CBSE Class 10 Social Science Gender Religion And Caste Notes

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Revision Notes for Class 10 Social Science Democratic Politics II Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste

Class 10 Social Science students should refer to the following concepts and notes for Democratic Politics II Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste in Class 10. These exam notes for Class 10 Social Science will be very useful for upcoming class tests and examinations and help you to score good marks

Democratic Politics II Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste Notes Class 10 Social Science

GENDER , RELIGION AND CASTE

GENDERGender is a form of social division under which unequal roles are assigned to men and women. Though the Gender is a biological division yet it has become an important factor in creating inequality in society.
• Sexual Division of labour – Woman do all the work inside the home or take the help of domestic helpers and men do work outside home.
• Feminist Movement- A movement aimed at equality in personal and family life as well.(believe in equal rights and opportunities).

• Role of Women in the society

a)Belief that responsibility of woman is house work and brining up children
b) Their work were not valued and recognized
c) Though constitute half the population their role is minimal especially in politics.
d) Gender issue raised in politics – for equal rights, for voting, improve the political and legal status of women – for education &career (Feminist Movement)

• Changing the Scenario of women’s role in public life

a) Women working as Scientist, doctors, managers and college and university teachers
b) The participation of women in public life is high in developed Countries like Sweden, Norway and Finland.

• Ways in which women are discriminated and oppressed 

a) Literacy rate among women 54% and men 76% Reason – Girl students going for higher studies is less, More drop outs – as parents prefer to spend more for boys education
b) Proportion of women in highly paid jobs are small –
c) The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wage must be paid – but women are paid less than men
d) Parents prefer to have sons and so decline in six – ratio
e) Women are harassed and exploited in rural & urban areas – domestic violence
f) Family laws of religions show discrimination against women
g) Ours is still a male dominated , patriarchal society.

• Women’s political representation

a) Elected women member in Look Sabha has not reached 10% and in State Assemblies 5% - very low
b) A different scenario in Panchayat raj in India
(i) 1 / 3 Seat in the local government is in Panchayat’s and Municipalities – reserved for women- more than 10lakh women representatives in their bodies.
c) Proposal of bill before the parliament:-

Reservation of at least 1/3 of seats in Look Sabha and State Assemblies for women

Communalism 

o The division based on religious differences.
o A major challenge to democracy.

1) Relationship between Religion and politics

• Gandhiji’s view :- Religion can never be separated from politics – it must be guided by ethics from religion
• Human Right groups view – Victims of Communal riots in our country are religious

minorities –

• Women’s Movement view – Family laws of religions discriminate against women demanded that such laws should be changed to make them equitable

2) Various forms of communalism in politics :-
• Religious prejudices – belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions
• A communal mind leads to political dominance of one’s own religious Community-
• Special appeal in electoral politics involving the use of Sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear to bring the followers together.

3) Constitutional provisions given in the Constitution base on Secularism, to crub communalism:-
• No official religion for the Indian state – no special status.
• Freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion.
• Prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.
• Ensures equality within religious communities.

4) Communal politics-
• based on the idea that religion is the principle basis of social community-
• State power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.
• One religion and followers are pitted against another.

Caste :-
• Caste division based on – hereditary occupational division – exclusion and discrimination against ‘our caste’ groups – Causing social inequality.
• Social reformers – who fought against Caste System are Gandhiji, Jotibaphule,
B.R.Ambedkar, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker.
• Reasons for changes undergone in Caste system – Urbanization, -occupational mobility, -breaking down of caste hierarchy(old notions) – Constitution of India prohibited any caste
based discrimination – Ban on un touchability – access to modern education.

5. Various forms of Caste in politics –
• To win elections parties choose candidates from different castes and tribes
• Make appeals to caste sentiments – favour some caste, and are seen as their representatives
• One person – one vote, No parliamentary constituency in the country has majority of one
• Single caste – so they need more than one caste, to win election.
• It brought a new consciousness among the people of caste that they were treated low
• The ruling party MP or MLA frequently loose election – will not happen if it was not Caste bias.

