CBSE Class 8 Social Science Tribals Dijus The vision of Golden Age Notes

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Revision Notes for Class 8 Social Science Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

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Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Notes Class 8 Social Science

TRIBALS, DIKUS AND THE VISION OF A GOLDEN AGE

WHO ARE TRIBALS?

Most tribes had customs and rituals that were very different from those laid down by Brahmans. These societies also did not have the sharp social divisions that were characteristic of caste societies. All those who belonged to the same tribe thought of themselves as sharing common ties of kinship. However, this did not mean that there were no social and economic differences within tribes.
 
In 1895, a man named Birsa was seen roaming the forests and villages of Chottanagpur in Bihar. People said he had miraculous powers – he could cure all diseases and multiply grain. Birsa himself declared that God had appointed him to save his people from trouble, free them from the slavery of dikus (outsiders). Soon thousands began following Birsa, believing that he was bhagwan (God) and had come to solve all their problems.
 
Birsa was born in a family of Mundas – a tribal group that lived in Chottanagpur. But his followers included other tribals of the region – Santhals and Oraons. All of them in different ways were unhappy with the changes they were experiencing and the problems they were facing under British rule. Their familiar ways of life seemed to be disappearing, their livelihoods were under threat, and their religion appeared to be in danger.
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Tribals Dijus The vision of Golden Age Notes Set A
HOW DID TRIBAL GROUPS LIVE?
Tribal people in differeny parts of India were involved in a variety of activities.
 
SOME WERE JHUM CULTIVATORS

Some of them practised jhum cultivation, that is, shifting cultivation. This was done on small patches of land, mostly in forests. The cultivators cut the tree tops to allow sunlight to reach the ground, and burnt the vegetation on the land to clear it for cultivation. They spread the ash from the firing, which contained potash, to fertilise the soil. They used the axe to cut trees and the hoe to scratch the soil in order to prepare it for cultivation. They broadcast the seeds, that is, scattered the seeds on the field instead of ploughing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field. A field that had been cultivated once was left fallow for several years, Shifting cultivators were found in the hilly and forested tracts of north-east and central India. The lives of these tribal people depended on free movement within forests and on being able to use the land and forests for growing their crops. That is the only way they could practise shifting cultivation.
 
SOME WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS
 
In many regions tribal groups lived by hunting animals and gathering forest produce. They saw forests as essential for survival. The Khonds were such a community living in the forests of Orissa. They regularly went out on collective hunts and then divided the meat amongst themselves. They ate fruits and roots collected from the forest and cooked food with the oil they extracted from the seeds of the sal and mahua. They used many forest shrubs and herbs for medicinal purposes, and sold forest produce in the local markets. The local weavers and leather workers turned to the Khonds when they needed supplies of kusum and palash flowers to colour their clothes and leather.
Tribal groups often needed to buy and sell in order to be able to get the goods that were not produced within the locality. This led to their dependence on traders and moneylenders. Traders came around with things for sale, and sold the goods at high prices. Moneylenders gave loans with which the tribals met their cash needs, adding to what they earned. But the interest charged on the loans was usually very high. So for the tribals, market and commerce often meant debt and poverty. They therefore
came to see the moneylender and trader as evil outsiders and the cause of their misery.
 
SOME HERDED ANIMALS

Many tribal groups lived by herding and rearing animals. They were pastoralists who moved with their herds of cattle or sheep according to the seasons. When the grass in one place was exhausted, they moved to another area. The Van Gujjars of the Punjab hills and the Labadis of Andhra Pradesh were cattle herders, the Gaddis of Kulu were shepherds, and the Bakarwals of Kashmir reared goats.
 
SOME TOOK TO SETTLED CULTIVATION

Even before the nineteenth century, many from within the tribal groups had begun settling down, and cultivating their fields in one place year after year, instead of moving from place to place. They began to use the plough, and gradually got rights over the land they lived on. In many cases, like the Mundas of Chottanagpur, the land belonged to the clan as a whole. All members of the clan were regarded as descendants of the original settlers, who had first cleared the land. Therefore, all of them had rights on the land. Very often some people within the clan acquired more power than others, some became chiefs and others followers. Powerful men often rented out their land instead of cultivating it themselves.
 
HOW DID COLONIAL RULE AFFECT TRIBAL LIVES?

The lives of tribal groups changed during British rule.
 
