CBSE Class 11 Economics OTBA English

CBSE Class 11 Economics - OTBA English. There are many more useful educational material which the students can download in pdf format and use them for studies. Study material like concept maps, important and sure shot question banks, quick to learn flash cards, flow charts, mind maps, teacher notes, important formulas, past examinations question bank, important concepts taught by teachers. Students can download these useful educational material free and use them to get better marks in examinations.  Also refer to other worksheets for the same chapter and other subjects too. Use them for better understanding of the subjects.

This Class 11 Economics Open Text Based Assessment (OTBA) 2016-17 reading covers Theme 2, the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in economic development. It explains how FDI brings capital, technology and jobs, traces FDI policy in China and India, reviews FDI inflows sector by sector, and explains the Make in India initiative with its top 10 FDI destinations in India.

Learning Objectives

Students will be able to:
Evaluate the role of FDI in the economic growth of a country.
Understand the role of FDI in China's Growth.
Understand the extent of FDI in China and India.
Compare the role of FDI in different states in India with special emphasis to Make in India.

Note to Readers

The text should be thoroughly read, discussed and analyzed by the readers. The readers may get together for brain-storming session discussing:
Role of FDI in economic development
Its impact on developed as well as developing economy
Role of FDI in India
Sector wise development with special mention of top 10 destinations of FDI

Abstract

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment received by a company or an entity based in one country, from a company or an entity based in another country. It plays a major role in the economic development of an under developed economy. Over the past century, FDI has served the economies of many countries as a launching pad from where they can soar to greater economic heights. This text will help the students to understand the role played by FDI on development of an economy with special emphasis on China and India.

Role of FDI in Economic Development

Foreign direct investment has a major role to play in the economic development of the host country. Over the years, foreign direct investment has helped the economies of the host countries to make further improvements in their economic status. This trend has manifested itself in the last 25 years. Any form of foreign investment brings capital, knowledge and technological resources in the economy. It has been observed that the economically developing as well as underdeveloped countries are dependent on the economically developed countries for financial assistance that would help them to achieve economic stability. The economically developed countries on their part can help these countries financially by investing in these countries.

It can also help the underdeveloped country to build its own research and development bases that can contribute to the technological development of the country. This is helpful as most of these countries are not able to perform these functions on their own especially in the context of the manufacturing and services sector of the particular country, they are able to enhance their productivity and ultimately advance from economic point of view. At times, it could be provided in the form of technology which is an indirect way of acquiring FDI.

[Figure: illustration of several money bags labelled with the currency symbols of pound, rupee, yen, dollar, rupee and euro. Source: Moneycontrol.com]

FDI in China

Encouragement to FDI has been an integral part of the planned economic reform process of China. Under Deng Xiaoping's rule in 1970's, China partially opened its territory for foreign investors. It has gradually opened up its economy for foreign businesses and has attracted large amount of direct foreign investment. China's policies toward FDI have experienced roughly three stages:
a) Initial Phase (July 1979 onwards) gradual and limited opening,
b) Continuous Development Phase (1986-91) giving preferential treatment
c) High Growth Period (1992 onwards) promoting FDI with specific objectives

Government policies helped in setting Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to encourage FDI inflow, especially in export-oriented sectors by using relaxed policies. Foreign investors were provided the preferential tax treatment, the freedom to import inputs such as materials and equipment, and simpler licensing procedures. Additional tax benefits were also offered. FDI was encouraged in agriculture, energy, transportation and telecommunication.

Foreign investors now had confidence in investing in China due to the reforms within the nation and the entry to WTO in early 2002. Attracted by the country's investment opportunities and by sheer size and growing domestic market, China is the second largest economy of the world just behind USA. FDI performance of China in attracting large amount of FDI could be attributed to its policy of SEZs particularly exports catering to the international market, focus on infrastructure and comparative advantage owing to the low labor costs. When comparisons are made between the emerging economies, it is observed that policies are common but China stands out with its relaxation for agriculture sector as well.

India's Experience

Till 1991, India had followed a cautious approach regarding FDI policy due to 'import-substitution strategy' and 'self reliance'. FDI through foreign collaboration was welcomed in the areas of high technology and high priority Public sector only. Government established Special Economic Zones (SEZs), designed selective liberal policy and provided incentives for promoting FDI in these zones with a view to promote exports. As India continued to be highly protective, these measures did not add substantially to export competitiveness. Since 24th July 1991, there has been a sea change in India's approach to foreign investment when it began structural economic reforms encompassing almost all the sectors of the economy.

