CBSE Class 10 Social Science Print Culture in the Modern World Important Que0stions Set B

Objective type Questions

Question. The earliest print technology was developed in :
(a) China, Japan and Korea
(b) France, China and India
(c) Germany, Korea, Vietnam
(d) China, Japan and Germany
Answer: (a)

Question. Calligraphy is :
(a) the art of making ceramics
(b) the art of making pottery
(c) a style of music
(d) the art of beautiful and stylised writing
Answer: (d)

Question. This city became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the Western-style schools :
(a) Mumbai
(b) Tokyo
(c) Shanghai
(d) New York
Answer: (c)

Question. Vellum is :
(a) metal frame in which the types are laid and the text compressed
(b) a parchment made from the skin of animals
(c) the art of beautiful and stylised writing
(d) a historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited
Answer: (b)

Question. He developed the first-known Printing Press in the 1430s :
(a) Martin Luther
(b) Marco Polo
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Johann Gutenberg
Answer: (d)

Question. It is a historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited :
(a) Taverns
(b) Vellum
(c) Ballad
(d) Galley
Answer: (c)

Question. Who were deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties ?
(a) Jesuit priests
(b) Hindus
(c) The Ulama
(d) Portuguese missionaries
Answer: (c)

Question. Who wrote Ramcharitmanas ?
(a) Tulsidas
(b) Gangadhar Bhattacharya
(c) Kashibaba
(d) Ram Chaddha
Answer: (a)

Question. When was the Vernacular Press Act passed ?
(a) 1820
(b) 1878
(c) 1857
(d) 1907
Answer: (b)

Question. What was the name of the paper brought out by Balgangadhar Tilak ?
(a) Bombay Samachar
(b) Bengal Gazette
(c) Sambad Kaumudi
(d) Kesari
Answer: (d)

Question. Which one of the following was NOT the reason for the popularity of scientific ideas among the common people in eighteenth century Europe ?
(a) Printing of idea of Isaac Newton
(b) Development of printing press
(c) Interest of people in science and reason
(d) Traditional aristocratic groups supported it.
Answer: (d)

Question. Manuscripts in India were cheap and durable. (True/False)
Answer: False

Question. Dr.Ambedkar was also known as ‘Periyar’. (True/False)
Answer: False

Question. Print popularised the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers. (True/False)
Answer: True

Question. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878. (True/False)
Answer: True

Question. Those people who believed in the teachings of the Church were known as heretics. (True/False)
Answer: False

Question. Match the following :
Column A | Column B
1. The Maratha and Kesari | (E) B.G. Tilak
2. Bengal Gazette | (C) Gangadhar Bhattacharya
3. Istri Dharm Vichar | (D) Ram Chaddha
4. New India | (B) Annie Besant
5. Sambad Kaumudi | (A) Rammohan Roy
Answer: 1. (E), 2. (C), 3. (D), 4. (B), 5. (A)

Question. What does the image of an old railway station with many advertisements depict?
(A) Advertisements at a railway station in England
(B) Passengers boarding the train
(C) Craze in using public transport
(D) Invention of railways
Answer: (A)

Question. Complete the following : Calligraphy is the art of _____ .
Answer: beautiful and stylised writing

Question. First printed bible: Johann Gutenberg, Ninety Five Theses: Martin Luther, _________: CJ. A. Hickey
Answer: Bengal Gazette

Question. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(i) Establishment of Gutenberg Printing Press
(ii) Buddhist missionaries brought hand printing to Japan
(iii) Print came to India
(iv) Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses
(A) (ii)-(i)-(iv)-(iii)
(B) (i)-(ii)-(iii)-(iv)
(C) (i)-(iii)-(ii)-(iv)
(D) (iii)-(i)-(ii)-(iv)
Answer: (A)

Question. Complete the following table :
Hand Printing | Discovered by which country | Brought by whom in Europe
Answer: Hand Printing | China | Marco Polo

Question. Identify the person with the help of following features:
A. Born in Tokyo in 1753
B. Known for his art form called Ukiyo
C. His art influenced artists like Manet, Monet and Van Gogh
Answer: Kitagawa Utamaro

Question. Correct the following statement and rewrite : By the 17th century, the use of print diversified in China because of a blooming rural culture.
Answer: By the 17th century, the use of print diversified in China because of a blooming urban culture.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Why was printing of textbooks sponsored by the Imperial State in China ? 
Answer: The printing of textbooks were sponsored by the Imperial State in China because China possessed a large bureaucratic system, which recruited their personnel through civil service examinations. That is why, textbooks were printed in large numbers to provide them study material.