Result 
• Caste group become bigger by incorporating with other caste or sub caste
• Some Caste enter into dialogue and negotiation with other
• Formation of new caste groups –backward, forward caste groups.

Summary

Public / Private Division
- In fact the majority of women do some sort of paid work in addition to domestic labour. But their work is not valued and does not get recognition.
- Although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
- Women in different parts of the world organised and agitated for equal rights. There were agitation demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and other opportunities. More radical women movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called feminist movements.

Patriarchal SocietyMostly societies are male dominating even day to day participation of women may increase than also our society is a patriarchal society on the basis of :
- Literacy rate
- No wonder the proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small.
- Her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
- Women are paid less than men.
- Girl child aborted before she is born.
- various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women.

Religion, Communalism and Politics

- Unlike gender differences, the religious differences are often expressed in the field of politics.
- Communalism happens when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to thoseof other religions, when the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest. This manner of using religious in politics is communal politics.

Communalism can take various forms in politics :
- Stereo types of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions.
- a desire to form a separate political unit.
- Often involves special appeal to the interests in preference to others.
- Ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre.

Secular State

- No official religion - constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
- freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion.
- The constitution prohibits discrimination on ground of religion.
- allows the state to intervene is the matter of religion.
- ensure equality within religious communities.

Caste and Politics :

- They keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes.
- Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiments to muster support.
- No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste.
- No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community.


ANSWER THE FOLLOWING [3 MARKS]

Question. Explain the factors responsible for low female literacy rate in our country?
Answer : 

• It is only a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies.
• Girls dropout because parent’s prefer to spend their resources for their boys education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters.

Question. Give any three provisions that make India a secular state ?
Answer :  
• There is no official religion for Indian state.
• The constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion.
• The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

Question. Explain any three factors responsible for breaking down the caste hierarchy in our country?
Answer : 
• With economic development, large scale urbanization, growth of literacy and education.
• Occupational mobility and weakening of the positions of landlords in the villages, the caste hierarchy is breaking down.
• The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination. We don’t see the practice of untouchability anywhere today.
• Caste system also weakened due to the efforts of our political leaders and social reformers
like Jyothiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker.

Question. Why was the Equal Renumeration Act,1976 passed?
Answer : 
• In almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
• This Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work.

Question. Explain any three forms of caste politics in India?
Answer : 
• When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster essential
support to win elections.
• Political Parties and candidates in elections make appeals to cast sentiments of the electorate in order to muster support.
• When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different caste and tribes find place in it.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :

Question. Discuss any five steps taken by the government towards women empowerment and gender inequality.
Answer : 
• One-third of seats in the local government bodies in Panchayats and Municipalities are now
• reserved for women.
• The provision of equal wages for women without any discrimination has been made under the
• Equal Wages Act.
• Female infanticide has been reduced as sex-selective abortions has been taken away, in many parts of the country.
• Domestic violence against women, their exploitation etc. always have been the part of daily news. In this regards, the government has brought Domestic Violence Act which
proves and effective steps.
• Girl students are given concessions and free education in many states.

Question. What are the various forms that communalism can take in politics in India?
Answer : 
• Communalism in daily beliefs – These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions. This is so common that we often fail to notice it, even when we believe in it.
• Formation of Political parties based on religious communities- A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community. For those belonging to majority community, this takes the form of majoritarian dominance.
For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit.

• Political mobilization on religious lines- It is another frequent form of communalism.
This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion together in political arena. In electoral
politics this often involves special appeal to the interests or emotions of voters of one religion in preference to others.
 Communal Riots- Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal
riots at the time of the Partition. The post- Independence period has also seen large scale communal violence.

