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Assignment for Class 9 Social Science Democratic Politics I Chapter 4 Working Of Institutions
Class 9 Social Science students should refer to the following printable assignment in Pdf for Democratic Politics I Chapter 4 Working Of Institutions in Class 9. This test paper with questions and answers for Class 9 Social Science will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks
Democratic Politics I Chapter 4 Working Of Institutions Class 9 Social Science Assignment
MCQ Questions for NCERT Class 9 Social Science Working Of Institutions
Question: How many Members are nominated by the President in Rajya Sabha?
(A) 10
(B) 21
(C) 12
(D) 11
Answer: C
Question: Which institution is Empowered to Administer Justice in India?
(A) Legislature
(B) Executive
(C) Judiciary
(D) Ruling party
Answer: C
Question: Who elects the President of India?
(A) The Speaker
(B) The Prime Minister
(C) All the Members of the Parliament (MPs) and the Members of the State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) elect the President.
(D) Only the Members of the State Legislative Assemblies elect the President.
Answer: C
Question: When does a Bill become a Law?
(A) After approval from the General Public
(B) Only after the President’s assent
(C) Only after the Prime Minister ’s assent
(D) Only after the Speaker ’s assent
Answer: B
Question: Which Organ of the Government has the power to interpret the Constitution?
(A) Supreme Court
(B) High Court
(C) District Court
(D) Both (A) and (B)
Answer: A
Question: What kind of Judiciary do we have in India?
(A) Bounded Judiciary
(B) Bias Judiciary
(C) Disintegrated Judiciary
(D) Independent and integrated Judiciary
Answer: D
Question: Study the given Picture carefully and answer the question that follow :
This picture is related to which of the following.
(A) General Meeting
(B) Assembly Meeting
(C) Cabinet Meeting
(D) None of these
Answer: C
Assertion and Reason Based MCQs
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Question: Assertion (A) : If the Budget presented to the Rajya Sabha is not passed within the stipulated period, the Budget Proposals are not affected.
Reason (R): In Financial matters, the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.
Answer: A
Question: Assertion (A) : The Government of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979.
Reason (R): It was headed by B.P. Mandal. Hence it was popularly called the Mandal Commission.
Answer: B
Question: Assertion (A) : The President is a part of the Legislature.
Reason (R): A Bill is not passed by the Houses of Parliament and can become a Law without the President’s assent.
Answer: C
Question: Assertion (A) : There are limitations on the Legislative Authority of the State Legislature.
Reason (R): Certain Bills on the State List can be introduced in the State Legislature only with the President’s approval.
Answer: A
Question: Assertion (A) : The Constitution of India has made the President the Supreme-Commander of Armed Forces.
Reason (R) : Democracy maintains Civilian Supremacy over the Military Force.
Answer: A
Question: Assertion (A) : The Rajya Sabha must pass a resolution on the necessity of an All India Service before a New Service Common to States and the Union is created.
Reason (R): Indian Constitution is federal and a resolution passed by a Two- thirds Majority in Rajya Sabha would practically signify the consent of the States.
Answer: A
Case Study Questions Working Of Institutions Class 9 Social Science
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Constitution does not say very much about the powers of the Prime Minister or the Ministers or their relationship with each other. But as Head of the Government, the Prime Minister has wide ranging powers. He chairs Cabinet Meetings. He Coordinates the work of different Departments.
His decisions are final in case Disagreements arise between Departments. He exercises General Supervision of different Ministries. All Ministers work under his leadership. The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the Ministers.
He also has the Power to Dismiss Ministers. When the Prime Minister quits, the Entire Ministry quits.
Thus, if the Cabinet is the most powerful Institution in India, within the Cabinet it is the Prime Minister who is the Most powerful. The Powers of the Prime Minister in all Parliamentary democracies of the World have increased so much in recent decades that Parliamentary Democracies are sometimes seen as Prime Ministerial Form of Government. As Political Parties have come to play a major Role in Politics, the Prime Minister controls the Cabinet and Parliament through the Party. The Media also contributes to this trend by making Politics and Elections as a Competition between Top leaders of Parties. In India too we have seen such a tendency towards the concentration of powers in the hands of the Prime Minister. Jawaharlal Nehru, the First Prime Minister of India, exercised Enormous Authority because he had great influence over the Public. Indira Gandhi was also a very Powerful Leader compared to her Colleagues in the Cabinet.