Question. How had hand printing technology introduced in Japan?
Answer: Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand printing technology in Japan around 768-770 AD.

Question. Why could manuscripts not satisfy the increasing demand for books in Europe during fourteenth century?
Answer: The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books. Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business. Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.

Question. Who invented printing press and when ?
Answer: Printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the year 1430.

Question. What was woodblock printing ?
Answer: It is a variant of printing where paper is rubbed against the inked surface of woodblocks.

Question. What were the drawbacks of manuscripts ?
Answer: (i) Fragility, (ii) Awkward to handle and (iii) Lack of mobility.

Question. Who was Johannes Gutenberg ?
Answer: Johannes Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and he invented the first printing press in Germany, Europe.

Question. How many copies of the Bible were printed by Johannes Gutenberg in Europe ?
Answer: About 180 copies of the Bible were printed by Johannes Gutenberg in Europe.

Question. What led to the schism within the Catholic Church and the birth of the Protestant Reformation movement in Germany ?
Answer: Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses culminated in the division within the Catholic Church and the development of the Protestant Reformation Movement in Germany.

Question. Who was Menocchio ?
Answer: Menocchio was an Italian mill worker who was tried by the Inquisition for his heretical views on religion.

Question. What were almanacs ?
Answer: The almanacs were the annual publications that reflected on astronomical data, movements of the sun and the moon, timings of full tides and eclipses and the significance of day-to-day life of people.

Question. How was Biliotheque Bleue different from Penny Chapbooks ?
Answer: Biliotheque Bleue represented low priced small books printed in France with cheap blue cover. On the other hand, Penny Chapbooks were sold by petty peddlers called Chapmen in England.

Question. How did print popularise the ideas of enlightenment thinkers in France ?
Answer: By attacking the sacred authority of the church and the despotic powers of the state, the print propagated the notions of enlightenment thinkers in France.

Question. What was typical about women novelists ?
Answer: The writings of women novelists were characteristic of their will power, strength of personality and empowerment.

Question. Who wrote ‘My Childhood and My University’ ?
Answer: The twentieth century Russian revolutionary author Maxim Gorky wrote ‘My Childhood and My University’.

Question. How many sheets could be printed by the power driven cylindrical press ?
Answer: The power-driven cylindrical press could print 8,000 sheets per hour.

Question. What was represented in caricatures and cartoons in India ?
Answer: Some caricatures sneered at the educated Indians’ obsession with the western taste and clothes, while others expressed the fear of social change.

Question. Why did the Roman Catholic Church impose control over publishers and booksellers ?
Answer: Print led several individual interpretation of faith, a picture of god and creation that enraged Roman Catholic church, increased questioning on the sacred authority of church. Hence, they imposed several restrictions to control publishers and booksellers. [Index of prohibited books, 1558]

Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions

Mark the option which is most suitable :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion : In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
Reason : This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Answer: (a) A printed copy of the Theses was posted on a Church door in Wittenberg. It challenged the Church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in large numbers and read widely. The reason thus correctly justifies the assertion.

Question. Assertion : The new reading culture was accompanied by a new technology.
Reason : From hand printing there was a gradual shift to mechanical printing.
Answer: (a) The reason thus correctly justifies the assertion.

Question. Assertion : The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books.
Reason : Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
Answer: (b) Copying was laborious, expensive and time-consuming. Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Therefore, their circulation remained limited. The reason does not explain or justify the assertion.

Question. Assertion : The first book that Gutenberg printed was the Bible.
Reason : About 500 copies were printed and it took two years to produce them.
Answer: (c) About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. The reason is thus false.

