.

Question. How did the advent of Manchester create problems for Indian Weavers?
Ans. 1. Decrease in export of India.
2. Pressure on East India Company to see cloth.
3. Low Cost.
4. Shrinking of local markets.
5. Non availability of good quality cotton fibre.

Question. Why new industrialist could not displace traditional industries ?
Ans. 1. Number of people working in industries was less.
2. Slow changes in technology.
3. Cloth industry was dynamic
4. Technology was expensive.
5. A large part of production was done in Handlooms

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

Question. Why were there frequent clashes between Gomasthas and weavers in the villages? Explain five reasons.
Ans :
The following were the reasons for the frequent clashes between Gomasthas and weavers in the villages:
a. Earlier, the weavers dealt with the supply merchants who lived within the weaving villages and had a close link with the weavers whereas the gomasthas were outsiders who had no social link with the weavers.
b. The supply merchants were looking after the needs of the weavers whereas the gomasthas acted arrogantly and often heat them for the delay in supply.
c. Due to the new system of gomastha the weavers lost the space to bargain.
d. The weavers could not sell to other buyers.
e. The price for the cloth received from the .Company was very low and the loans J which they received from the Company tied them with the Company itself.

Question. Explain the role played by the advertisements in creating new consumers for the British products.
Ans : Advertisement is used since from the beginning to attract the buyers because it helps in making the product appear desirable and necessary.
The Manchester industrialists also put labels (Made in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth for the following purposes — to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company known to buyers, as a mark of quality and to make the buyers feel confident about the product.
These labels carried the words, texts, images and beautiful illustrations which gave some idea about the mind.of the manufacturers, their calculations and the way they approach the buyers.
Initially, the images of gods and goddesses like Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for making the buyers convince that there is divine approval to sell these products.
In order to make the products more popular the products were printed in the newspapers, magazines and the most important on the calendars.
The calendars became most popular due to the following reasons - used even by the illiterates and poor, hung in tea shops, hung in homes which they see day after day through the year.
The figures of important personages, emperors and Nawabs were also used in the advertisements and calendars to expand the market of the product. These figures gave the message that this product is used by the royalty and hence it is of good quality and also if you respect these figures then give due respect to the product also.

Question. Explain any three measures used by producers to expand their markets in the 19th century.
Ans : The three measures used by producers to expand their markets in the 19th century were:
a. The Company took the direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies ‘ and check the quality of the cloth. The Company also prevented the weavers from supplying the cloth to any other buyer. This prevention was done through the system of advances. The weavers were given loans to buy the raw materials and were made bound to supply it the gomastha only.
b. The jobbers were employed to get new recruit. These jobbers were old and trusted persons who got people from the villages, ensured them jobs and their settlement in the cities along with financial help during the times of crisis. Thus they had authority and power.
c. The Manchester industrialists also put labels (Made in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth for the following purposes to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company known to buyers, for a mark of quality and to make the buyers feel confident about the product. These labels carried the words, texts, images and beautiful illustrations which gives some idea about the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations and the way they approach the buyers.
Initially the images of gods and goddesses like Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for making the buyers convince that there is divine approval to sell these products. In order to make the products more popular the products were printed in the newspapers, magazines and the most important on the calendars.

SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

Question. Reporting on the Koshtis, a commun weavers, the Census Report of Central Pro stated :
‘The Koshtis, like the weavers of the finer of cloth in other parts of India, have fallen evil times. They are unable to compete we showy goods which Machester sends in profusion, and they have of late years emin great numbers, chiefly to Berar, where a labourers they are able to obtain wages.
Census Report of Central Provinces, 1872, in Sumit Guha, ‘The handloom industry in India, 1825-1950’, the Indian Economic and History Review.

Read the above passage and answer the following questions.

(i) Who were the Koshtis ?
Ans. Koshtis were a community of weavers.

(ii) Why had they fallen upon evil times ?
Ans. because of the coming of Manchester made goods in Indian Market.

(iii) At last sort of work was done by them.
Ans. They were forced to work as daily wage labourer.

(iv) Why were they unable to compete with manchester goods.
Ans. Because Manchester goods were fine and comparatively cheaper