CBSE Class 12 Physics Electro Magnetic Induction And Alternating Currents Notes

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Revision Notes for Class 12 Physics Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Induction

Class 12 Physics students should refer to the following concepts and notes for Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Induction in Class 12. These exam notes for Class 12 Physics will be very useful for upcoming class tests and examinations and help you to score good marks

Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Induction Notes Class 12 Physics

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS GIST

1. The phenomenon in which electric current is generated by varying magnetic fields is called electromagnetic induction.

2. Magnetic flux through a surface of area A placed in a uniform magnetic field B is defined as ΦB = B.A = BACosθ where θ is the angle between B and A.

3. Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is Weber (Wb). Its dimensional formula is [Φ] = ML2T-2A-1.

4. Faraday’s laws of induction states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of magnitude flux through the circuit.

5. According to Lenz law, the direction of induced current or the polarity of the induced e.m.f is such that it tends to produce a current, which opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces it. (The negative sign in Faraday’s law indicates this fact.)

6. Lenz law obeys the principle of energy conservation.

7. The induced e.m.f can be produced by changing the (i) magnitude of B (ii) area A (iii) angle θ between the direction of B and normal to the surface area A.

8. When a metal rod of length l is placed normal to a uniform magnetic field B and moved with

a velocity v perpendicular to the field, the induced e.m.f is called motional e.m.f produced across the ends of the rod which is given by  = Blv.

9. Changing magnetic fields can setup current loops in nearby metal bodies (any conductor). Such currents are called eddy currents. They dissipate energy as heat.

10. Inductance is the ratio of the flux linkage to current.

11. When a current in a coil changes it induces a back e.m.f in the same coil. The self induced e.m.f is given by

di e L dt

 where L is the self-inductance of the coil. It is a measure of inertia of the coil against the change of current through it.

12. A changing current in a coil can induce an e.m.f in a nearby coil. This relation, , shows that Mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2 (M12) is due to change of current in coil 2. (M12 = M21)

13. The self-inductance of a long solenoid is given by L = μ0n2Al where A is the area of cross-section of the solenoid, l is its length and n is the number of turns per unit length.

14. The mutual inductance of two co-axial coils is given by M12 = M21 = μ0 n1n2Al where n1 & n2 are the number of turns per unit length of coils 1 & 2. A is the area of cross-section and l is the length of the solenoids.

Electro Magnetic Induction And Alternating Currents

16. In an A.C. generator, mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy by virtue of electromagnetic induction.

                                           * Rotation of rectangular coil in a magnetic field causes change in flux (Φ = NBACosωt).

                                           * Change in flux induces e.m.f in the coil which is given by

                                           E= -dΦ/dt = NBAωSinωt                                               E = E0Sinωt

                                            * Current induced in the coil I = E/R = E0Sinωt/R = I0Sinωt

17. An alternating voltage E = E 0Sinωt, applied to a resistor R drives a current I = I0Sinωt in the resistor, I0 = E 0/R where E0 & I0 are the peak values of voltage and current. (also represented by Vm & Im)

18. The root mean square value of a.c. may be defined as that value of steady current which would generate the same amount of heat in a given resistance in a given time as is done by the a.c. when passed through the same resistance during the same time.

                                             Irms = I0/√2 = 0.707i0

                                             Similarly, vrms = v0/√2 = 0.707v0.

19. For an a.c. E = Em Sin ωt applied to a resistor, current and voltage are in phase.

20. In case of an a.c. circuit having pure inductance current lags behind e.m.f by a phase angle 90°.

                                          E = Em Sin ωt and i = im Sin (ωt-Π/2)

                                          Im = Em/XL; XL = ωL is called inductive reactance.

21. In case of an a.c. circuit having pure capacitance, current leads e.m.f by a phase angle of 90°.

                                         E = EmSinωt and I= ImSin(ωt+π/2) where

                                         Im = Em/XC and XC = 1/ωC is called capacitive reactance.

22. In case of an a.c. circuit having R, L and C, the total or effective resistance of the circuit is called impedance (Z).

Electro Magnetic Induction And Alternating Currents

23. Average power loss over a complete cycle in an LCR circuit is

                                         P = ErmsIrmsCosΦ

                                        * In a purely resistive circuit Φ = 0; P = VRMSIRMS.

                                       * In a purely inductive circuit Φ = Π/2; P = 0.

                                       * In a purely capacitive circuit Φ = Π/2; P = 0.

24. In an LCR circuit, the circuit admits maximum current if XC = XL, so that Z = R and resonant

Electro Magnetic Induction And Alternating Currents

25. Q factor of series resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of voltage developed across the inductance or capacitance at resonance to the applied voltage across ‘R’,

                                     Q = ω0L/R or 1/ ω0CR.

Electro Magnetic Induction And Alternating Currents

                                    In an ideal transformer, EPIP = ESIS.

                                    If NS>NP; ES>EP & IS<IP - step up.

                                    If NP>NS; EP>ES & IP<IS – step down

27. A circuit containing an inductor L and a capacitor C (initially charged) with no a.c. source and no resistors exhibits free oscillations of energy between the capacitor and inductor. The charge q satisfies the equatio

Electro Magnetic Induction And Alternating Currents

Electro Magnetic Induction And Alternating Currents

Electro Magnetic Induction And Alternating Currents

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