Question. What are the various ways by which women face discrimination, disadvantage and oppression in our society today?
Answer : 
• The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued job is still very small.
• Parent’s prefer to spend their resources for their boys education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters. Thus the literacy rate among the women is low.
• Women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
• In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted
• They are not safe even in their home today. Beating, harassment and other forms of domestic violence continue.
• Women are paid less than men, even when both do the same work.

QUESTION BANK
1. What was Gandhji’s view on religion and politics?
2. Describe the ways in which Communalism poses a great threat to the Indian democracy?
3. List the main aims of the Feminist Movement?
4. Why did our Constitution framers choose the model of a secular state?
5. Suggest steps to improve the status of women in Indian society?
6. What is sexual division of labour?

 

Important Questions NCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 4 Gender, Religion and Caste

Question. What do you mean by a patriarchal society?
Answer : A male dominated society

Question. “Women still lag much behind men in India despite some improvements since independence.” Analyse the statement.
Answer : In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvements since Independence. Women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways:
(a) The literacy rate among women is only 64.60 percent as compared with 80.90 percent among men (2011 data).
(b) Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. Girls are performing as well as boys in school. But they drop out because parents prefer to spend their resources for their boy’s education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters.
(c) The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day.
(d) The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid for equal work. However, in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
(e) In some parts of India, parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. Such sex selective abortion has led to a decline in child sex ratio.
(f ) Women often face harassment, exploitation and violence on the domestic front.

Question. Examine the standard of women's representation in India's legislative bodies.
Answer : The status of women's representation in India's legislative bodies is as follows :
(i) Central Legislature : Less than 10% of its total strength are women.
(ii) State Legislature : Less than 5% of its total strength are women.
(iii) Panchayati Raj : One-third of the seats are reserved for women.
(iv) India is among the bottom group of nations in the world, in this aspect.
(v) Women's organizations and activists have been demanding a reservation of at least one third of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.But the bill to this effect has not been passed.

Question. Assess the influences of politics on caste system.
Answer : Influence of politics on caste system :
(i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within its sub-castes.
(ii) Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes of same community.
(iii) New kinds of caste groups have entered politics like 'backward' and 'forward' castes.
(iv) Politics in caste has allowed many disadvantaged caste groups to demand their share of power.
(v) Caste politics has helped the dalits and OBC to gain better access to decision-making and political power.

Question. Suppose a politician seeks your vote on the religious ground. Why is his act considered against the norms of democracy? Explain.
Answer : His act is against the spirit of democracy as the said politician is not working as per the Constitution.
(ii) It may create social discord and may lead to social division.
(iii) It is also biased attitude and neglects the principle of equality.
(i) It also exploits the social difference.

Question. Define communalism. Explain any three forms of communalism in the Indian Politics.
Answer : (i) Communalism is a situation when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions. When the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.
(ii) Various forms of communalism in politics :
(a) The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs and practices.
(b) Practice of political dominance of one's own religious community over others.
(c) Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols by religious leaders, emotional appeals to spread fear.

Question. Mention the various aspects of life in which women are disadvantaged and discriminated.
Answer : 1.)Education- The literacy rate among women is only 54 percent compared with 76 percent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. When we look at school results, girls perform as well as boys, if not better in some places. But they drop out because parents prefer to spend their resources for their boys’ education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters.
2.) a.) Employment- The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her works is not paid and therefore often not valued.
b.)Women are paid very less than their male counterpart in various fields such as sports, cinemas, etc.
3.) Preference for the male child – In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have a girl child aborted before she is born. Such sex- selective abortion led to a decline in child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys) in the country to merely 933.]
4.) Domestic violence- There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women. Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women. There are not safe even within their own home from beating, harassment and other forms of domestic violence.
5.) Women’s political representation.
a) In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of elected women members in Look Sabha has never reached even 10 percent of its total strength.
b.)Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 percent. In this report, India is among the bottom group of nations in the world.
c.)In the government, cabinets are largely all- male even when a woman becomes the Chief Minister or the Prime Minister.

