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Worksheet for Class 12 Economics Current Challenges facing The Indian Economy Poverty
Class 12 Economics students should refer to the following printable worksheet in Pdf for Current Challenges facing The Indian Economy Poverty in Grade 12. This test paper with questions and solutions for Standard 12 Economics will be very useful for tests and exams and help you to score better marks
Current Challenges facing The Indian Economy Poverty Class 12 Economics Worksheet Pdf
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING THE INDIAN ECONOMY POVERTY
INTRODUCTION
Providing minimum basic needs to the people and reduction of poverty have been the major aims of independent India. The pattern of development in the five year plans gave importance on the upliftment of the poorest of the poor (Antyodaya), integrating the poor into the mainstream and achieving a minimum standard of living for all. Poverty is not only a challenge for India, as more than one fifth of the world's poor live in India alone. More than 260 million people in India are not able to meet their basic needs. Poverty is a situation that people want to escape. As poverty has many degrees, it has to be looked at through a variety of ways like - levels of income and consumption, social indicators, and indicators of weakness to risks and of socio/political contact.
WHO ARE THE POOR?
• Push cart vendors, street cobblers, women who string flowers, rag pickers, vendors and beggars are some examples of poor and vulnerable groups in urban areas.
• They possess few assets.
• They reside in kutcha hutments with walls made of baked mud and roofs made of grass, thatch, bamboo and wood.
• The poorest of them do not even have such home.
• In rural areas many of them are landless. Even if some of them possess land, it is only dry or waste land.
• Many do not get to have even two meals a day.
• Starvation and hunger are the key features of the poorest households.
• The poor lack basic literacy and skills and hence have very limited economic opportunities.
• Poor people also face unstable employment.
• Malnutrition is alarmingly high among the poor. Ill health, disability or serious illness makes them physically weak.
• They borrow from money lenders who charge high rates of interest that lead them into chronic indebtedness.
• The poor are highly vulnerable.
• They are not able to negotiate their legal wages from employers and are exploited.
• Most poor households have no access to electricity.
• Their primary cooking fuel is firewood and cow dung cake.
• A large section of poor people do not even have access to safe drinking water.
• There is evidence of extreme gender inequality in the participation of gainful employment, education and in decision-making within the family.
• Poor women receive less care on their way to motherhood. Their children are less likely to survive or be born healthy.
Poor are also identified on the basis of their occupation and ownership of assets. Rural poor work mainly as landless agricultural labourers, cultivators with very small landholdings, landless labourers who are engaged in a variety of non-agricultural jobs and tenant cultivators with small land holdings.
Urban poor are largely the overflow of the rural poor who had migrated to urban areas in search of alternative employment and livelihood, labourers who do a variety of casual jobs and the self-employed who sell a variety of things on roadsides and are engaged in various activities.
HOW ARE POOR PEOPLE IDENTIFIED?
Before independence
Dadabhai Naoroji was the first to discuss the concept of a Poverty Line. He used the menu for a prisoner and used appropriate prevailing prices to arrive at what may be called ‘jail cost of living'.
He assumed that one-third population consisted of children and half of them consumed very little while the other half consumed half of the adult diet.
This is how he arrived at the factor of three-fourths;
(l/6) (Nil) + (l/6) (Half) + (2/3) (Full) = (3/4) (Full).
The weighted average of consumption of the three segments gives the average poverty line,which comes out to be three-fourth of the adult jail cost of living.
After Independence
In 1962, the Planning Commission formed a Study Group.
In 1979, another body called the 'Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand' was formed.
In 1989, an 'Expert Group' was constituted for the same purpose. For the purpose of defining poverty we divide people into two categories; the poor and the non-poor and the poverty line separates the two. However, there are many kinds of poor; the absolutely poor, the very poor and the poor. Similarly there are various kinds of non-poor; the middle class, the upper middle class, the rich, the very rich and the absolutely rich.
Categorising Poverty
1. Chronic poor: People who are always poor and those who are usually poor but who may sometimes have a little more money.
2. Churning poor: Poor people who regularly move in and out of poverty (example: small farmers and seasonal workers)
3. Occasionally poor: People who are rich most of the time but may sometimes have a patch of bad luck. They are called the transient poor.
4. Non Poor: Those who are never poor and they are the non-poor
Poverty Line
One way is to determine it by the money value (per capita expenditure) of the minimum calorie intake that was estimated at 2,400 calories for a rural person and 2,100 for a person in the urban area. Based on 1999 – 2000, the poverty line was defined for rural areas as consumption worth Rs 328 per person a month and for urban areas it was Rs 454.
Drawbacks of Poverty Line
Scholars state that a major problem with this mechanism as it groups all the poor together and does not differentiate between the very poor and the other poor. This mechanism is helpful in identifying the poor as a group to be taken care of by the government, but it would be difficult to identify who among the poor need help the most. There are many other factors, other than income and assets, which are associated with poverty: for instance, the accessibility to basic education, health care, drinking water and sanitation. The mechanism for determining the Poverty Line also does not take into consideration social factors that trigger and perpetuate poverty such as illiteracy, ill health, lack of access to resources, discrimination or lack of civil and political freedoms. Other measures of Poverty
Poverty alleviation schemes should be to improve human lives by expanding the range of things that a person could be and could do, such as to be healthy and wellnourished,to be knowledgeable and participate in the life of a community.
From the view of development, poverty is about removing the obstacles to the things that a person can do in life, such as illiteracy, ill health, lack of access to resources, or lack of civil and political freedoms.
NUMBER OF POOR IN INDIA
• When the number of poor is estimated as the proportion of people below the poverty line, it is known as 'Head Count Ratio'.
• The official data on poverty is made available to the public by the Planning Commission. It is estimated on the basis of consumption expenditure data collected by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).
• In 1973-74, more than 321 million people were below the poverty line.
• In 1999 – 2000, this number has come down to about 260 million.
• In terms of proportion, in 1973-74, about 55 per cent of the total population was below the poverty line. In 1999 – 2000, it has fallen to 26 per cent.
• In 1973-74, more than 80 per cent of the poor resided in rural areas and in 1999-2000, this has come down to about 75 per cent.
• More than three-fourth of the poor in India reside in villages. Also poverty in rural areas has shifted to urban areas.
• In the 1990s, the absolute number of poor in rural areas had decreased whereas the number of their urban counterparts increased marginally.
• The poverty ratio declined continuously for both urban and rural areas.
• Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Orissa - account for about 70 per cent of India's poor.
• In 1999-2000, only two states - Bihar and Orissa - were left near that same level.
• Gujarat reduced its people below the poverty line from 48 per cent to 15 per cent during 1973-2000.
• West Bengal has been just as successful; from nearly two-third, i.e. 63 per cent of the population below the poverty line the same was reduced to about 27 per cent.
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