In 1991, there was a need for economic reforms because of the following reasons:
India's Fiscal Deficit was 8.4 percent of GDP. The economy was caught in debt trap. IMF finally agreed to advance the loan but insisted that the Indian Government should introduce economic reforms
Foreign debts rose to 23 percent of Gross Domestic Product.
Depletion of Foreign Exchange Reserves
Failure of the Public sector
Rising prices

India embarked upon economic liberalization and reforms program in 1991 aiming to raise its growth potential and integrating with the world economy. Industrial policy reforms gradually removed restrictions on investment projects and business expansion on the one hand and allowed increased access to foreign technology and funding on the other. These efforts were boosted by the enactment of a large number of Acts to facilitate changes in foreign exchange dealings.

Source: Ministry of Finance (Govt. of India)

Two Routes of FDI Inflow in India

There are two routes by which there is inflow of FDI in India:

1) Automatic Route: By this route, FDI is allowed without any prior approval by Government or Reserve Bank of India. The host co are only required to notify the concerned regional office of the RBI within 30 days of receipt of inward remittances and file the required documents with that office within 30 days of issuance of shares to foreign investors. In the post liberalization era, India is known to have attracted a large amount of foreign direct investment. India is allowing FDI in most of the sectors except a few, where specific guidelines are given for the foreign direct investment beyond a limit. After liberalization its role has changed significantly. Progressive liberalization of FDI policy has strengthened the investor confidence with opening of new sectors like integrated township.

2) Government Route: Prior approval by government is needed via this route. Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) is the responsible agency to oversee this route. India has been a major recipient of FDI inflows in the majority of sectors. Under the this route, the proposals are considered in a time-bound and transparent manner by the FIPB. Approvals of proposals involving foreign investment/ foreign technical collaboration are also granted on the recommendations of the FIPB.

Investment proposals falling under the automatic route and matters related to FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) are dealt with by RBI, while the Government handles investment through approval route and issues that relate to FDI policy through its three institutions:
1) Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB)
2) Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA)
3) Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA).

According to a report of the RBI, there has been a rise in India's Foreign Direct Investment from USD 3509 in April 2015 to USD 4413 in January 2016 as seen in the chart below.

[Figure: bar chart titled INDIA FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT with monthly values in USD million, labelled 3793, 1714, 2721, 3509 (Apr 2015), 1749, 1943, 2226, 2877, 5035 (Oct 2015), 2701, 3743 and 4413 (Jan 2016). Source: Reserve Bank of India, tradingeconomics.com]

Since the onset of liberalization, the country experienced a high jump in the inflows of FDI in services sector because of the tremendous growth potential that it possesses. This sector has been ranked among the top ten sectors attracting FDI since 1991. Establishment of software technology parks, regulatory reforms by the Indian Government, the growing Indian market and availability of skilled work force have been important factors in boosting FDI inflows in this sector.

[Figure: line graph titled Figure 1: Trends in Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in India 1990-91 to 2009-10, with the vertical axis FDI (USD Million) from 0 to 40000 and years 1990-91 to 2009-10 on the horizontal axis. The line stays low, under about 5000, until 2005-06, then rises steeply to close to 38000 by 2008-09 and 2009-10. Source: Reserve Bank of India]

The top 10 countries FDI Inflow to India between April 2000 to July 2014 shows Mauritius, Singapore, UK, Japan, Netherlands, USA, Cyprus, Germany followed by France and Switzerland.

FDI Inflows: Sector-Wise Analysis

Telecommunication Sector in India is growing at an astonishing pace. India has more than 125 million telephone networks, which is one of the largest communication networks around the globe. Telecom industry which comprises of telecommunication, cellular mobiles and basic telephone services has ranked among the top ten sectors in attracting FDI since 1991. The main cause of huge FDI inflow in the telecom sector is the growing demand in India and the private sector participation.

Construction Sector is among the top 5 sectors in attracting FDI. This includes housing, commercial premises, hotels, resorts, hospitals, educational institutions and infrastructure. FDI to this sector is permissible under automatic route. The amount of inflow to construction activities during 2000 to 2014 has witnessed magnanimous growth. The construction activities sector shows a steep raise in FDI inflows from 2005 onwards.