Question. Assertion : Print and popular religious literature stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith even among little-educated working people.
Reason : Through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, literacy rates went up in most parts of Europe.
Answer: (b) Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Question. Assertion : As literacy and schools spread in African countries, there was a virtual reading mania.
Reason : Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages, carrying literacy to tribals.
Answer: (d) As literacy and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania. Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages, carrying literacy to peasants and artisans.

Question. Assertion : Children became an important category of readers.
Reason : Primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century.
Answer: (a) The reason justifies the assertion.

Question. Assertion : There was intense controversy between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatory.
Reason : The Deoband Seminary founded in 1867, published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in everyday lives, and explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrines.
Answer: (b) The reason does not justify the assertion.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. How had the Imperial State in China been the major producer of printed material for a long time? Explain with examples.
Answer: From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper invented there against the inked surface of woodblocks. The imperial state in China was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material. China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print. By the seventeenth century, as urban culture bloomed in China, the uses of print diversified. Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. Women, revolutionaries, poets and even merchants used print in everyday life.

Question. Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new world of debate discussion.’’ Analyse the statement in the context of religion in Europe. 
Answer: Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of debate and discussion. (i) Even those who disagreed with established authorities could now print and circulate their ideas. Through the printed message, they could persuade people to think differently, and move them to action. (ii) Many were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to the printed word and wider circulation of books, could have on people’s minds. (iii) It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read, then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread.

Question. “The ‘Print Revolution’ had transformed the lives of people changing their relationship to information and knowledge.” Analyse the statement. 
Answer: Introduction : Print revolution was not just a new way of producing books but it transformed the lives of people to information and knowledge. (a) It reduced the time, labour and cost of producing books. Books became accessible. People from all spheres of life began reading books. Transition from hearing to reading public. (b) The people now looked at the world with new eyes, eyes that were questioning and critical, applying the rule of reason and rationality. (c) People were persuaded to think differently. It opened their mind to vast horizons of knowledge as they exposed to ideas of thinkers and philosophers. They analysed the things in their own way. Conclusion : Thus, a new world of debate & discussion was created. They were now aware, rational and judged everything with reason.

Question. Give reasons for the statement : ‘Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295’. 
Answer: In the aftermath of 1295, the Italian explorer Marco Polo returned from his long stay in China. The concept of woodblock printing became popular in Europe after his return.

Question. Write short notes to show what you know about the Gutenberg Press.
Answer: The Gutenberg Press was a developed from of the olive press. The lead moulds were used for casting the metal types of the letters. By 1448, Johannes Gutenberg perfected the printing system. The Bible was the first book printed by Johannes Gutenberg. Within three years, Gutenberg produce 180 copies of the Holy Bible. At the same time, the borders of the book were illuminated manually by the artists. Therefore everybody possessed unique piece of the Bible.

Question. Write a note on Erasmus’s idea of a printed book. 
Answer: Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer. He strongly objected to the printing of books. In his opinion, most printed books were slanderous, irreligious and provoking. With the subsequent expansion of printing, ideas of enlightened thinkers attracted the mass and they started to see the world thorough the lens of logic. These printed books were spreading heretical ideas that opposed the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. According to Erasmus, such printed books debased the value of handwritten manuscripts.

Question. How did print culture affect women in the nineteenth century ?
Answer: (i) Women held an important position in the history of India as prominent readers and writers. (ii) The Penny magazines were particularly meant for women. These were manuals that educate women on proper decorum and house keeping facilities. (iii) When novels began to be written in the nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers. (iv) Many prominent novelists like Jane Austan, the Bronte Sisters and George Eliot started to be define a new type of women; as a person with strong will, manifesting the strength of personality and thinking capacities

Question. Who brought the printing technology to British India and how ?
Answer: (i) James Augustus Hickey started to edit the ‘Bengal Gazatte’, a weekly magazine. (ii) It was a private English magazine and barely carried any British influence on it. With the help of this magazine, printing was introduced to India. (iii) Hickey published an array of advertisements on import and sale of slaves. He also revealed hidden secrets of the Company’s officials in India. Angered by this act, the Governor General of India, Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey’s magazine.