Question. How can the problem of woman’s political representation be solved in India?
Answer : a.) One way to solve this problem is to make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. This is what the Panchayat Raj has done in India. One- third of seats in local government bodies- in panchayats and municipalities- are how reserved for women. Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
b.) Women’s organizations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one- third of seats in the Look Sabha and State Assemblies for women. A bill with this proposal has been pending before the Parliament for more than a decade. But there is no consensus over this among all the political parties. The bill has not been passed.

Question. Write a short note on the Feminist movements?
Answer : Women in different parts of the world organized and agitated for equal rights. There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women. These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well as. These movements are called Feminist movements.
 Religion

Question. What is Communalism?
Answer : Communalism is a situation when a particular community based on religion tries to promote its own interest at the cost of other communities, and feels that its religion is superior than other religions, and places it even above the nation.

Question. What are the various forms of communalism in India?
Answer : a.)Communalism in daily beliefs – These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other
religions. This is so common that we often fail to notice it, even when we believe in it.
b.)Formation of Political parties based on religious communities- A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community. For those belonging to majority community, this takes the form of majoritarian dominance. For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit.
c.)Political mobilization on religious lines- It is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion together in political arena. In electoral politics this often involves special appeal to the interests or emotions of voters of one religion in preference to others.
d.)Communal Riots- Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of the Partition. The post- Independence period has also seen large scale communal violence.

Question. Why is India called a secular state?
Answer :
 
· There is no official religion for the Indian state. Unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and that of Christianity in England, our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
· The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
· The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
· At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability.

Question. What are the features of communal politics?
Answer : Communal Politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. Communalism involves thinking along the following lines:-
a.) The follower of a particular religion must belong to one community. Their fundamental interests are same.
b.) Any difference that may happen is irrelevant or trivial for community life.

 c.) It also involves that people who follow are different religion cannot belong to same social community.
d.) If one follower of different religions have same communities, these are superficial and immaterial.
e.) In its extreme form, communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation.
f.) Either one has to dominate the rest or they have to form different nation.

Quesuestion. How can communalism be combated?
Answer : Communal prejudices and propaganda needs to be countered in everyday life and religion based politics should also be countered. A secular constitution like that of India is necessary.

→ Caste

Question. What is caste system?
Answer : Hereditary Occupational division is known as the caste system. It has its roots in the ancient ‘Varna’ system which has the following castes:-
a.) Brahmins
b.) Kshatriyas
c.) Vaishyas
d.) Shudras
The people who did not belong to any caste were referred to as the untouchables. There was no social mobility in the caste system.

Question. What are the features of the caste system?
Answer : a.) Hereditary occupation division was sanctioned by rituals.
b.) Members of same caste were supposed to form a social community that practiced the same or similar occupation, married within the same caste groups and did not rat with members from other caste groups.
c.) Caste system was based on exclusive of and discrimination against the ‘outcaste’ groups.
These were subjected to the inhuman practice of untouchability.

Question. How has the caste system lost its grip in the modern times?
Answer : a.) Though the caste system has not disappeared, yet it has lost its grip. Due to the efforts of political leaders and social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R.Amdedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities were absent.
b.) Due to the economic development, large scale urbanization, growth of literacy and occupational mobility, the caste system is not prevalent in urban India.
c.) The constitution of India also prohibits caste based discrimination as the untouchability has been banned by the law and fundamental right to equality says that everyone is equal in the eyes of law, irrespective of gender, caste and religion.

Question. What are the various forms that caste can take in politics?
Answer : a.) While choosing candidates- When parties choose their candidates, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections.
b.) While forming the government- When the governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.
c.) While campaigning- Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentimental people in order to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour castes and are seen as their representatives. For example- The leader of Bahujan Samaj Party Mayawati appeals for votes from all Dalits of UP.
d.) Universal Adult Franchise- Universal Adult Franchise and the principle of ‘one person one vote’ compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilizing and securing public support.
It also brought new consciousness among the people of castes that were treated as inferior and low.

