CBSE Class 10 Social Science Development Important Questions Set C

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Why do different persons have different notions of development. Explain. OR Why do people’s development goals vary ? Explain with examples. OR How can two persons have different development goals?
Answer:

• (i) It is because the life situations of different people are different.
• (ii) People seek things that are most important for them or which can fulfill their aspirations or desires.
• (iii) For example : The developmental goals of a boy from a rich urban family would be to get admission in a reputed college, whereas the developmental goals of a girl from a rich urban family would be to get as much freedom as her brother.

Question. ‘‘Conflicting goals can be developmental goals.’’ Elaborate with examples.
Answer:

• (i) At times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
• (ii) A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that she also shares in the household work.
• (iii) Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people, who are displaced, such as the tribal.

Question. How some countries are generally called developed and others underdeveloped on the basis of per capita income criterion ?
Answer: The per capita income of a country is an average income that refers to total income per person of a country. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population. World Bank in its World Development Report uses this criteria to classify countries into the rich and poor countries. The countries achieving equal to or more than a particular level of per capita income are considered rich or developed countries while countries achieving less than that particular level of per capita income are considered poor or underdeveloped countries. The level of per capita income changes from year to year depending on various factors.

Question. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries ? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any ?
Answer: The main criterion used by World Bank to classify different countries is the per capita income of the countries. The countries above a certain level of per capita income are considered as rich countries while the countries below that level are considered poor countries. There are two limitations with this criterion. The first limitation is that this criterion is very much influenced by the extreme upper and lower values and fails to represent the level of equality of income. Secondly, it does not represent the other indicators of quality of life like level of health and education.

Question. What is the basis for determining for developmental goals of different people ? Give one example to prove that development for some may cause harm to others.
Answer:

• (i) Goals of each person or group are determined according to their aspirations. Everyone seeks to achieve the goal that are most important to him/her and which can fulfill their desires and aspirations.
• (ii) The goals of a landless labourer and a rich farmer, or the goal of a boy or a girl are bound to be different.
• (iii) Sometimes, goals of development of a person or groups may be disastrous for others : e.g., Industrialists may want more dams to generate electricity, but the same dam may submerge the land, disrupting the life of people whose habitat has been submerged.

Question. What are common development goals ? Give any two suitable examples of common development goals.
Answer: Certain development goals which are common for the masses are called common development goals. These common goals put emphasis on income as well as on other aspects of life. Other aspects of life include equal treatment, freedom, security of life, education, good working environment. Pollution free environment, security of jobs and good social life needed for leading a quality life. Good quality life always depends upon non-material things, role of family and friends in life cannot be replaced by any materialistic things.

Question. What are the general desires of normal people ?
Answer: The normal people desires for regular employment, better wages, reasonable price for their crops and various products that raise their standard of living. Apart from monetary benefits, people also desires for non-material and sometimes more important things like freedom, security, equal treatment, and respect etc.

Question. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank ?
Answer: The basic difference between the criterion used by the World Bank compare to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is that the World Bank uses the narrow concept while UNDP uses the broad concept of development. The World Bank uses the per capita income criterion to measure the development among the countries while the UNDP uses a combination of the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income to compare level of development among countries. So UNDP uses more comprehensive criteria in comparison to that of World Bank to classify countries on the basis of development.

Question. How is BMI calculated ?
Answer: BMI or Body Mass Index is used to measure the level of nourishment among the adults. This is easy to calculate. For this purpose the weight of a person is measured in kgs. and the height in metres. Then the weight is divided by the square of the height. If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person is considered undernourished and if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight. This criterion is applicable only on adults and not on growing children.

Question. What significance does the word “Human” connote in the Human Development Report ?
Answer: The pre-fixing of the word “Human” in Human Development Report, an attempt has been made by UNDP to make it clear that what is important in development is what is happening to citizens of a country, to their health, and their well-being.

Question. Explain inferences which have been drawn by comparing the development levels of Maharashtra, Kerala and Bihar.
Answer: Following inferences can be drawn by comparing the development levels of Maharashtra, Kerala and Bihar: (i) per capita income is not the appropriate criteria to compare development of different regions. (ii) Government must improve healthcare facilities to bring down Infant Mortality Rate. (iii) Government must develop better educational and public amenities.

Question. ‘Sustainable Development is a crucial step for the development of a country’. Explain with suitable examples.
Answer: Sustainable development is crucial for development of a country as it: (i) Promotes use of renewable resources like solar energy, tidal energy, etc (ii) Puts a check on over usage of resources. (iii) Promotes protection and conservation of resources for future generation.