Of course, the Extent of Power wielded by a Prime Minister also depends on the Personality of the Person Holding that Position.
Question: When the Prime Minister quits, who quits along with him/her?
(A) No Minister quits with him/her
(B) The Entire Ministry quits
(C) Only 50% Minister quit
(D) The President quits along with him.
Answer: B
Question: The Political Executive includes the _____ and _____ .
(A) The President, the Vice President
(B) The Governor, the Prime Minister
(C) The Prime Minister, Council of Ministers
(D) The Prime Minister, the President
Answer: C
Question: _____ was also a very Powerful Leader compared to Other Colleagues in the Cabinet.
(A) Indira Gandhi
(B) Mahatma Gandhi
(C) Jawaharlal Nehru
(D) Lal Bahadur Shastri
Answer: A
Question: The _____ also contributes by making Politics and Election as a Competition between Top Leaders of Parties.
(A) Government
(B) Public
(C) Media
(D) Opposition Parties
Answer: C
Question: _____ of India, exercised enormous Authority because he had great influence over the Public.
(A) The First Prime Minister
(B) The Fifth Prime Minister
(C) The Sixth Prime Minister
(D) The Present Prime Minister
Answer: A
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Presidential System Presidents all over the World are not always Nominal Executives like the President of India.
In many countries of the World, the President is both the Head of the State and the Head of the Government. The President of the United States of America is the most well known example of this kind of President. The US President is directly Elected by the people. He personally chooses and appoints all Ministers. The Law making is still done by the Legislature (called the Congress in the US), but the President can Veto any Law. Most importantly, the President does not need the support of the Majority of Members in the Congress and neither is he answerable to them. He has a fixed tenure of four years and completes it even if his party does not have a majority in the Congress.
This model is followed in most of the countries of Latin America and many of the Ex-soviet Union countries. Given the Centrality of the President, this System of Government is called the Presidential Form of Government. In Countries like ours that follow the British Model, the Parliament is Supreme.
Therefore, Our System is called the Parliamentary System of Government.
Question: Consider the incorrect option regarding the Power of US President.
(A) The US President is Directly Elected by the People.
(B) He personally chooses and appoints all Ministers.
(C) The President need the support of the Majority of Members in the Congress and neither is he answerable to them.
(D) The President is not answerable to Members in the Congress.
Answer: C
Question: Latin America and many of the Ex-Soviet Union Countries follows.
(A) The Presidential Form of Government
(B) The Parliamentary System of Government
(C) Monarchy
(D) Authoritarian
Answer: A
Question: Directions : In the following question, a statement of Asse rtion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Assertion(A) : Presidents all over the World are always Nominal Executives like the President of India.
Reason (R) : In many countries of the World, the President is both the Head of the State and the Head of the Government.
Answer: D
Question: India follows .
(A) The Presidential form of Government
(B) The Parliamentary System of Government
(C) Monarchy
(D) Authoritarian
Answer: B
Question: _____ is both the Head of the State and the Head of the Government.
(A) US President
(B) Indian President
(C) UK Presiden
(D) Nepal President
Answer: A
Short Answer Type Questions
Question: Define the Parliament and the Legislature of India and write any one important role of it.
Answer: (i) In India, a National Assembly of Elected Representatives who exercise Supreme Political Authority on behalf of the People is called the Parliament.
(ii) At the State Level, this is called Legislature or Legislative Assembly.
(iii) One important role: The Parliament is the final authority for making Laws in our Country.
Question: Give any Three Functions (or Responsibilities) of the Government.
Answer: (i) Government Collects Taxes and uses it for Administration, Defence and Development Programmes.
(ii) Government ensures security to the Citizens and provides facilities for Education and Health.
(iii) It formulates and implements several Welfare Schemes.
Mandal Commission.
Question: Why is the Indian Judiciary considered one of the most powerful in the World? Give any three reasons.
Answer: (i) Once a person is appointed as Judge of the Supreme Court or High Court, it is nearly impossible to remove him/her from that position.
(ii) A Judge can be moved only by an Impeachment Motion.