Automobile Industry: FDI inflows to automobile industry in India have been increasing at a fast pace. 100 percent FDI is allowed in this sector and India is becoming a prime destination for many international players in the automobile industry who wish to set up their base in Asia. The basic advantages that India can provide are advanced technology, cost effectiveness, efficient manpower and most important growing demand.

Power Sector: The power sector has attracted considerable FDI during the period 1991-99. The huge size of the market in this sector and high returns on investment are two important factors in boosting FDI inflows to power sector. 100 percent FDI is allowed under automatic route in almost all kinds of power generation except atomic energy.

Metallurgical Industry: FDI inflows to the metallurgical industries have remained less noticeable after 1991. FDI in this sector can help to bring the latest technology but this sector could not get much FDI due to the dominance of public sector. India ranks among the top ten suppliers of aluminium and steel across the globe. India is the biggest manufacturer of sponge iron across the world.

Source: Ministry of Finance (Govt. of India)

[Figure: bar chart titled Sector-wise FDI Inflows, during April-September 2015, in USD million, Top 15 Sectors. Computer Software and Hardware 3,056.83; Trading 2,307.99; Automobile Industry 1,464.28; Services Sector 1,463.74; Construction (Infrastructure) Activities 977.43; Telecommunications 659.15; Hotel and Tourism 563.96; Mining 516.65; Chemicals (Other than Fertilizers) 392.67; Consultancy Services 374.28; Power 359.88; Hospital and Diagnostic Centres 357.09; Information and Broadcasting (including Print Media) 309.21; Non-conventional Energy 305.46; Sea Transport 278.16. Total 16,631.43. Source: Ministry of Finance (Govt. of India), KBK Infographics]

Petroleum and Natural Gas: FDI inflows to this sector have started pouring since the year 2004. Since then the inflows in this sector have picked up in absolute sense and it has just managed to rank itself among the toppers although important initiatives have been taken by the Indian government to drive FDI inflows. Hundred percent FDI is now permitted under the automatic route and the growing demand for Petroleum and Natural Gas necessitates augmented investment in this sector.

Chemicals other than fertilizers have attracted a significant portion of FDI during 1980s and 1990s. During the period 1991 FDI inflows to this industry has greatly increased over the last few years due to the several incentives provided by the government of India. 100 percent FDI is allowed in chemicals under the automatic route in India. International companies having operations in chemical industry are Dow Chemicals, BASF, Du Pont and Bayer.

Trading sector showed a trailing investment pattern up to 2005 but there is an exponential rise in inflows from 2006 onwards. The top five Indian companies which received FDI inflows are: Multi Commodity Exchanges of India Ltd, Anchor Electricals, Metro cash and Carry Pvt. Ltd and Essilor India Pvt. Ltd.

Hotel and Tourism industry is growing faster for the past few years, bringing in large revenues through foreign as well as domestic tourists in various parts of the country. 100 percent FDI is permitted in Hotels and Tourism under the automatic route. FDI inflows to this country have increased from USD91.13 million during 1991-99 to USD7607.01 million during 2000-14. Outbound tourists from India have also increased in recent years, with more Indians undertaking foreign trips. Many international tour operators have started operations from India to tap the growing market of foreign tours from India. This has also led to increased Foreign Direct Investments in the hotel and tourism industry in India.

According to UNCTAD's Global Investment Trends Monitor (2011), improved macroeconomic conditions, particularly in the emerging economies, which boosted corporate profits coupled with better stock market valuations and rising business confidence augured well for global FDI prospects. According to UNCTAD, these favourable developments have increased the share of developing countries over 50 per cent in total FDI inflows, and this may increase further due to strong growth prospects. India also received large FDI inflows due to domestic economic performance. The attractiveness of India as a preferred investment destination has increased over the last two decades. The significant increase in FDI inflows to India reflected the impact of liberalization. FDI was gradually allowed in almost all sectors, except a few on grounds of strategic importance, subject to compliance of sector specific rules and regulations.

China permits 100 per cent FDI in agriculture while this is completely prohibits FDI in media. In India, on the other hand, foreign ownership is allowed up to 100 per cent in sectors like 'mining, oil and gas', electricity and 'healthcare and waste management'.

Make in India

MAKE IN INDIA: It is an initiative taken by the Government of India to encourage multinational as well as domestic companies to manufacture their products in India.