WHAT HAPPENED TO TRIBAL CHIEFS?

Before the arrival of the British, in many areas the tribal chiefs were important people. They enjoyed a certain amount of economic power and had the right to administer and control their territories. In some places they had their own police and decided on the local rules of land and forest management. Under British rule, the functions and powers of the tribal chiefs changed considerably. They were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villages and rent out lands, but they lost much of their
administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by British officials in India. They also had to pay tribute to the British, and discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the British. They lost the authority they had earlier enjoyed amongst their people, and were unable to fulfil their traditional functions.
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Tribals Dijus The vision of Golden Age Notes Set A
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE SHIFTING CULTIVATORS?

The British were uncomfortable with groups who moved about and did not have a fixed home. They wanted tribal groups to settle down and become peasant cultivators.
Settled peasants were easier to control and administer than people who were always on the move.
 
The British also wanted a regular revenue source for the state. So they introduced land settlements – that is, they measured the land, defined the rights of each individual to that land, and fixed the revenue demand for the state. Some peasants were declared landowners, others tenants.
 
The British effort to settle jhum cultivators was not very successful. Settled plough cultivation is not easy in areas where water is scarce and the soil is dry. In fact, jhum cultivators who took to plough cultivation often suffered, since their fields did not produce good yields. So the jhum cultivators in north-east India insisted on continuing with their traditional practice. Facing widespread protests, the British had to ultimately allow them the right to carry on shifting cultivation in some parts of the forest.
 

FOREST LAWS AND THEIR IMPACT

The life of tribal groups, was directly connected to the forest. So changes in forest laws had a considerable effect on tribal lives. The British declared that forests were state property. Reserved forest produced timber which the British wanted. In these forests people were not allowed to move freely, practise jhum cultivation. Collect fruits or hunt animals.

Once the British stopped the tribal people from living inside forests, they faced the shortage of labour to cut trees for railway sleepers and to transport logs.

Colonial officials came up with a solution. they decided that they would give jhum cultivators small patches of land in the forests and allow them to cultivate these on the condition that those who lived in the villages would have to provide labour to the forest department and look after the forests.

Many tribal groups reacted against the colonial forest laws. They disobeyed the new rules, continued with practices that were declared illegal and at times rose in open rebellion. Such was the revolt of Songram Sangma in 1906 in Assam and the forest satyagraha of the 1930s in the Central Provinces.

CBSE Class 8 Social Science Tribals Dijus The vision of Golden Age Notes Set A_1

THE PROBLEM WITH TRADE

During the nineteenth century, tribal groups found that traders and moneylenders were coming into the forests more often, wanting to buy forest produce, offering cash loans, and asking them to work for wages. It took tribal groups some time to understand the consequences of what was happening.

In the eighteenth century, Indian silk was in demand in European markets. The fine quality of Indian silk was highly valued and exports from India increased rapidly. As the market expanded, East India Company officials tried to encourage silk production to meet the growing demand.

Hazaribagh, in present-day Jharkhand, was an area where the Santhals reared cocoons. The traders dealing in silk sent in their agents who gave loans to the tribal people and collected the cocoons. The growers were paid Rs 3 to Rs 4 for a thousand cocoons. These were then exported to Burdwan or Gaya where they were sold at five times the price. The middlemen – so called because they arranged deals between the exporters and silk growers – made huge profits. The silk growers earned very little. Understandably, many tribal groups saw the market and the traders as their main enemies.

THE SEARCH FOR WORK

The plight of the tribals who had to go far away from their homes in search of work was even worse. From the late nineteenth century, tea plantations started coming up and mining became an important industry. Tribals were recruited in large numbers to work the tea plantations of Assam and the coal mines of Jharkhand. They were recruited through contractors who paid them miserably low wages, and prevented them from returning home.

CBSE Class 8 Social Science Tribals Dijus The vision of Golden Age Notes Set A_2

A CLOSER LOOK

Through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, tribal groups in different parts of the country rebelled against the changes in laws, the restrictions on their practices, the new taxes they had to pay, and the exploitation by traders and moneylenders.

(i) The Kols rebelled in 1831-32. (Bengal)

(ii) Santhals rose in revolt in 1855. (Bihar, Bengal and Jharkhand) (iii) The bastar Rebellion in 1910 (Central India)

(iv) The Warli Revolt in Maharashtra in 1940.