(iii) The Supreme Court and the High Court have the Power to Interpret the Constitution of the country.
Therefore, it is one of the most powerful Judiciary in the world.
Question: Who are the Ministers of States ? Write any two Functions of them.
Answer: Ministers of States with Independent charge are usually in charge of Smaller Ministries.
(i) They participate in the Cabinet Meetings only.
(ii) They are attached to and required to assist the respective Cabinet Minister.
(iii) They look after the Ministry to which attached.
Question: What is the Tenure of the President in India?
Mention the Qualifications for President of India.
Answer: His Tenure is for five years.
(i) The President in India is the Head of the State. He has only nominal powers.
(ii) The President of India is like the Queen of Britain whose functions are to a large extent Ceremonial.
(iii) The President Supervises the overall functioning of all the Political Institutions in the Country. The President exercises all his powers on the Advice of the Council of Ministers.
Question: Mention any three Discretionary Powers of the Indian President.
Answer: (i) The Administration of whole Country is carried on his name. He is the Supreme Commander of Armed Forces.
(ii) He appoints the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of India, Governors of the States, Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts, the Election Commissioners, Ambassadors to other countries, etc.
(iii) There is one very important thing he should do on his own, i.e., Appoint the Prime Minister.
When a Party or Coalition of Parties secures a Clear Majority in the Elections, the President has to appoint the Leader of the Majority Party or the Coalition that enjoys majority support in the Lok Sabha. When No Party or Coalition gets a Majority in the Lok Sabha, the President exercises his discretion. The President appoints a Leader who in his opinion can muster majority support in the Lok Sabha. In such a case, the President can ask the Newly Appointed Prime Minister to prove Majority support in the Lok Sabha within a specified time.
Question: Under what conditions can a State of Emergency be declared in India? Explain.
Answer: A State of Emergency can be declared under the following conditions:
(i) Increase of External aggression or Armed rebellion.
(ii) If the Government Machinery of a State breaks down.
(iii) If there is a threat to the Financial stability of the Country. Under these circumstances the President can impose a State of Emergency and this is called President’s Rule.
Question: Explain any three functions of Parliament. Why do we need a Parliament?
Answer: (i) Parliament is the Final Authority for making Laws.
(ii) It exercises control over the working of the Government.
(iii) It controls all the Money that Government have.
Question: How are the Ministers in the Council of Ministers categorized according to their Rank?
OR
Explain the Composition of the Union Council of Ministers.
OR
Explain the Composition of the Council of Ministers.
Answer: The Union Council of Ministers comprises of the three categories of Ministers. These are:
(i) Cabinet Ministers: They constitute the inner ring of the Council of Ministers. These are the Toplevel Leaders of the Ruling Party/Parties who are Incharge of the important Ministries. They usually meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers.
(ii) Ministers of State with Independent Charge:
They are usually incharge of Smaller Ministries. They participate in the Cabinet Meetings only when they are invited.
(iii) Ministers of State : They are attached to and are required to assist the Cabinet Ministers.
(iv) It is headed by the Prime Minister.
Long Answer Type Questions
Question: Give any three differences between the Cabinet Ministers and the Minister of States.
Answer: Cabinet Ministers :
(i) They are usually Top-level Leaders of the Ruling Party or Parties.
(ii) Cabinet Ministers meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers.
(iii) They are In-charge of the Major Ministries.
Ministers of State :
(i) They are usually In-charge of Smaller Ministries with Independent charge.
(ii) They participate in the Cabinet Meetings only when specially invited.
(iii) They are attached to and required to assist Cabinet
Question: Describe how the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are appointed.
Answer: (i) The President appoints the Leader of the Majority Party or the Coalition of Parties that commands a Majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister.
(ii) In case no Single Party or Alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure the majority support.
(iii) The President appoints other Ministers on the Advice of the Prime Minister.
(iv) The Ministers are usually from the Party or the Coalition that has the Majority in the Lok Sabha.
(v) The Prime Minister is free to choose Ministers as they are Members of Parliament. A Person who is not a Member of Parliament can also become a Minister, but he has to get Elected to one of the Houses of Parliament within six months of Appointment as Minister.
Question: “Prime Minister is the most important Political Institution in the Country’’. Justify the statement.
