CBSE Book Class 12 Informatic Practices Object Oriented

James Alexander is a resident of a developed nation and works as a freelance consultant. He is hired by one of the corporate houses of a developing nation to plan a strategy to improve production in one of their factories which is located in a remote village named Khabri. The consultant decides to submit a quick action plan and so starts searching for information about the remote village. He has never visited any of the remote locationsand so tries to simply imagine the problems faced by remote people. Mohan Swamy is a resident of one of the developing countries and he also is a freelance consultant. He completed his studies from a top notch university and to actually put his theoretical knowledge to practice, he started staying in the remote village Khabri. He wanted to actually experience the hardships faced by people residing in remote areas. To sustain himself he decides to pick up a job in the only factory situated in Khabri.

The HR manager impressed with his in-depth knowledge and qualifications requests him to also plan a strategy to improve production of their factory. Who do you think will be able to provide a more viable solution? The obvious answer for most of us would be that the person sitting in the remote village and literate enough to solve the problem will be able to provide a  better strategy because he closely understands the real problems of the residents ascompared to a person sitting far away. But what does this teach us about programming?

This teaches us that in programming alsofunctions/methods/programs written for specific situations are able to manipulate data of their respective entities more efficiently. Now, let us understand a little about the various programming paradigms. Computer programming is a process of designing, writing, testing, debugging and maintaining the source code of computer programs written in a particular programming language. The purpose of programming is to organize instructions that are capable of solving real life problems. The process of writing source code of programs requires expertise in subject, knowledge of desired application domain, a formal logic and knowledge of syntax of the relevant programming language. Writing instructions in the desired order gives the required results from the program but when these instructions

BASICS OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

increase in number, it becomes extremely difficult for the programmer to debug, maintain or troubleshoot codes. For this reason, technology experts kept developing and introducing different programming paradigms and accordingly kept developing languages to support these paradigms. Procedural programming paradigm was one of the major stepping stone for these experts which focused on breaking down a programming task into a collection of small modules known as sub routines or procedures.

This paradigm helped the programmers to debug, maintain or troubleshoot codes in a more effective manner. The experts did not stop their research in improving this paradigm and introduced a new paradigm known as object oriented programming paradigm where a programming task was broken into objects. Here each object was capable of  encapsulating its own data and methods (subroutines / procedures). The most important distinction is that where procedural programming uses procedures to operate on data, object oriented programming bundles data and methods together and operates as a independent entity of the program.

Some languages support one particular programming paradigm while some are developed to support multiple programming paradigms. C++, C sharp, Object Pascal etc. are the languages which support procedural as well as object  oriented paradigm. Java supports only object oriented programming. Basic, COBOL support only procedural programming.

Object Oriented Programming follows bottom up approach in program design and emphasizes on safety and security of data. It helps in wrapping up of data and methods together in a single unit which is known as data encapsulation. Object Oriented Programming allows some special features such as polymorphism and inheritance. Polymorphism allows the programmer to give a generic name to various methods or operators to minimize his memorizing of multiple names. Inheritance enables the programmer to effectively utilize already established characteristics of a class in new classes and applications.

The major components of Object Oriented Programming are as follows:

1. Class

2. Object

3. Data Members & Methods

 4. Access Specifier and Visibility Modes

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