Question. Write the name of any two women writers of India in nineteenth century and highlights their contribution.
Answer: The two influential Indian women writers in the nineteenth century were Kailashbashini Debi and Rashsundari Debi. (i) Kailashbashini Debi : She was a Bengali women who started writing books from 1860s, underscoring the vivid experiences of women. She reflected on women’s imprisonment at home and their glaring hardships in their lifetime. She showed that women were treated harshly by new people (ii) Rashsundari Debi : She was a young married women who learned to read and write from the secrecy of her Kitchen. After acquiring the art of writing, she delineated her life story in the form of autobiography called Amar Jiban (My life) in Bengali language.

Question. Why did British government curb the freedom of the Indian press after the revolt of 1857 ? 
Answer: The British government curbed the freedom of the Indian press after the revolt of 1857 because the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the ‘native‘ press. As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the colonial government began debating measures for string control.

Question. Write briefly on the Vernacular Press Act. 
Answer: Proposed by the Viceroy of India, Lord Lytton (1876-80), the Vernacular Press Act was passed on 1878. It was modelled on the Irish Press laws. Due to the prevalence of this Act, the government wielded control over the vernacular press. The Government possessed the right to censor reports and editorials of the vernacular press. If report was found to be seditious, The newspaper was warned. However, if the newspaper shunned the warning and continued the activity, then the press would be confiscated.

Question. Read the sources given below and answer the question that follows:
Sources A- The First Printing Book: The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From AD 594 onwards, book in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there – against the inked surface of woodblocks. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy, the beauty of calligraphy.
Source B- A New Reading Public: With the printing press, a new reading public emerged. Printing reduced the cost of books. The time and labour required to produce each book came down, and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease. Books flooded the market, Reaching out to an ever growing readership. Access to book created a new culture of reading. Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites. Common people lived in a world of oral culture. They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited, and folk tales narrated. Knowledge was transferred orally. People collectively heard a story, or saw a performance. They did not read a book individually and silently. Before the age of print, books were not only expensive but they could not be produced in sufficient numbers. Now books could reach out to wider selection of people. If earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being.
Source C- Manuscript, Before The Age of Print: Manuscript, however, were highly expensive and fragile. They had to be handled carefully, and they could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles. So manuscript were not widely used in everyday life. Even though pre-colonial Bengal had developed an extensive network of village primary schools, students very often did not be read texts. They only learnt to write. Teachers dictated portions of texts from memory and students wrote them down. Many thus became literate without ever actually reading any kinds of texts.

Question. Which three countries developed earliest print technology?
Answer: China, Japan and Korea.

Question. What was the change brought about by innovation of printing ?
Answer: With the innovation of printing, cost of books were reduced. Now books could reach out to wider selection of people. Hence flooded the market.

Question. Write any one character of manuscripts because of which printed books replaced them.
Answer: Manuscripts were highly expensive and could not be read easily and these were not afforded by everyone and subsequently replaced by printed books.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Describe three shortcomings of manuscripts that were overcome by the printing press.
Answer: The three drawbacks of manuscripts that were challenged by the printing press are enumerated as follows : (i) It is noted that expert manual writers took enormous time to copy manuscripts. The process was expensive and burdensome. However, the printing press did not take much time to produce many copies of books. (ii) Copying manuscripts was really an extravagant affair and it was mostly preferred by the aristocratic sections of the society. Handwritten manuscripts represented status symbol. The printing press reduces the cost of books extensively and made them accessible to common people. (iii) Carrying handwritten manuscripts was extremely cumbersome and entailed the risk of getting destroyed or mutilated. Printed books could be carried, handled and transferred with ease.