OR
Explain the Position of the Prime Minister with reference to his/her Powers and Functions.
OR
Describe any Five Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister of India.
Answer: Position : The Prime Minister is the most important Political Institution of the Country. He/she is the Head of the Government and all important decisions regarding the Country are taken by him/her. He/she enjoys the Real Executive Powers as Head of the State.
Powers and Functions of Prime Minister :
(i) Allocation of Departments and Formation of Council of Ministers, their Distribution of Portfolios.
(ii) Being the Chairman of the Cabinet, Prime Minister Presides the Meetings of the Cabinet.
(iii) Link between the President and Cabinet.
(iv) Leader of the Nation.
(v) Ex-officio Chairman of the Planning Commission.
Question: How can you say that the President occupies the Position of a Nominal Head of the State?
Answer: (i) The President is not Elected Directly by the People. She or he can never claim the kind of Direct popular mandate that the Prime Minister can.
(ii) This ensures that she or he remains only a Nominal Executive.
(iii) The Constitution gives vast powers to the President.
But the latter exercises them only on the Advice of the Council of Ministers.
(iv) The President can ask the Council of Ministers to reconsider its advice. But if the same advice is given again, she or he is bound to act according to it. Similarly, when a Bill comes to the President for signatures she or he can return it to the Parliament with her or his advice.
(v) But when the Bill comes for his her signatures again,then she or he has to sign it, whether the Parliament agrees to her / his advice or not.
Question: What is ‘Collective Responsibility’? Describe its significance.
Answer: In a Parliamentary System of Government, the Principles and Ideals of Collective Responsibility are of much importance. It means that the Council of Ministers is Collectively Responsible to the Parliament.
If the Parliament rejects the Policy of the Government or passes a No-confidence Motion against Ministers the whole Council of Ministers have to resign.
Question: Compare the position of the Prime Minister of the Majority party (Ruling) and the Prime Minister of the Coalition Government.
Answer: (i) Prime Minister of the Majority Party is the Head of the Government.
(ii) Prime Minister exercises Enormous Authority. He is Indirectly Elected. In fact, he is Appointed by the President.
(iii) The Powers of the Prime Minister in all Parliamentary Democracies of the World have increased so much in era continued. In recent decades these Parliamentary Democracies are sometimes seen as Prime Minister form of Government.
(iv) In recent years, the Coalition Government has changed the position of Prime Minister. Now under Coalition Government, a Prime Minister cannot decide as he likes.
(v) He has to accommodate views of Different Groups and Factions in his Party as well as among the Alliance Partners on whose support the Survival of the Government depends.
Question: What is the Election Process of the President of India? Mention the Main Powers and Functions of the President of India.
OR
Write any Five Executive Powers of President of India.
Answer: The President of India is Elected Indirectly. All the Elected Members of Both the Houses of Parliament as well as the State Legislative Assemblies elect the President.
Powers and functions of the President :
(i) Administration of the whole Country is carried on in his name.
(ii) He appoints the Prime Minister, Central Ministers, Governors of the States and Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts.
(iii) Supreme Commander of the Indian Defence Forces.
(iv) He receives the Credentials of Ambassadors from other Countries.
(v) The Administration of Union Territories is the responsibility of the President.
(vi) The scope of the Executive Authority of the President is enlarged when the Country is placed under a General Emergency.
Question: Write an article on the Functions and the Powers of Judiciary in India.
OR
Describe the Powers of the Supreme Court.
OR
What is meant by Integrated Judiciary?
Explain the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India. Mention any three points.
OR
Describe any Three Jurisdictions of the Supreme Court in India.
Answer: (i) All the Courts at different levels in a Country put together are called a Judiciary. The Indian Judiciary consists of the Supreme Court for the Entire Nation,High Courts and the Courts at the Local Level.
(ii) Supreme Court controls the Judicial Administration in the Country. It’s decisions are binding on all other Courts of the Country.
It can take up any dispute :
(a) Between Citizens of the Country.
(b) Between two or more State Governments.
(c) Between Citizens and the Government.
(d) Between Governments at the Union and State level.
Powers :
(i) The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the Power to Interpret the Constitution of the Country.
(ii) It can hear Appeals against the decisions of the High Courts.