BIRSA MUNDA:

(i) Birsa was born in the mid-1870s. As an adolescent. Birsa heard tales of the Munda uprisings of the past and saw the sirdars (leaders) of the community urging the people to revolt. They talked of a golden age when the Mundas had been free of the oppression of dikus and ancestral right of community would be restored. They reminded people of the need to win back their kingdom.

(ii) From the sermons of missionaries, Brisa heard that it was possible for the Mundas to attain the Kingdom of Heaven, and regain their lost rights. Birsa also spent some time in the company of a prominent Vaishnav preacher. He wore the sacred thread, and begain to value the importance of purity and piety.

(iii) Birsa was deeply influenced by many of the ideas he came in touch with in his growing-up years. He aimed at reforming tribal society. He urged the Mundas to give up drinking liquor, clean their village, and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery. Birsa also turned against missionaries and Hindu landlords. He saw them as outside forces that were ruining the Munda way of life.

(iv) In 1895 Birsa urged his followers to recover their glorious past. Birsa also wanted people to once again work on their land, settle down and cultivate their fields.

(v) British got worried of the political aim of the Birsa movement which wanted to drive out missionaries, monelender Hindu landlords, and the government and set up a Munda Raj with Birsa at its head. The movement identified all these forces as the cause of the misery the Mundas were suffering. British officials arrested Birsa in 1895, convicted him on charges of rioting and jailed him for two years.

(vi) When Birsa was released in 1897 he began touring the villages to gather support. He used traditional symbols and language to rouse people against the dikus and the Europeans. Birsa’s followers began targeting the symbols of diku and European power. They attacked police stations and churches, and raided the property of moneylenders and zamindars. They raised the white flag as a symbol of Birsa Raj.

(vii) In 1900 Birsa died of cholera and the movement faded out.

(viii) The movement was significant in at least two ways. First it forced the colonial government to introduce laws so that the land of the triblas could not be easily taken over by dikus.

Second - it showed once again that the tribal people had the capacity to protest against injustice and express their anger against colonial rule.


COLONIALISM AND TRIBAL SOCIETIES

NEW WORDS :-

* Anthropology :- Study of human societies and customs.

* Fortress :- A small fort

* Geology :- Science related to earth's crust.

* Rebellion :- Organized open resistance of authority

Tribe :- Subdivision of a race of people

 Meaning of a Tribe :-

A tribe is a group of people having certain common traditional characteristics. The characteristics are :-

* Every tribe has a particular name, for example, Gonds, Ahoms, Santhals, Goaros, Khasi, etc.

 Characteristics of Tribes :-

1. Members of a tribe live in the same geographical area.

2. Members of atribe have strong emotional ties.

3. Members of a tribe speak a common language and dialect.

4. Members of a tribe follow same rules regarding marriage and occupation.

5. Members of atribe have certain traditional restrictions.

6. Tribal people in general are non-vegetarian.

Different forms of Tribal Societies :-

(i) Hunters and food collectors.

(ii) Cattle Breeders

(iii) Cultivation

(iv) Factory workers

General Living Conditions of Tribes :-

1. They are very backward.

2. Majority of them depend on gathering food from the forests, breeding cattle and hunting.

3. They live in scarcity.

4. They are very poor and mostly in debt.

Social Problems :-

1. Most tribes practise what may be called reverse dowry. The male partner has to pay the bride's father.

2. Child marriages are common.

3. Tribal culture has been on the decline.

4. Tribal people face problems of communication when they come in contact with other people.

Tribal Development in India :- Important Steps

* Provisions in the Constitution for the welfare of tribal people.

* Reservations in Parliament and State Assemblies.

*Reservation in jobs.

Tribal Revolts at a Glance :-

*The peasants' and tribal revolts began in the late eighteenth century and were frequent throughout the nineteenth century. Among first was the Sanyasi Rebellion (1770), when as a result of a devastating famine, a large number of 'sanyasis' and 'fakirs', along with many village artisans – including the severely exploited silk weavers of bengal – and thousands of unemployed soldiers from the Mughal army, rebelled and fought against the British.

* In 1820–21, the Ho tribal peasants of Chhotanagpur in Bihar rose twice against the British rulers, the local money leaders and zamindars.