Question. Why did some people in eighteenth century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism ? 
Answer: In 18th century, many people felt that print culture would definitely bring enlightenment and cease despotism. The reasons are enumerated as follows : (i) Dissemination of new ideas : After the advent of the print culture, the notions of scientists and philosophers reached the masses at large. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were collated and published. This phase signaled the growth of enlightenment and fanned the flames of print revolution. (ii) Books as means of progress : By the close of the eighteenth century, books became the medium of progress and enlightenment. They started to spread new ideas and opinions that enthralled the audience. People became voracious readers and they began to see the world through the prism of logic and rationality. (iii) Writings of scholars : The writings of eminent thinkers and philosophers such as Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Paine and Voltaire were also widely printed and circulated. Their writings became popular among the masses at large. Thus, their notions about science, rationality and reasoning entered the corpus of literature. (iv) Scientific discoveries : The cartographers began to curate authentic maps and scientific diagrams. These maps and scientific illustrations were widely printed. They could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers. (v) A new culture of dialogue and debate : The printing press was deemed to be the potential medium of progress and enlightenment. The press engendered strong public opinions and ideas. Many historians opined that the print culture spawned conditions for the growth of enlightenment and the cessation of despotism in the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789.

Question. Why did the Roman Catholic Church begin keeping an Index of Prohibited Books from the mid-sixteenth century ? Explain by giving five reasons.
Answer: The Roman Catholic Church kept an Index of Prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century. The reasons are as follows : (i) It was felt that if there was no control over the printed materials, then rebellious and irrational thoughts might permeate. (ii) Many monarchs thoughts that if there is no control, then printed books could lead to rebellions against the state authorities. (iii) Many religious prerogatives feared that printed materials could make the people rebel against their christened religions. (iv) The Roman Catholic Church wielded control over publishers and book retailers. The Church began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books. (v) In the same way, many writers and artists felt that if nobody exercised control on the printed materials, then the prerogatives of the precious publications would be perished.

Question. How were ideas and information written before the age of print in India ? How did the printing technique begin in India ?
Answer: In the ancient period, India witnessed a very opulent and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and other local languages. Manuscripts were written on palm leaves or on handmade paper. Pages were illuminated with floral patterns by artists. Gita Govinda was written on palm leaves in a artistic format by Jayadeva. Some works represented beautiful calligraphy such as the fourteenth century poet Hafiz’s work called the Diwan. These manuscripts were preserved by sewing the pages together or pressing between wooden covers. These manuscripts could not be carried everywhere with ease. They were very expensive and fragile. The manuscripts were preferred by the elite sections. Even in schools, students became educated without perusing any kinds of literary texts as scripts were written in variegated styles. Teachers gave dictations from the excerpts of the literary texts and students wrote them down. The printing press first came to Goa with the Protestant Missionaries in the mid-16th century from Portugal. They printed several tracts in Konkani and Tamil languages. In 1674, 50 books were printed in Konkani language. The first Tamil book was printed in 1579 at Cochin and the first Malayalam book surfaced in 1713. By 1710, the Dutch missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts. From 1780s, James Augustus Hickey started the era of English printing. He began to edit Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine and revealed many secrets of the Company’s senior officials. By the close of the eighteenth century, an array of journals appeared. Indians came to the forefront of publishing industry. Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to Raja Rammohan Roy, brought out the Bengal Gazette.

Question. What was the attitude of people in India in the nineteenth century towards women reading ? How did women respond to this ?
Answer: Common prejudices permeated the native landscape. The attitude of people towards woman reading was not favourable. It was not that the conservative Hindus would favour the education of women. At the same time, the Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances. However, there was a ray of hope in the dismal picture. There were some notable women who transgressed such prohibitions and carved out a unique space for themselves in the history of India. A Muslim girl in north India defied here family and learned to read and write in Urdu in utmost secrecy. Rashsundari Debi, a young married woman hailing from an orthodox family, learnt to read secretly in her kitchen. Subsequently, she documented her life story in a form of autobiography in Bengali language. A few Bengali women like Kailashbashini Debi penned down the tragic experiences of native women in her books. In the 1860s, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai of Maharashtra depicted the miserable plight of upper caste women in their writings. In Punjab, the folk literature projected women as docile and obedient wives. For instance, Ram Chaddha wrote Istri Dharm Vichar that emphasised on the changing equations between men and women. The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets or chapbooks with the same message. In Bengal, - an entire area in Central Calcutta—the Battala—was oriented towards print and popular culture. Battala was the hub of printing popular books and magazines. They were subsidised editions of religious texts, scriptures as well as seditious literature. The education of women was not encouraged by the majority as Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain reported in her address to Bengal Women’s Educated Conference. In this way, women valiantly responded to the attitude of people towards reading in the nineteenth century. Many women defied the norms of the stigmatised society and exercised in the art of penmanship. Thus, they came out bravely and proved their mettle.