(iii) It acts as the Guardian of the Fundamental Rights.
(iv) It controls the Judicial Administration in the Country.
(v) It is the Highest Court of Appeal in Civil and Criminal Cases.
Question: Who are Socially and Economically Backward Classes (SEBC)? What is the percentage of Government jobs reserved for them?
Answer :
1. SEBC a new third category other than Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe.
2. It is another name for all those people who belong to castes that are considered backward by the government.
3. It states that 27 percent of the vacancies in civil posts and services under the Government of India jobs are reserved for the Socially and Economically Backward Classes (SEBC).
Question: What is Mandal Commission? What were its suggestions?
Answer :
1. The Government of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979. It was headed by B.P. Mandal. So it was popularly called the Mandal Commission.
2. It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be taken for their advancement.
3. The Commission gave its Report in 1980 and made many recommendations. One of these was that 27 per cent of government jobs be reserved for the socially and economically backward classes.
Question: Analyse the various developments that took place after the implementation of Mandal Commission in 1989.
Answer :
1. The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the intention of the government to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. On 6 August
1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the recommendations.
2. Next day Prime Minister V.P. Singh informed the Parliament about this decision through a statement in both the Houses of Parliament.
3. The decision of the Cabinet was sent to the Department of Personnel and Training. The senior officers of the Department drafted an order in line with the Cabinet decision and took the minister's approval. An officer signed the order on behalf of the Union Government. It became the O.M of August 13, 1990.
4. It was also the most debated question of the country at that time. The issue related to Reservation policy was later solved by the Supreme Court.
Question: What were the arguments in favour and against the reservation for OBC?
Answer :
1. Some felt that existence of inequalities among people of different castes in India necessitated job reservations. They felt, this would give a fair opportunity to those communities who so far had not adequately been represented in government employment
2. Others felt that this was unfair, as it would deny equality of opportunity to those who did not belong to backward communities.
3. They would be denied jobs even though they could be more qualified. Some felt that this would perpetuate caste feelings among people and hamper national unity.
Question: NOTE: Refer to Page No.62 (Electoral Politics) to see the justification given for Reservations to SC & ST communities in Legislatures. (LokSabha and State Assemblies)
What is meant by reserved constituencies? Justify the concept of 'Reservation of seats' by giving any three suitable arguments.
Answer :
Reserved Constituencies:
- Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). In these constituencies, only someone who belongs to these categories can stand for election.
Arguments for justification of the Concept:
1. The Constitution makers were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain weaker sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to Lok Sabha and the state legislative Assemblies.
2. They may not have the required resources, education and contacts to contest and win elections against others.
3. If the reservation not done, our Parliament and Assemblies would be deprived of the voice of a significant Section of our population.
Question: How did the Supreme Court resolve the dispute arose out of the Government decision to provide job reservation for OBC?
Answer :
1. The Supreme Court and the High Courts in India settle disputes arising out of governmental decisions.
2. Some persons and associations opposed to this order filed a number of cases in the courts.They appealed to the courts to declare the order invalid and stop its implementation.
3. By a majority, the Supreme Court judges in 1992 declared that this order of the Government of India was valid. At the same time the Supreme Court asked the government to modify its original order. It said that well-to do persons among the backward classes should be excluded from getting the benefit of reservation.
Question: List out the various activities of a Government.
Answer :
1. Governing a country involves various such activities; for example, the government is responsible for ensuring security to the citizens and providing facilities for education and health to all.
2. It collects taxes and spends the money thus raised on administration, defense and developmental programmes. It formulates and implements several welfare schemes
Question: What are called institutions in a modern democracy? Describe basic rules laid by Indian Constitution for the functioning of our institutions.
Answer :
- To attend to various tasks like welfare, developmental and governmental programmes several arrangements are made in all modern democracies. Such arrangements are called institutions.
1. The Parliament makes the laws, or amends or abolishes the laws and controls the executive.
2. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are institutions that take all important policy decisions.
3. The Civil Servants, working together, are responsible for taking steps to implement the ministers decisions.
4. Supreme Court is an institution where disputes between citizens and the government are finally settled.
Question: Point out the various constraints in the working of different institutions in a democracy. How are these constraints useful?
Answer :
1. Working with institutions in a democracy is not easy. Institutions involve rules and
regulations. This can bind the hands of leaders.