Source/Extract Based Questions

Source A– Human Development Report
Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income. It would be interesting to look at certain relevant data regarding India and its neighbours from Human Development Report 2018.

Question. What are the criterion used by UNDP to measure the development of different countries ?
Answer: The criterion used by UNDP to measure the development of different countries are as follows :

• (i) Educational level of people
• (ii) Health status
• (iii) Per capita income

Source B– Sustainability of development
Suppose for the present that a particular country is quite developed. We would certainly like this level of development to go up further or at least be maintained for future generations. However, since the second half of the twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present type, and levels, of development are not sustainable.

Question. Why is the sustainability of development became very important in the present scenario ?
Answer: The Sustainability of development became very important in the present scenario because human beings used the vital resources indiscriminately for their greeds. This led to depletion of resources along with various global ecological crises like global warming, ozone layer depletion etc. If this depletion continues, the future of our earth will be in danger.

Source C– Public facilities
Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps .

Question. ‘Money cannot buy everything.’ Explain the statement.
Answer: Money cannot buy everything. For example, money cannot buy us a pollution free environment unless we can afford to shift to a community that already has all the things. Similarly it is also not able to protect us from infectious diseases, unless we take preventive steps.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. What is development ? What goals can be included in development ?
Answer: Development is defined as a situation in which all the aspirations of people get fulfilled. Such kind of development can be attained only when right kind of resources are mobilised in the right manner. It depends on the attitude of the people and right policies of the government. There are many goals which can be included in development:

• (i) High per capita income of the country.
• (ii) Equitable distribution of income among the people of the country.
• (iii) Regular employment for all the persons of the country.
• (iv) Availability of quality education for all.
• (v) Availability of quality health facilities for all.
• (vi) Social security facilities for all the specially abled and old aged people of the country.
• (vii) World class infrastructural facilities like safe roads and rail tracks, transportation facilities, communication facilities and availability of electricity for all.
• (viii) Balanced regional development so that the backward regions of the country may also participate in the development of the country.
• (ix) Safe and secure environment in which people may grow and enjoy the benefits of development.

Question. Why do we use averages ? Are there any limitations to their use ? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer: An average refers to a value which is calculated on the basis of per unit of something. If we take the example of Income than average income will refer to total income per person of a country. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population. It is also called per capita income. The biggest limitation of an average is that this value is very much influenced by the extreme values in the distribution. So, the very high or very low values may influence the average in such a manner which may present a false picture of some phenomena. For example, a group of 4 persons may have annual incomes of \( ₹ \) 5 lakhs (first person), \( ₹ \) 1 lakh (second person), \( ₹ \) 60 thousand (third person) and \( ₹ \) 40 thousand (fourth person). Their total income becomes \( ₹ \) 7 lakhs while their average income is \( ₹ \) 1.75 lakhs per person. Now this average figure does not represent the true picture of earning of any of the member. But averages are easy to calculate and are easily understandable. When calculated over a large number of people, this figure may represent the picture close to the reality. That is why World Bank uses the average income as a parameter to classify the countries into the rich or poor countries and developed and developing countries.

Question. How is income not a reliable indicator of development ?
Answer: Total income of a country cannot be considered a completely reliable indicator of development since it does not tell about what a person in that country has. Since, the countries have different size of population, and the total income does not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. A country with high income and low population may be better than a country with high income and high population. As the consumption of a person depends on the average earning of a person, we compare the average income or per capita income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population to measure the development of a country. Another factor that the concept of income both the total income or the per capita income do not clarify the distribution of income among the people of the country (X) with very high total and per capita income and high income inequality is worse than a country (Y) with normal total income and per capita income and with equitable income distribution among the common people in country (Y). The country (Y) will have better life in comparison to that of the country (X).

Question. Is income a sufficient factor for development ? What other factors do you think are significant for development ?
Answer: Income is generally considered to be an important factor on which the development of a country’s people depends. It is a general thought that countries with higher income are more developed than those with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income results into more of all those things that the human beings need. But income is not the only factor on which the development and welfare of the people depends. Apart from money there are many other things which are equally desired by the human being for their development. Following are some of the factors :

• (i) Equality of Income : An important factor which is must for development is the equality of income. A country cannot be considered developed if only a section of the society enjoys all the benefits while the other section suffers from poverty.
• (ii) Health Facilities : A person can contribute towards any development only when he is healthy. A person’s health is dependent upon the quality of food and the medical facilities available in the country.
• (iii) Education : Education enhances the understanding of the world around a person. Knowledge makes the discovery of new ideas, items and technology possible which makes the lives of the people easier.
• (iv) Clean Environment : Clean environment is equally important for people as health is. The absence of clean environment results into poor health which again is worse for the people of any country.
• (v) Security : A person can feel or sense development only when he has the sense of security, internal as well as external.