*The Oraons–another tribal community – rebelled in the years 1820, 1832 and again in 1890.

* To quell the ferocious Kol revolt of 1831–32, British troops were deployed from as far off places as calcutta, Danapur and Benaras.

* The Santhal uprising of 1855–57 was one of most widespread. Covering the states of Bihar, Orissa and Bengal, the Santhals were joined on many occasions by poor and landless peasants of lower castes.

* As many as 20,000 rebels ere massacred in a final battle against the British. The heoic struggle by the Mundas of Ranchi (1895) inspired folkloric visions of a new society.

British Policies towards Tribes :-

*The rule of the East India Company exercised a great influence on the economics, social and peaceful lives of the tribal people. The policies of the Company were formed and implemented in such a manner that the tribal people considered it a great danger to their very existence. The economic policies encouraged the zamindars, money-lenders and merchants to exploit the tribal people.

Major causes of Tribal Revolts :-

1. The East India Company introduced a new system of land settlement. This created great unrest among the tribals.

2. Plundering the Forest Wealth :- The tribal people in general depended upon the forest for their livelihood. The government activities tended to exercise a complete control over the forest wealth. This led to anger among the tribals.

3. Tyranny of the Landlords :- The landlords put heavy demands on the tribal people. They levied a variety of unfair and high taxes on them. The British encouraged the landlords to do so.

4. The Christian missionaries were also active in some of the tribal areas and sometimes created hostile feeling among the tribes.

5. The tribes mostly resented the instrusion of these outsiders in their society. Their resentement resulted in occasional violent outbursts against the British government called tribal revolts.

Tribal Revolts in Eastern India :-

1. In 1829, the Khasis, a primitive tribe inhabiting the hilly region in the north-west on the border of Assam revolted against the British.

2. The British desired to construct a road which passed through the lands of the Khasis. It was resented by the Khasis.

3. The Khasi chiefs numbering nearly thirty finally decided to turn out the British not only from the hills but also from the plains of Assam and organised themselves under Bar Manik.

4. The British suppressed it brutally, established a sort of economic blockade of the territory of Khasis and systematically burnt and plundered Khasi villages.

• The Nagas revolted against the British in 1849 and could be suppressed only in 1850-51.

• The Kukis who inhabited the Lushai hills and the hill region of Manipur and Tripura and engaged themselves in hunting, attacked the British territories in 1829, 1844 and 1849. They were finally forced to submit in 1850.

• The Khonds occupied a large tract of territory called Khondmals, neighbouring Orissa.

• They led a primitive life with their own social customs. They feared that the British would annex their lands and exact forced labour. Therefore, they revolted in 1846.

• The Santhals inhabiting the territory of Bihar adjoining Bengal revolted in 1855–56. Their main grievances were against the oppression of the mahajans and traders from Bengal and upper India who swarmed their territory and exploited them ruthlessly. But when they felt that the government did noting to safeguard their interest, they turned against it. They rose in revolt under the leadership of two brothers, Sido and Kanhu with a view to turn out the British from their territory and establish their own rule.

Tribal Revolts in Central India (Chota Nagpur) :-

1. Kolarian tribe of Chota Nagpur was ruled by petty chieftains. They did not like the encroachment of their territory by the British. One of them, the Raja of Oorahat resisted the British but was forced to pay annual tribute to the British. Yet his subjects, the Hos did not permit the British to enter their territory. They submitted only in 1827 when the British burnt several of their villages and killed a large number of Hos.

2. Mundas of Chota Nagpur revolted in 1831 and were joined by the Hos. The revolt spread over a large area including Ranchi, hazaribagh, Palamau and Manbhum. It could be suppressed only after extensive military operations in March 1832.

Birsa Munda was known as Bhagwan by its followers.

Birsa Munda occupies a distinguished position as a great promoter of tribal rights, a great patriot and a martyr. He made a valuable contribution to the Munda Movement in Chotanagpur.

Birsa Munda, the Architect of Munda Movement :-

Early Life of Munda :-

• Birsa was born at Ulihatu in Ranchi on November 15, 1875. He was named Birsa Munda according to Munda custom. The folk songs reflect popular confusion and refer to both Ulihatu and Chalked as his birth-place. His elder brother Komta Munda's house still exists in a dilapidated condition at Ulihatu.

• Birsa was born in a house built of a bamboo strips without a mud plaster or even a secure roof. His father was a cropsharer/peasant/ryot.