2. Institutions involve meetings, committees and routines. This often leads to delays and complications.
3. One might feel that it is much better to have one person take all decisions without any rules, procedures and meetings. But that is not the spirit of democracy.
4. Some of the delays and complications introduced by institutions are very useful. They provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any decision.
5. Institutions make it difficult to have a good decision taken very quickly. But they also make it equally difficult to rush through a bad decision.
Question: Examine the powers of the Parliament.
Answer :
1. Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. This task of law making or legislation is so crucial that these assemblies are called legislatures.
2. Parliaments all over the world can make new laws, change existing laws, or abolish existing laws and make new ones in their place.
3. Parliaments all over the world exercise some control over those who run the government. In some countries like India this control is direct and full. Those who run the government can take decisions only so long as they enjoy support of the Parliament.
4. Parliaments control all the money that governments have. In most countries the public money is spent only when the Parliament sanctions it.(Budget)
5. Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in any country. Parliament can seek information about any matter.
Question: What are the two houses of Indian Parliament? How are they formed?
Answer :
1. The Parliament consists of two Houses. The two Houses are known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
2. Lok Sabha is usually directly elected by the people for five years and exercises the real power on behalf of the people.
3. The Rajya Sabha is elected indirectly by MLAs/ MLCs [Members of State Vidhan Sabha/ Vidhan Parished, if the State is having two houses -Bicameralism) and if only one house (Vidhan Sabha- Unicameralism)] performs some special functions .It also looks after the interests of various states and other federal units. A Rajya Sabha member is elected for six years.
Question: How is Lok Sabha more powerful than Rajya Sabha?
Answer :
1. Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses. But if there is a difference between the two Houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session in which members of both the Houses sit together. Because of the larger number of members, the view of the Lok Sabha is likely to prevail in such a meeting.
2. Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these changes.
3. The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. Only a person who enjoys the support of the majority of the members in the Lok Sabha is appointed as the Prime Minister. If the
majority of the Lok Sabha members say they have no confidence' in the Coucil of Ministers, all ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit. The Rajya Sabha does not have this power.
Question: Define what is Executive? Mention the two categories of Executive?
Answer :
1. At different levels of any government we find functionaries who take day-to-day decisions but do not exercise supreme power on behalf of the people. All those functionaries are collectively known as the executive. They are called executive because they are in charge of the 'execution of the policies of the government.
2. In a democratic country, two categories make up the executive. One that is elected by the people for a specific period is called the political executive. Political leaders who take the major decisions fall in this category.
3. In the second category, people are appointed on a long-term basis. This is called the permanent executive or civil services. Persons working in civil services are called civil servants./Government Servants.
Question: Why does the Political executive have more power than Non-Political executive?
Answer :
1. In a democracy the will of the people is supreme. The minister is elected by the people and thus empowered to exercise the will of the people on their behalf.
2. He/ She are finally answerable to the people for all the consequences of her decision. That is why the minister takes all the final decisions.
3. The minister decides the overall framework and objectives in which decisions on policy should be made.
4. The minister is not, and is not expected to be, an expert in the matters of his/ her ministry.
The minister takes the advice of experts on all technical matters
Question: How are the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers appointed?
Answer :
1. The President appoints the Prime Minister. But the President cannot appoint anyone he/ she likes. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of Parties that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister.
2. In case no single party or alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support. The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. He continues in power so long as he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.(As long as he enjoys the majority in Lok Sabha)
3. After the appointment of the Prime Minister, the President appoints other ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Question: Distinguish between Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State.
Answer :
1. There are two types of Ministers in Union Government. Cabinet Ministers and State Ministers. Some of the State Ministers have independent Charges and others work as assistant Ministers to Cabinet Ministers.
2. Cabinet Ministers are usually top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of the major ministries. Usually the Cabinet Ministers meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers. Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of Ministers.
It comprises about 20 ministers.
3. Ministers of State with independent charge are usually in-charge of smaller Ministries.
They participate in the Cabinet meetings only when specially invited.
4. Ministers of State are attached to and required to assist Cabinet Ministers.
Question: Briefly describe the powers and functions of the Prime Minister.