Question. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree ? Discuss.
Answer: The Per Capita Income is a simple criterion which is easy to calculate and understand. So it is useful but it is not a comprehensive measure of human development. It only reflects the average income per person of the country but there are two limitations with this criterion. The first limitation is that this criterion is very much influenced by the extreme upper and lower values and fails to represent the level of equality of income. Secondly, it does not represent the other indicators of quality of life like level of health and education which are equally or rather more important objectives for human development on which the magnitude of income depends. Kerala has low Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and better level of education than those of Maharashtra that is why Kerala, though with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra.

Question. “Average income is useful for comparison but it may hide disparities.” Support the statement with suitable arguments. [CBSE, 2019]
Answer: Average income hide disparities. This can be proved by the following:

• (i) Average income hide disparities in case there is no equitable distribution of income.
• (ii) For example: If a small population have a very high income, the total income as well as the average income rises, thus hiding disparities about the actual situation.
• (iii) They average income do not indicate rising standards of living as development depends on non-materialistic factors like freedom, equality, respect, justice etc.
• (iv) Average income do not tell us about the HDI as it depends on health and educational status also.

Question. How is the development of a country measured ?
Answer: The concept of development differs from person to person. So there is always a possibility of difference of opinion on the concept of development. Similarly there are various ways in which the development of a country is measured. Following are the various ways :

• (i) Total Income Criterion : For comparing countries, their total income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. It is a general thought that countries with higher income are more developed than those with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income results into more of all those things that the human beings need. Whatever people want for the fulfillment of their needs, they will be able to buy with greater income. So total income is one way of measuring the development of the country.
• (ii) World Bank or Per Capita Income Criterion : Total income of a country cannot be considered a useful measure since, the countries have different size of populations, and comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. A country with high income and low population may be better than a country with high income and high population. As the welfare of a country depends on the average earning of a person, we compare the average income or per capita income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population to measure the development of a country. World Bank uses this criterion to measure the development of a country.
• (iii) UNDP Criterion : UNDP uses a broader concept of development. The per capita income is a simple criterion which is easy to calculate and understand. But it is not a comprehensive measure of human development. It only reflects the average income per person of the country. But there are two limitations with this criterion. The first limitation is that this criterion is very much influenced by the extreme upper and lower values and fails to represent the level of equality of income. Secondly, it does not represent the other indicators of quality of life like level of health and education which are equally or rather more important objectives for human development. So, the UNDP uses a criterion which is a combination of the educational levels of the people, their health status and the per capita income of the countries to compare the level of development among countries. So, UNDP uses more comprehensive criteria to classify countries on the basis of development.

Question. Why are better public facilities needed for the development of the country ? Explain four public facilities. OR ‘‘National development of a country depends on the availability of public facilities.’’ How ?
Answer: Public facilities are the facilities provided by the government either free of cost or at very low price for the welfare of people. Development of a country depends upon various facilities which are affordable when provided collectively by the state. Following are some of the public facilities required for development :

• (i) Public Distribution System : Public Distribution System of a country distributes food articles to the people of a country. The better the PDS works, the better fed are the people of the country and the nutritional level of the people of the country also improves which ultimately contributes to the development of the country.
• (ii) Education Facilities : Educated people are the base of any kind of development. It is the established fact that most developed countries are the most educated countries and the countries with high level of education have high rate of development.
• (iii) Health Facilities : A person can contribute towards any development only when he is healthy. A person’s health is dependent upon the quality of food and the medical facilities available in the country. So the country’s medical system and food distribution needs to be very strong and effective so that the benefits of these facilities must reach to the last person.
• (iv) Transportation and Communication : Transportation provides the mobility of resources from one part of the country to the other parts where they are more required. Communication helps in the timely flow of information. This mobility of resources and information is very much required for the balanced development of the country.
• (v) Security : Development takes place only in a secure environment. So, a country’s internal and external security is very much required for the development of a country.

Question. What does HDI stand for ? Explain the main criteria of measuring HDI according to UNDP Report of 1990.
Answer: HDI stands for Human Development Index. The main criteria of measuring HDI (Human Development Index) according to UNDP report of 1990 can be explained as follows :

• (i) UNDP published HDI to compare different countries based on educational level, health status of the people and per capita income of the country.
• (ii) It (HDI) determines the rank of a country in three areas i.e., life expectancy, educational level and per capita income.
• (iii) Improvements has been suggested in calculating HDI.
• (iv) Now it is clear that what is important for development is all about health and well being of the people.