Question. Are the elections of India all about castes and nothing else?
Answer : The focus on caste and politics sometimes give an impression that elections are all about castes and nothing. But this is not true because of the following reasons:-
a.) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. So every candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste or community to win elections.
b.) No party wins the votes of all voters of caste or community. When people say that a caste is a ‘vote bank’ of one party, it means that a large proportion of voters from that caste vote for that party.
c.) Many political parties may put up candidates from some caste (if that caste is believed to dominate the elections, in a particular constituency) some voters have more than one candidate from their caste while many voters have no candidate from their caste.
d.) The ruling party and the sitting M.P or M.L.A frequently loses elections in our country. This could not have happened if all the castes and communities were frozen in their political
preferences.

Question. Give an example to show how politics can influence caste system in India?
Answer : Politics too can influence the caste system and caste identities by politicizing them i.e. by making caste a political issue.
a.) Wide Base- Each caste group tries to become larger (bigger) by incorporating within it,
neighboring castes or sub castes which were earlier excluded from it.
b.) Caste Coalition- Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes
or communities and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiations.
c.) Emergence of new groups- New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups.

Question. How is the caste system dangerous for Indian economy?
Answer : a.) As in the case of religion, politics based on caste identity alone is the not very healthy in a democracy.
b.) It can divert attention from other pressing issues like poverty, development and corruption.
c.) In some cases, caste division leads to tension, conflicts and even violence.

Question. What are the positive effects of caste on politics?
Answer : a.) In some situations, expression of caste differences on politics gives many disadvantaged communities, the space to demand their share of power.
b.) In this sense, caste in politics has helped people from Dalits and OBC castes to gain better of decision making.
c.) Several political and non-political organizations have been demanding and agitating for an end to discrimination against particular castes for more dignity and more access to land resources and opportunities.

Question. Define the following terms-
Answer : 1.) Sexual division of labour- A system in which all work inside the home is either done by the women of the family, or organized by them through the domestic helpers.
2.) Feminist- A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.
3.) Patriarchy- Literally, ruled by father, this concept is used to refer to a system that values men more and gives them power over women.
4.) Family laws- Those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriage, divorce,
adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country, different family laws apply to followers of different religions.
5.) Urbanization- Shift of population from rural areas to urban areas.
6.) Occupational mobility- Shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new a generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors.
7.) Caste hierarchy- A ladder like formation in which all the caste groups are placed from the ‘highest’ to the ‘lowest’ castes.

Important Questions NCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 4 Gender, Religion and Caste

Question. Explain the term Feminist Movement.
Answer : A movement to secure legal, economic and social equality for women.

Question. How is gender division understood in the society? To what extant does political mobilizations on gender help to improve Moment's role in public life?
Answer : (i) In Indian society, gender division tends to be understood as natural and unchangeable. It is based on social expectations and stereotypes.
(ii) This attitude leads to sexual division of labour i.e., boys and girls are brought up to believe that, the main responsibility of women is house work and bringing up children whereas all the outside works are to be done by men.
(iii) The result of this division of labour is that though the women constitute almost half the population, their role in public life in minimal.
(iv) Political mobilization on this issue has helped to improve women's role in public life. We now find women working as scientists, doctors engineers, teachers, etc.
(v) Now 33% seats are reserved for women in local government bodies and a similar demand has been made for Assemblies and the Parliament.

Question. Suggest any two measures to check communalism in India.
Answer : (i) Communal prejudices and proganda need to be countered in everyday life.
(ii) Religion based mobilisation to meet political must be needs countered.

Question. How can the relationship between politics and religion be beneficial and problematic at the same time? Explain.
Answer : Beneficial :
(i) Influence of religion can make politics value based.
(ii) Religious communities can politically express their needs and interests.
(iii) Political authorities can monitor and control religious discrimination and oppression.

