NCERT Solutions Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

Question. Which one of the following is a tertiary activity?
(a) Farming
(b) Trading
(c) Weaving
(d) Hunting
Answer : B

Question. Which one of the following activities is NOT a secondary sector activity?
(a) Iron Smelting
(b) Catching fish
(c) Making garments
(d) Basket Weaving
Answer : B

Question. Which one of the following sectors provides most of the employment in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
(a) Primary
(b) Quaternary
(c) Secondary
(d) Service
Answer : D

Question. Jobs that involve high degrees and level of innovations are known as:
(a) Secondary activities
(b) Quaternary activities
(c) Quinary activities
(d) Primary activities
Answer : D

Question. Which one of the following activities is related to quaternary sector?
(a) Manufacturing computers
(b) Paper and Raw pulp production
(c) University teaching
(d) Printing books
Answer : C

Question. Which one out of the following statements is not true?
(a) Outsourcing reduces costs and increases efficiency. 
(b) At times engineering and manufacturing jobs can also be outsourced. 
(c) BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs. 
(d) There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that outsource the job.
Answer : C

Question. Tertiary activities involve commercial output of services rather than production of ……… goods.
(a) permanent
(b) commercial
(c) tangible
(d) intangible
Answer : C

Question.……… may direct the goods to be manufactured according to their specification. They have the ability to experiment in one store and apply it to many.
(a) Departmental stores
(b) Consumer cooperative stores
(c) Chain stores
(d) Retail stores
Answer : C

Question. When outsourcing is involved in transferring of work to overseas locations, it is described by which of the following terms?
(a) Outshoring
(b) Onshoring
(c) Offshoring
(d) Homeshoring
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following is not a quinary activity?
(a) Decision makers
(b) Insurance
(c) Consultants
(d) Policy makers
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following is not an example of Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (KPO)?
(a) Business research
(b) Intellectual property research
(c) Legal profession
(d) Outsourcing
Answer : D

Question. Match the following columns.
Column I (Tertiary activities)       Column II (Examples)
A. Trade and commerce               1. Wholesale trade
B. Wholesale trade                       2. Rural mandis
C. Retail trade                              3. Urban centres
D. Rural centre                             4. Street peddling
Codes
     A B C D 
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 4 1 2 3
(d) 1 4 3 2
Answer : A

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words. 

(i) Explain retail trading service.
Answer : Retail trading service is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to the consumers. Most of the retail trading takes place in fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to selling.

(ii) Describe quaternary services. 
Answer : Quaternary services involve the collection, production and dissemination of information or even the production of information. These activities centre around research, development and may be seen as an advanced form of services involving specialised knowledge and technical skills.

(iii) Name the fast emerging countries of medical tourism in the world. 
Answer : India, Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia are the fast emerging countries of medical tourism in the world. 

(iv) What is digital divide?
Answer : Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology based development is unevenly distributed across the globe. There are wide ranging economic, political and social differences among countries. While developed countries in general have surged forward, the developing countries have lagged behind and this is known as the digital divide. 

3. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

(i) Discuss the significance and growth of the service sector in modern economic development.
Answer : The service sector plays a significant role in the modern economic development.
1. Service Sector is the activity relatively detached from material production and not directly involved in the processing of physical materials.
2. It is an important constituent of modern economic development including retailing, sale of goods, education, health and welfare, leisure and business activities.
3. There is a transition from dominance of primary sector to the later stages of the quaternary sectors where the role of manufacturing, employment and a proportion of GNP declines gradually balanced by the rise of the service sector.
4. The growing importance of the service sector has made it an independently productive sector in the economy. It is an exporter and not an accessory to manufacturing or to the people at large.

(ii) Explain in detail the significance of transport and communication services.
Answer : There is a great importance of transport and communication services and are rightly known as the ‘lifelines of any country’.
1. Transport services allow persons, and goods to be carried from one place to another as an organised industry created to satisfy the basic need of mobility since people require speedy and efficient transport system in production, distribution and consumption of goods.
2. Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport system to assist in the production, distribution and consumption of goods. At every stage, the value of the material is significantly enhanced by transportation.
3. Communication services involve the transmission of words, messages and facts carried by letters, e-mail, messages, e-governing. Certain means of communication include–radio, T.V., telephone, mobile, fax etc.
4. Transport and communication services help to promote the use of natural resources, mobility of skilled labour force and increase in agricultural and industrial production. These services are, indeed, the requirement of the modern society.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities Short Answer Type Questions

Question. “Service sector has grown enormously over past few decades.” Give the reasons for the rise in service sector.
Answer : The reasons for the rise in service sector are
- Rapid Urbanisation As more people start living in the cities, there is rising demand for various services in urban areas.
- Increase in Population The necessity for basic services has increased due to increase in the population. These services are hospitals, education, banking etc.
- Increase in Living Standard The increasing living standardof the people has resulted in rising demand for services such as transport, tourism, sports etc.
- Rising Income The rising incomes of people have led to increase in the services required by them. These services include retailing, tourism, education etc.
- Improvement in Technology Improvements in technology have resulted in expansion of service sector in the international markets.