Question. What do you understand by the sustainable development ? How can sustainable development be achieved ? OR What does sustainability of development mean ? How can sustainable development be achieved ?
Answer: The concept of sustainable development or sustainability underlines the importance of these words-“We have not inherited the world from our forefathers — we have borrowed it for our children.” So, this concept tells us that the present generation must utilise all the resources in such a judicious manner so that the future generations may also enjoy the benefits of such resources in the same manner as the present generations are enjoying today. Following are certain steps which can be taken to achieve sustainable development :

• (i) Judicious Use of Natural Resources : The very first step that can be taken is the judicious use of the natural resources. Natural resources are limited. So they must be utilised by keeping economic priorities in the mind and in such manner which may provide the maximum benefits to the people.
• (ii) Penalty for Wastage : Another step that can be taken is to stop the wastage of natural resources is to penalise people responsible for wastage of natural resources. For this purpose government must frame necessary policies and implement them so that wastage of at least non-renewable resources may be stopped.
• (iii) Alternative Resources : Efforts must be made to generate alternatives of the natural resources. Though it is very difficult but the technology has made it possible to generate alternative resources. But such technologies must be made commonly available for their maximum use.

Question. Why is sustainability important for development ? Explain. 
Answer: The issue of sustainability is important for development because:

• (i) With the passage of times the generation changes and with this change society wants more and more benefits from the resources which are present in our nature.
• (ii) The increasing needs of people decaying things day by day and excessive use resources is making things worse. If the speed of using resources remains same then the available resources will be exhausted soon and our coming generation will stay deprived from all kind of needs.
• (iii) The growth and development should be done by keeping in mind the future usage.
• (iv) If resources will not be sustained for future then our natural resources will be exhausted after some time and upcoming generations will not be able to take the advantage of these natural resources.
• (v) This concept stresses the role of the environment as capital.

Question. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around your surroundings.
Answer: Following are some of the examples of environmental degradation that have been observed in our surroundings :

• (i) SMOG : It is the latest environmental problem that has taken place at a large extent in our surroundings. It is the mix of fog and smoke. The smoke is generated by the vehicles and industries using coal and petroleum products. The dust emerged from the construction activities add fuel to fire. The smog leads to the respiratory problems in people, especially the elders and children which may become acute due to the prolonged exposure to this environmental problem.
• (ii) River Water Pollution : Our rivers have got polluted to a very high extent. So, it not possible for the aquatic system or aquatic life of the river to survive in it. This pollution in the rivers is being caused by the industries and poor drainage and sewage system of the cities situated at the bank of the rivers.
• (iii) Fall in the Water Level : The over exploitation of groundwater and irregularity in the rain are resulting into the fall in the groundwater level. Now the multi-story buildings are being built and the industries are being setup in large numbers and the public supply of water from the rivers is getting scanty due to less flow in rivers. So people are involved in individual groundwater extraction which is resulting into the fall in water level.
• (iv) Noise Pollution : Noise pollution generated by vehicles, factories is very common in our surroundings.

Question. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the disscusion of development ? Discuss.
Answer: The above statement is absolutely true. We have enough resources to fulfill our needs. Nature has given us sufficient resources to meet all our requirements. But when we start the overexploitation of resources in the name of more profits, more demand, lavish life style or anything else, they start depleting very fast, no matter whether they are renewable or non-renewable resources. For example, now most of people having cars like to go anywhere by car only, no matter the passenger is only a single person in the car. So he likes to use a carrier which is consuming fuel that was sufficient to carry five persons together. It is wastage of a resource. Similarly we can see the wastage of fuels on the crossings and in the jams. All this is resulting into the fast depletion of the fossil fuels. The depletion is so fast that at its present rate, the crude oil reserves would last only 53 years more. In the name of development and expanding agriculture, we can see deforestation taking place in all parts of the country. This deforestation has disturbed the ecological balance. The same overexploitation and wastage is happening with other natural resources which is absolutely non-sustainable in the future.

Sustainability is the capacity to use the resource judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. Every generations wants to get maximum benefits from the available resources but such a thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of these resources. The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in relation with the future if natural resources are not sustained, development will stagnate after a point of time.

Question. What is a Economic development ?
Answer: Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, social and political well being of its people.

Question. What is sustainable development ?
Answer: Sustainable development means judicious use of resources for carrying out development activities so that the needs of present generations can be fulfilled without hampering the needs of future generations.

Question. Why sustainable development is important issue for development ?
Answer: Issue of sustainable development is important for development because of natural resources are not sustained, development will stagnate after a point of time.