[Figure: Make in India logo, showing the words MAKE IN INDIA across a lion made of circuit-like patterns. Source: Ministry of Commerce, Government of India]

The objective of Make in India is:
To focus on job creation and skill development
It aims at maintaining high quality standards
Minimizing the adverse impact on environment
Attracting better technology and greater investment in India

The most attractive sectors of FDI under Make in India are Automobiles, Automobile Components, Aviation, Biotechnology, Chemicals, Construction, Defence, Manufacturing, Electrical Machinery, Electronic Systems, Food Processing, Information Technology, Leather, Media and Entertainment, Mining, Oil and Gas, Pharmaceuticals, Ports and Shipping, Railways, Renewable Energy, Roads and Highways, Space and astronomy, Textiles and Garments, Thermal Power, Tourism and Hospitality, Wellness. 100% FDI is how permitted in all the sectors except for space (74%), defence (49%) and media (26%).

[Figure: infographic titled FDI Most attractive sectors with percentage bubbles. Software and IT services 31%; Automotive 18%; Financial services and Consumer products 11%; Communications and Construction 10%; Health care and Transportation 9%; Chemical and allied products and Infrastructure 8%. Source: Indian Express (website), India attractiveness survey, Ernst and Young, 2011]

After initiation of the programme, India would emerge as the top destination globally for foreign investments. Before the launch, foreign equity caps were relaxed, licenses were available online and their validity was increased to three years. In 2014, 49% FDI in defence sector and 100% in railways infrastructure was also permitted. Between September 2014 and November 2015 USD 18 billion worth of proposals were received by the Government. With the demand of electronic hardware expected to rise to USD 400 billion by 2020, India has the potential to become a manufacturing hub. Spice group in UP, Samsung in Noida and Hitachi in Chennai, Huawei in Bangalore, Xiaomi in Andhra Pradesh made investments and set up their units in India.

TOP 10 FDI DESTINATIONS IN INDIA

On 30 November 2015, the Ministry of Railways signed formal agreements with Alstom and GE Transport worth USD 5.9 billion to set-up locomotive manufacturing factories in Madhepura and Marhaura in Bihar. In December 2015, Qualcomm announced "Design in India" programme to help mentor up to 10 Indian hardware companies with the potential to come up with innovative solutions and help them reach higher scale of production. As part of the programme, the company will set up an Innovation Lab in Bengaluru to provide technical and engineering support to the selected companies. In the same month, Micromax announced that it would establish three new manufacturing units in Rajasthan, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh at a cost of USD 45 million. The plants will begin functioning in 2016, and will each employ 3,000-3,500 people. Following Japanese Prime Minister's visit to India in December 2015, it was announced that Japan would set up a USD 12 billion fund for Make in India related projects called the "Indo-Japanese Make-in-India Special Finance Facility". In December 2015, phone manufacturer Vivo Mobile India has already began manufacturing smart phones at a plant in Greater Noida, which employs around 2,200 people. A defence deal was signed during Prime Minister's visit to Russia in December 2015 which may see the Kamov Ka-226 multi-role helicopter being built in India. This is widely seen as the first defence deal to be actually signed under the Make in India campaign.

References

www.tradingeconomies.com
Global Investment Trends monitor, A report by UNCTAD
Foreign Direct investment (FDI) in China, John Henly
www.bojournal.com
Financial Times, Report on global FDI Growth
Sectoraise FDI inflows into India, JBM and SSR, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 2015
www:businessmapsofindia.com (A comparative study of China and India)
FDI in India, FAB School (2013-15)
Effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the Indian economy - A Working Paper, World Bank.

Sample Questions

Q.1 Compare the FDI inflow in China with India?

Answer: FDI inflow in China took place in 3 steps: Initial phase, continuous development phase and high growth rate.

Teacher's Note:
a) China opened to FDI gradually, starting in July 1979 with limited access.
b) India stayed cautious until 1991 and then opened up through liberalization.
c) Compare the stages of both countries side by side, using the dates given in the text.

Q.2 Why were the post liberalization measures introduced in India for increasing the FDI inflow?

Answer: The need for implementation of the new economic policy was the failure of public sector, a very high fiscal deficit, debt trap and depletion of foreign exchange reserves.

Teacher's Note:
a) The fiscal deficit stood at 8.4 percent of GDP, and foreign debt rose to 23 percent of GDP.
b) IMF agreed to the loan only on the condition of economic reforms.