Question. Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India. 
Answer: Print culture culminated in the development of nationalism in India. The points are as follows : (i) Print culture resulted in publication of most papers in vernacular languages. Many journals were published after 1870. (ii) These journal and newspapers published cartoons and caricatures refuting the imperial rule and gave comments on social and political issues. The vernacular newspapers such as Kesari and Maratha in Marathi languages were overtly nationalist and reflected on colonial misrule and stimulated nationalist current. (iii) The British government advocated repressive policies that led to militant protest. Tilak was incarcerated for reporting on repressive measures in his Kesari in 1908. It resulted in widespread resentment. (iv) Print culture encouraged the leaders to pass on the ideas to people across the nation. This initiative brought them closer and assisted in the development of nationalism.

Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follows :
Source – 1 : Religious Reform and Public Debates: There were intense controversies between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, brahmanical priesthood, and idolatry. In Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts and newspapers proliferated, circulating a variety of argument.
Source–2 : New Forms of Publication: New literary forms also entered the world of reading lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters. In different ways, they reinforced the new emphasis on human lives and intimate feelings, about the political and social rules that shaped such things.
Source–3 : Women and Print: Since social reforms and novels had already created a great interest in women‘s lives and emotions, there was also an interest in what women would have to say about their own lives.

Question. Evaluate how did the print shape the nature of the debate in the early nineteenth century in India.
Answer: From the early nineteenth century, there were intensive debates around religious issues. Different religious groups confronted the changes happening within colonial society in different ways and offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.

Question. To What extent do you agree that print opened up new worlds of experience and gave a vivid sense of diversity of human lives ?
Answer: The print opened up new worlds of experience and a vivid sense of diversity because of following reasons: (i) It created a new culture of reading because earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being. (ii) It created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.

Question. To what extent did the print culture reflect a great interest in women‘s lives and emotions ? Explain. 
Answer: The print culture reflects a great interest in women’s lives and emotions by following ways : (i) Women became important as readers as well as writers. Penny magazines were especially meant for women, as these were the manuals teaching proper behaviour and housekeeping. (ii) When novels began to be written in the nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers. Some of the best known women novelists were : Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot.

Source/Extract Based Questions

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:
For centuries, silk and spices from China flowed into Europe through the silk route. In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the same route. Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes. Then, in 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China. China already had the technology of woodblock printing. Marco Polo brought this knowledge back with him. Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe. Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries which scoffed at printed books as cheap vulgarities. Merchants and students in the university towns bought the cheaper printed copies.

Question. The route known as silk route because:
(a) Silk was the main item exported from Europe to China
(b) Silk was the main item exported from China to Europe
(c) The colour of this route was bright yellow
(d) Travellers were having very smooth journey on this route
Answer: (b)

Question. What is incorrect about Marco Polo?
(a) He was an Italian explorer
(b) He stayed in China for many years
(c) He introduced Chinese printing technology in Europe
(d) Before woodblock printing European were using only metallic printing
Answer: (d)

Question. Find out the incorrect about woodblock printing:
(a) It was invented in China
(b) It helped to spread printed material at cheaper rate
(c) It was very effective on porous sheets
(d) This technology was introduced in Europe by an explorer
Answer: (c)

Question. Which of the following is not correct about Vellum?
(a) A parchment made from the skin of animals
(b) It was expensive and used only by elite class
(c) The written material of vellum was generally non-serious fictions
(d) After introduction of woodblocks, vellum was also accessible to merchants and students
Answer: (d)