Problematic :

(i) Religion can become the base for the development of nationalist sentiments which can lead to conflicts between religious groups.
(ii) Political parties can try to make political gains by pitting one religious group against the other.
(iii) State power may be used to establish the domination of one religions religious group over another.

Question. How do castes get politicised? Give three points.
Answer : (i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighboring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
(ii) Various caste groups enter into a coalition with other castes or communities and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation.
(iii) New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political area like 'backward' and forward' caste groups.

Question. Explain the factors that have led to the weakening of the caste system in India.
Answer : Decline of the caste system in India :
(i) Efforts of social reformers like Jyotiba Phule, Gandhiji, Ambedkar against caste system have helped to promote a casteless society.
(ii) Economic development has reduced the emphasis on caste.
(iii) Large scale urbanisation has diminished the awareness of caste, as people rub shoulders in buses, trains and offices.
(iv) Growth of literacy and education has helped to decrease the belief in caste.
(v) Occupational mobility is possible now and children are not compelled to continue the profession of the family or father.

Question. In which constitutional institution have seats been reserved for women?
Answer : Local self government bodies

Question. "Gender division is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes." Support the statement.
Answer : (i) Gender division is a form of hierarchical social division based on social expectation and stereotypes.
(ii) Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibilities of women is house work and bringing up children.
(iii) There is a sexual division of labour in most families where women do all the household chores and men work outside the home.
(iv) Majority of women may do some paid work in addition of domestic labour both in rural and Urban areas but their work is not valued and does not get recognition.

Question. Define Feminist Movements. Write their objectives.
Answer : Definition : Agitations or movements demanding enhancement in the political and legal status of women and improving their education and career opportunities is called Feminist Movement. Main Objective : The main objective of Feminist Movement is to attain equality among men and women.

Question. Secularism is not an ideology of some political parties, but it is one of the foundations of a country. Examine the statement.
Answer : Communalism was and to an extent continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country. The makers of our Constitution were aware of this challenge. That is why they chose the model of a secular state. The important provisions that makes India a secular state are :
(i) There is no official religion for the Indian states. Unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and that of Christianity in England, our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
(ii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
(iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(iv) At the same time the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability.

Question. Why did the framers of the constitution choose the ideals of secularism for India? How is this choice reflected in the constitutional provisions? Explain.
Answer : Secularism in India means equal treatment for all religions by the state. The term ‘Secular’ was added along with the term “Socialist’ through the 42 Amendment in the Preamble of the Constitution of India in 1976. The Preamble of Constitution of India asserts that India is a secular country.
The Indian Constitution does not profess any state religion. The state recognizes and accepts all religions. It enforces parliamentary laws and not religious laws, and respects pluralism.
The framers of constitution chose the model of secular state because of the following reasons :
(i) India emerged as an independent country amidst heavy turmoil and faced many problems like partition based on religion. The constitution makers did not want to give importance to any religion as it could again divide the country.
(ii) After getting independence, the important leaders of India made it clear that India has to be a secular state as they could not afford any disturbance in the country based on religion.
(iii) The framers of constitution knew that if any particular religion was promoted then there would be a chance of conflict among people of various religions and that would harm the progress of the country. This would also brings a feeling of insecurity among the people who follow other religions.
There is no discrimination among people based on the religious grounds in India. No religion is given superiority over any other religion.

Question. Describe three advantages of the political expression of caste differences.
Answer : Advantages of the political expression of caste differences are :
(i) It gives disadvantaged groups the opportunity to demand a share in power and decision-making.
(ii) Many political parties have taken up the issue of ending caste discrimination.
(iii) Measures for uplifting the status of the backward castes has also been undertaken.

 

Please click the link below to download pdf file for CBSE Class 10 Social Science Gender Religion And Caste Notes

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