• Birsa had his lower primary schooling at a German Mission school. In his childhood. He grazed sheep in the forest. He became adept in playing the flute.

Tribal Revolts in North-East :-

1. The northeastern states of India occupy a distinctive place due to their geographical, historical, social, cultural and political features.

2. The tribal groups belong to different areas, speak different languages and have varied socio-cultural traditions.

3. Some of the popular movements in the north-east region under British rule were thosse of the Mishmis (in 1836);

• The Khampti rebellion in Assam between 1839-1844;

• The Lushais' revolt in 1842 and 1844, when they attacked villages in Manipur;

• The revolt of Syntengs of Jaintia hills in 1860-62;

• The revolt of Saflas in 1872-73;

• The uprising of the Kacha Nagas of Cachhar in 1882; and a women's war in manipur in 1904. In Meghalaya, the British government wanted to build up a strategic road linking Brahmaputra and Surma valley, which was only possible by taking control of Khasi hills.

• In 1917-19, the Kukis rose in rebellion under the leadership of Rani Gidenlieu for their rights.

• These movements of the north-east frontier tribes were different from the tribal revolts of central India.

• These movements were not forest based or agrarian revolts as t as these tribals were generally in control of land and forest area.

CBSE Class 8 Social Science Colonialism and Tribal Societies Notes

Revolts in other parts of India :-

• The Naikda forest tribe in Gujarat attacked a police station in 1868 with a view to eliminate the British and establish Dharma-raj. In 1900, in Vizagapatam Agency, a Konda Dora named Korra Mallaya claimed to be the incarnation of one of the Pandava brothers of the Mahabharata and assured the people of turning out the British.

• The tribals Koya and Konda revolted against their overlord, who was under British protection. Their major revolt occured in 1879.

• The Bhils in Rajasthan fought for the establishment of a Bhil Raj in 1913. The Rampa region north of the Godavari river witnessed gurilla warfare between the English and semi-tribal inhabitants of the region under the leadership of Alluri Sitarama Raju from August 1922 to May 1924.

• Thus, a large number of tribal revolts took place during the British rule. The primary grievances of the tribal people almost at every place were interference in their cultural and economic lives by the people of the plains of the British.


TRIBAL,DIKUS AND A VISION OF A GOLDEN AGE

Q1. Who were the tribal?

Ans. Tribals are a group of people within a traditional society sharing customs and beliefs and led by a chief.

Q2. What were the features of tribal society?

Ans. The features of the tribal society are:

· Most tribes had customs and rituals laid down by Brahmans.

· These societies also did not have the sharp social divisions that were characteristics of caste societies.

· Al those who belonged to the same tribe thought of kinship (they belong to the same king). However, this did not mean that there was no social and economic difference within tribes.

Q 3. How did the traders and money lenders become important in tribal society?

Ans. Tribal groups often needed to buy and sell in order to be wage to get the goods that were not produced within the locality. This led to their dependence.

Q4. How did the tribal react against the forest laws?

1. Many tribal groups reacted against the colonial forest laws.

2. They disobeyed the new rules, continued with the practices that were declared illegal and at times rose in open rebellion such was the revolt of Sonogram Sangma in 1906 in Assam and the forest Satyagraha of the 1930’s in the Central Provinces.

Q5. What did Brisa movement aim at?

Ans. The aim of Brisa movement was that it wanted to drive out missionaries, money lenders, Hindu landlords and the government and set up a Munda Raj with Brisa at its head.

Q6. Mention the cultivation practiced by tribal groups. And how was it done?

1. Some of the tribal practiced jhum cultivation that is, shifting cultivation. This was done on small patches of land, mostly in forests. The cultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the ground, and burnt the vegetation on the land to clear it for cultivation.

2. They spread the ash from the firing, which contained potash, to fertilize the soul. They used the axe to cut trees and the hoe to scratch the soil in order to prepare it for cultivation.

3. They broadcast the seeds, that is, scattered the seeds on the field instead of ploughing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field. A field that has been cultivated once was left fallow for several years. 

Q7. Why the British favour is settled cultivator over jhum cultivators?

1. The British favoured settled cultivators because the British were uncomfortable with groups who moved about and didn’t have a fixed home.

2. They wanted to settle down and become peasant cultivators was easier to control and administer them people who were always on the move.