Answer :
1. The Prime Minister has wide ranging powers. He chairs Cabinet meetings. He coordinates the work of different Departments. His decisions are final in case disagreements arise between Departments.
2. He exercises general supervision of different ministries. All ministers work under his leadership.
3. The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers.
4. The powers of the Prime Ministers in all parliamentary democracies of the world have increased so much in recent decades that parliamentary democracies are sometimes seen
as Prime Ministerial form of government.
5. As political parties have come to play a major role in politics, the Prime Minister controls the Cabinet and Parliament through the party.
6. He/ She is the chairperson of the Planning Commission in India.
Question: 'The rise of coalition politics has imposed certain constraints on the power of the Prime Minister'
Explain.
Answer :
1. The Prime Minister of a Coalition Government cannot take decisions as he likes.
2. He has to accommodate different groups and factions in his party as well as among alliance partners.
3. He also has to heed to the views and positions of the coalition partners and other parties, on whose support the survival of the government depends.
Question: How is the President of India elected?
Answer :
1. The President of India is not elected directly by the people. An Electoral College comprising the Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) elect the President.
2. A candidate standing for President's post has to get a majority of votes to win the election.He should be an Indian citizen and of the age of 35 or above.
3. Should not hold any office of profit.
Question: Briefly explain the powers and functions of Indian President.
Answer :
1. All governmental activities take place in the name of the President. All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in her name.
2. A bill passed by the Parliament becomes a law only after the President gives assent to it.
3. All major appointments are made in the name of the President. These include the appointment of the Prime Minister of India, the Chief Justice of India, the Judges of the
Supreme Court and the High Courts of the states, the Governors of the states, the Election Commissioners, Ambassadors to other countries, etc.
4. All international treaties and agreements are made in the name of the President.
5. The President is the Supreme Commander of the defense forces of India.
(Note: - President exercises all these powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers /Prime Minister. The President can ask the Council of Ministers to reconsider its advice.)
Question: What is judiciary? What are the different levels of judiciary?
Answer :
1. All the courts at different levels in a country put together is called the judiciary.
2. The Indian judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Courts in the states, District Courts and the courts at local level.
3. India has an integrated judiciary. It means that the Supreme Court controls the judicial administration in the country.
Question: List the powers (Original Jurisdiction) of Supreme Court.
Answer :
- The Supreme Court controls the judicial administration in the country. Its decisions are binding on all other courts of the country.
It can take up any dispute:
1. Between citizens of the country;
2. Between citizens and government;
3. Between two or more state governments; and
4. Between governments at the union and state level.
5. It is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases. It can hear appeals against the decisions of the High Courts.
Question: How is the independence of the judiciary ensured in India?
Answer :
1. Independence of the judiciary means that it is not under the control of the legislature or the executive. Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President.
2. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power. The powers of the judiciary are independent from executive and derived from the Constitution.
3. The Political executive cannot easily remove the judges. It needs impeachment. Therefore the judges can't be pressurized by the executive.
Question: How are the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts appointed?
Answer :
1. The judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
2. In practice it now means that the senior judges of the Supreme Court select the new judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
3. There is very little scope for interference by the political executive. The senior most judge of the Supreme Court is usually appointed the Chief Justice.
Question: Explain the procedure of the removal of a Supreme Court or High Court judge.
Answer :
1. Once a person is appointed as judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court it is nearly impossible to remove him or her from that position. It is as difficult as removing the President of India.
2. A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by two-thirds members of the two Houses of the Parliament.
Question: What is 'Judicial ‘Review'?
Answer :
1. The judiciary in India is one of the most powerful in the world. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country.
2. They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether at the Union level or at the state level, if they find such a law or action is against the Constitution.
3. They can determine the Constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as the judicial review
Question: “Judiciary is called the guardian of the fundamental rights' Justify.
Answer :
1. The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian
of the Fundamental Rights.
2. The citizens have a right to approach the courts to seek remedy in case of any violation of their rights.
3. Anyone can approach the courts if public interest is hurt by the actions of government.
This is called public interest litigation.
Question: Describe the Emergency Powers of the President Of India.
Answer :
1. National emergency due to internal crisis or external crisis due to war.
2. Breaking down of Constitutional machinery of the state.
3. Financial Emergency.
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