NCERT Book Class 12 Sociology Introducing Indian Society

I n one important sense, Sociology is unlike any other subject that you may have  studied. It is a subject in which no one starts from zero – everyone already knows something about society. Other subjects are learnt    because they are taught  (at school, at home, or elsewhere); but much of our knowledge about society is acquired without explicit teaching. Because it is such an integral part of the process of growing up, knowledge about society seems to be acquired “naturally” or “automatically”. No child is expected to already know something about History, Geography, Psychology or Economics when they come to school. But even a six year old already knows something about society and social relationships. It is all the more true then, that, as young eighteen year old adults, you know a lot about the society you live in without ever having studied it. This prior knowledge or familiarity with society is both an advantage and a disadvantage for sociology, the discipline that studies society. The advantage is that students are generally not afraid of Sociology – they feel that it can’t be a very hard subject to learn. The disadvantage is that this prior knowledge can be a problem – in order to learn Sociology, we need to “unlearn” what we already  know about society. In fact, the initial stage of learning Sociology consistsmainly of such unlearning. This is necessary because our prior knowledge about s ciety – our common sense – is acquired from a particular viewpoint. This is the viewpoint of the social group and the social  environment that we are socialised into. Our social context shapes our opinions, beliefs and expectations about society and social relations. These beliefs are not necessarily wrong, though they can be. The problem is that they are ‘partial’. The word partial is being used here in two different senses – incomplete (the opposite of whole), and biased (the opposite of impartial). So our ‘unlearnt’ knowledge or common sense usually allows us to see only a part of social reality; moreover, it is liable  o be tilted towards the viewpoints and interests of our own social group.

Sociology does not offer a solution to this problem in the form of a perspective that can show us the whole of reality in a completely unbiased way. Indeed sociologists believe that such an ideal vantage point does not exist.  We can only see by standing somewhere; and every ‘somewhere’ offers only a partial view of the world. What sociology offers is to teach us how to see the world from many vantage points – not just our own, but also  that of others unlike ourselves. Each vantage point provides only a partial view, but by comparing what the world looks like from the eyes of different kinds of people we get some sense of what the whole might look    like, and what is hidden from view in each  specific standpoint. What may be of even more interest to you is that sociology can show you what you look like to others; it can teach you how to look at yourself ‘from the   outside’, so to speak. This is called ‘self-reflexivity’, or sometimes just reflexivity. This is the ability to reflect upon yourself, to turn back your gaze (which is usually directed outward) back towards yourself. But this  elf-inspection must be critical – i.e., it should be quick to criticise and slow to praise oneself.  At the simplest level, you could say that understanding Indian society and its structure provides a sort of social map on which you could locate yourself.
Like with a geographical map, locating oneself on a social map can be useful in  the sense that you know where you are in relation to others in society. For example, suppose you live in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. If  you look at a geographical map of India, you know that your state is in the North-eastern corner of India. You also know that your state is small compared to many large states such as Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,  Maharashtra or Rajasthan, but that it is larger than many others such as Manipur, Goa, Haryana or Punjab. If you look at a physical features map, it could tell you what kind of terrain Arunachal has (hilly, forested)  compared to other states and regions of India, and what natural resources it is rich in, and so on.

Please refer to attached file for NCERT Class 12 Sociology Introducing Indian Society