3. The British also wanted a regular revenue source for the state; so they introduced land settlements – that is they measured the land and defined the rights of each individual to that land and fixed the revenue demand for the state.

Q8. Mention the various names of tribals.

Ans. The various names of tribals are:-

* Santhals

* Oraons

* Labadir

* Bakarwals

* Khonds

* Baiga

* Gaddir

* Van Gujjars.

Q9. Write a short note on silk growers.

Ans. In the 18th century, Indian silk was in demand in European markets. The fine quality of Indian silk was highly valued and exports from India increased rapidly. Santhals reared cocoons in Hazaribad. The silk growers cashed very little. Understandably, many tribal groups saw the market and the traders as their enemies.

Q10. What did Birsa means when he talked of a ‘Golden Age’?

Ans. Birsa meant by the ‘Golden Age’, a satyug (the age of truth). When Mundas lived a good life, constructed embankments, tapped natured springs, planted trees and orchards, practiced cultivation to earn their living. They did not kill their brothers and relatives. They lived honestly. Birsa also wanted people to once again work on their land, settle down and cultivate their fields.

Q11. Due to enactment of forest laws what problems did the British face and how did they overcomes this problem?

Ans. Problems Faced By Britishers:-

* Due to enactment of forest laws British stopped the tribal people from living forests, they faced problem.

* From where would the forest department get its labour to cut tries for railway sleeper and to transport logs.

Solution:-

* They decided they would give jhum cultivators small patches of land in forests.

* Allow them to cultivate these on the condition that those who live in the villages would have to provide labour to forest department and look after the forests.

* So in many regions forest Department established forest villages to ensure regular supply of cheap labour.

Q12. What were the problems faced by tribals during British rule?

* Before Britishers tribal people had tribal chiefs who were important and had certain amount of economic power and had their own police as well as rules at some places but they lost considerable when Britishers came.

* Britishers wanted that moving tribals groups should settle down and become peasant cultivators as settled tribes were easier to control.

* The Britishers tried to settle down jhum cultivation but they were unsuccessful.

* Some forest were said to be reserved forests which will provide material to British.

* The traders and money lenders started coming in forests wanting to buy forest products which caused problem.

Q13. Mention the various categories of tribal people.

* Jhum/ shifting cultivators who lived in North East and Central India.

* The herders and gatherers who lived in forests of Orissa.

* The pastoralists who moved with their herds of cattle or sheep according to seasons.

Example:-

* The VAN GUJJARS of the Punjab hills and habaddis of Andhra Pradesh were cattle – herders, the Gaddis of kulu were shepherd and Bagaryal of Kashmir hearded goats.

* Settled cultivators such as the Mundas of chhota Nagpur, Gonds and Santhals.

Q14. What were the results of tribal dependence on traders and money lenders?

1. Traders came around with kings for sale and sold the goods at high prices. Moneylenders gave loans with which the tribal met their cash needs, adding to what they earned.

2. The interest charged on the loans was visually very high. So, for the tribals, market and often meant debt and poverty.

3. They therefore came to see the money lender and trader as with outsides and the cause of their misery.

Q15. What problems did the shifting cultivators face under British rule?

* The tribal groups were directly connected to the forest so changes in forest laws had a considerable effect on tribal lives.

* The British extended their control over all forests and declared that forests were classified as reserved forests as they produced timber which the British wanted.

* In these forests people were not allowed to move freely, practise jhum cultivation, collect fruits or hunt animals.

* Therefore, the jhum cultivators couldn’t survive the situation. Many were forced to move to other areas in search of work and livelihood.

Q16. How did the powers of tribal chiefs change under the colonial rule?

* Before the arrival of the British, in many areas the tribal chiefs were important people. The enjoyed a certain amount of economic power and had the right to administer and control their territories.

* In some places they had their own police and decide on the local rules of land and forest management. Under British rule, the functions and powers of the tribal chiefs changed.

* They were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villagers and rent out lands, but they lost much over their administrative power and were forced to follows laws made by British officials in India.

* They had to pay tribute to the British and discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the British. They lost the authority they had earlier enjoyed amongst their people, and were unable to fulfill their traditional functions.

Q17. Write a short note on Birsa Munda. Why was the Birsa movement important in history?