Source/Extract Based Questions

Besides seeking more income, one-way or the other, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent discrimination. All these are important goals. In fact, in some cases, these may be more important than more income or more consumption because material goods are not all that you need to live. Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of our life also depends on non-material things mentioned above. If it is not obvious to you, then just think of the role of your friends in your life. You may desire the friendship. Similarly, there are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives. These are often ignored. However, it will be wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured is not important. Consider another example. If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom. Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. Hence, the developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life.

Question. Which of the following is the best way to measure the development status of a country?
(a) Number of cities in a country
(b) Per capital income
(c) Number of IT sector jobs in a country
(d) Inflation
Answer: (b)

Question. Which of the following is true for a renewable resource?
(a) Renewable resources can never be overused as they are in abundance.
(b) Renewable resources are replenished by the nature over a period of time.
(c) Renewable resources are fixed, and they are bound to get exhausted.
(d) Renewable resources are available only in developed nations.
Answer: (b)

Question. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is \( ₹ \) 5000. If the income of three families is \( ₹ \) 4000, \( ₹ \) 7000 and \( ₹ \) 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(a) \( ₹ \) 7500
(b) \( ₹ \) 3000
(c) \( ₹ \) 2000
(d) \( ₹ \) 6000
Answer: (d)

Question. Which of the following is true of development?
(a) The notion of development is different for people from different sections of society.
(b) The notion of development can never be conflicting for people from different sections of society.
(c) The notion of development always go hand in hand for industrialists and tribal people.
(d) The notion of development is only associated to higher income.
Answer: (a)

Once it is realised that even though the level of income is important, yet it is an inadequate measure of the level of development, we begin to think of other criterion. There could be a long list of such criterion but then it would not be so useful. What we need is a small number of the most important things. Health and education indicators are among them. Over the past decade or so, health and education indicators have come to be widely used along with income as a measure of development. For instance, Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.

Question. The passage given above suits which one of the following title?
(a) Calculating level of development is complex.
(b) Health and education are important parameters.
(c) HDR is an authentic report.
(d) Money is important aspect of life.
Answer: (b)

Question. According to the given passage, the role of health and education is equally important as money in our life is evident based on which one of the following statements?
(a) We need is a small number of the most important things.
(b) UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
(c) Level of income is an inadequate measure.
(d) There can be many other criterion like education and health.
Answer: (b)

Question. By publishing HDR, UNDP wants to—
(a) Emphasis on the role of education and health.
(b) Publishes balance development report
(c) Not rely on money as a important aspect of life.
(d) All of the above
Answer: (d)

Question. What according to you, among the options given below, should also be considered in HDR?
(a) Number of holidays given to employ.
(b) Clean and safe environment.
(c) Closeness to market.
(d) Number of bridges and flyovers.
Answer: (b)

A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning. A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals had contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.

Question. The passage given above suits which one of the following title?
(a) Wastage of resource
(b) Poor are ignored
(c) Faulty MNC
(d) Save environment
Answer: (c)

Question. Which one of the following statement shows severity of the problem?
(a) A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes.
(b) Waste has been dumped in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast.
(c) The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting and diarrhea.
(d) 7 persons were dead, 20 in hospital and 26,000 treated for symptoms of poisoning.
Answer: (d)

Question. What could the reason of dumping the waste near the living area by MNC?
(a) To fill up land.
(b) To save money by not following proper treatment
(c) Lack of technology
(d) Political pressure
Answer: (b)

Question. After reading the passage, who has been benefitted from not dumping the waste in a proper way?
(a) MNC
(b) People of Abidjan
(c) Local company of Ivory Coast
(d) Government of Ivory Coast
Answer: (a)

However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such an useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Are people in one country better off than others in a different country? Hence, we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income. In World Development Reports,brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just US$ 1820 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.

Question. The passage given above suits which one of the following title?
(a) Development comparison
(b) Measurement of development
(c) Development
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b)

Question. Which of the following is true of development?
(a) The notion of development is different for people from different sections of society.
(b) The notion of development can never be conflicting for people from different sections of society.
(c) The notion of development always go hand in hand for industrialists and tribal people.
(d) The notion of development is only associated to higher income.
Answer: (a)

Question. Which of the following is a drawback of using average income as a measure of development?
(a) Average income does not indicate the disparity in income level.
(b) Calculation of average income is a tedious process.
(c) Average income is always lower than the actual income of people.
(d) Average income fails to indicate the economic stability of a country.
Answer: (a)

Question. In addition to the level of income which of the following measures are important for measuring the development status of a nation?
(a) Literacy level and health facilities
(b) Bond prices and stock prices
(c) Inflation level
(d) Interest level
Answer: (a)