* In 1885, a man named Birsa Munda was seemed roaming the forests and villages of Chhotanagpur in Bihar. He was born in a family of Munda.

* People said he had miraculous power as he could cure diseases and multiply grains.

* Birsa himself declared that God has appointed him to save his people from trouble, free them from slavery of Dikus (outsiders).

* Soon thousands began following Birsa from different tribes believing that he was ‘Bhagwan’ and had come to solve theirs problems.

Birsa movement was important in 2 ways:-

* It forced the colonial government to introduce laws so that the land of the tribals could not be easily taken over by Dikus.

* It should once again that the tribal people had the capacity to protest against injustice and express their own specific way, in renting their own rituals and symbols of struggles.

Our Past III Chapter 01 How, When and Where
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Where When And How Notes
Our Past III Chapter 02 From Trade to Territory
CBSE Class 8 Social Science From Trade To Territory Notes
Our Past III Chapter 03 Ruling the Countryside
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Ruling The Country Side Notes
Our Past III Chapter 04 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Tribals Dijus The vision of Golden Age Notes
Our Past III Chapter 05 When People Rebel
CBSE Class 8 Social Science When People Rebel Notes
Our Past III Chapter 06 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Weavers Ironsmeltors And Factory Owners Notes
Our Past III Chapter 07 Civilising the Nativeù, Educating the Nation
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Civilizing The Native Educating The Nation Notes
Our Past III Chapter 08 Women Caste and Reform
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Women Caste and Reform Notes
Our Past III Chapter 09 The Making of the National Movement
CBSE Class 8 Social Science The Making of the National Movement Notes
Our Past III Chapter 10 India After Independence
CBSE Class 8 Social Science India After Independence Notes
Resources and Development Chapter 01 Resources
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Resources Notes
Resources and Development Chapter 02 Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation And Wild Life Notes
Resources and Development Chapter 03 Mineral and Power Resources
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Minerals And Energy Resources Notes
Resources and Development Chapter 04 Agriculture
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Agriculture Notes
Resources and Development Chapter 05 Industries
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Manufacturing Industries Notes
Resources and Development Chapter 06 Human Resources
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Human Resources Notes
Social and Political Life III Chapter 01 The Indian Constitution
CBSE Class 8 Social Science The Indian Constitution Notes
Social and Political Life III Chapter 02 Understanding Secularism
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Understanding Secularism Notes
Social and Political Life III Chapter 03 Why Do We Need a Parliament
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Why Do We Need a Parliament Notes
Social and Political Life III Chapter 04 Understanding Laws
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Understanding Laws Notes
Social and Political Life III Chapter 05 Judiciary
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Judiciary Notes
Social and Political Life III Chapter 06 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Notes
Social and Political Life III Chapter 07 Understanding Marginalisation
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Understanding Marginalization Notes
Social and Political Life III Chapter 09 Public Facilities
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Public Facilities Notes
Social and Political Life III Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice
CBSE Class 8 Social Science Law And Social Justice Notes

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CBSE Class 8 Social Science Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Notes

We hope you liked the above notes for topic Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age which has been designed as per the latest syllabus for Class 8 Social Science released by CBSE. Students of Class 8 should download and practice the above notes for Class 8 Social Science regularly. All revision notes have been designed for Social Science by referring to the most important topics which the students should learn to get better marks in examinations. Studiestoday is the best website for Class 8 students to download all latest study material.

Notes for Social Science CBSE Class 8 Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

Our team of expert teachers have referred to the NCERT book for Class 8 Social Science to design the Social Science Class 8 notes. If you read the concepts and revision notes for one chapter daily, students will get higher marks in Class 8 exams this year. Daily revision of Social Science course notes and related study material will help you to have a better understanding of all concepts and also clear all your doubts. You can download all Revision notes for Class 8 Social Science also from www.studiestoday.com absolutely free of cost in Pdf format. After reading the notes which have been developed as per the latest books also refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 8 Social Science provided by our teachers

Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Notes for Social Science CBSE Class 8

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Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes

Regular notes reading helps to build a more comprehensive understanding of Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age concepts. notes play a crucial role in understanding Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age in CBSE Class 8. Students can download all the notes, worksheets, assignments, and practice papers of the same chapter in Class 8 Social Science in Pdf format. You can print them or read them online on your computer or mobile.

Notes for CBSE Social Science Class 8 Our Past III Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

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