Question. ‘‘Services are very important for economic development in the world.’’ Analyse the statement by explaining five major components of service sector. 
Answer : Service sector is very important for the development of economy in the world as it involves all kinds of services like-education, health, welfare, business services, etc and provides employment to a large number of people.
The five major components of service sector are
(i) Many services have been regulated by the government. It includes making and maintaining highways, bridges, supplying education and health services, transport,telecommunications, energy etc.
(ii) Professional services that include primary health care, engineering, law etc.
(iii) Personal services that are for the people to facilitate their work in daily life.
(iv) Recreational and entertainment services that are widely distributed.
(v) Whole sale and retail trading with the producers and consumers.

Question. What kind of functions are performed by people involved in quinary activities?
Answer : The functions performed by people involved in quinary activities are
- They are at the highest level of decision-making and policy-making.
- They focus upon creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas, data interpretation and use and evaluation of new technologies.
- These people perform ‘gold collar’ professions, representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants etc.

Question. Define the term outsourcing. What are the consequences of outsourcing?
Answer : Outsourcing or contracting out is giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and to reduce costs. Business activities that are outsourced includes IT, human resources, customer support and call centre services. At times it includes manufacturing and engineering.
The consequences of outsourcing are
- It resulted in opening up of a large number of support call centres in India, China, Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and Costa Rica. Thus, it helps to create new jobs.
- It has helped in reducing migration in the out-migrating countries which have abundant cheap and skilled workers.
- Due to this, outsourcing countries are facing resistance from job-seeking youths in their respective countries.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities Long Answer Type Questions

Question. How can you say that different marketing centres try to provide services by targeting different markets?
Answer : There are three types of trading centres or marketing centres which provide different services to target their markets in the following ways
(i) Rural Marketing Centres These centres cater to nearby settlements. These are quasi-urban centres. Here, personal and professional services are not well-developed. These are in the form of local collecting and distribution centres. Most of these have mandis (wholesale markets) and also retailing areas. They are significant centres for making available goods and services which are most frequently demanded by rural people.
(ii) Periodic Markets These markets are found where there are no regular markets and local periodic markets are organised at different temporal intervals. These may be weekly, bi-weekly markets from where people from the surrounding areas meet their temporally accumulated demand. These markets are held on specific days and move from one place to another. The shopkeepers thus, remain busy on all the days while a large area is served by them.
(iii) Urban Marketing Centres These have more widely specialised urban services. They provide ordinary goods and services as well as many of the specialised goods and services required by people. Urban centres, therefore, offer manufactured goods, as well as many specialised markets develop. For example, markets for labour, housing and semi or finished products. Different services are also available in these markets like services of educational institutions such as teachers, lawyers, consultants, physicians, dentists and veterinary doctors, etc.  

Question. What are services? Describe various types of services.
Answer : Services means to provide assistance to some one. Services are provided to individual customers who can pay for them. Services are of both physical and mental nature. It includes gardeners, barbers, teachers, lawyers, musicians etc.
Various types of services are
- Government Aided Services Government provides various services such as making and maintaining highways and bridges, maintaining fire fighting departments, supplying and supervising health, education etc.
- Infrastructural Development Services These type of services include transport, telecommunication, energy and water supply various corporations have been established by governments to control and supervise these services.
- Professional Services These services include healthcare, engineering, law and management. These services are provided by both public and private companies.
- Personal Services These services are provided by domestic workers which help in making the lives of people easier. These services include gardeners, cooks, housekeepers etc.
- Services Based on Market These services include recreational and entertainment services. Their location depends upon the market. It includes restaurants, multiplexes etc.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities Case Based Questions

1. Read the case/source given and answer the following questions.

In the initial stages of economic development, larger proportion of people worked in the primary sector. In a developed economy, the majority of workers get employment in tertiary activity and a moderate proportion is employed in the secondary section. Tertiary activities include both production and exchange. The production involved the ‘provision’ of services that are ‘consumed’. the output is indirectly measured in terms of wages and salaries. Exchange, involves trade, transport and communication facilities that are used to overcome distance. Tertiary activities, therefore, involve the commercial output of services rather than the production of tangible goods. They are not directly involved in the processing of physical raw materials. Common examples are the work of a plumber, electrician, technician, launderer, barber, shopkeeper, driver, cashier, teacher, doctor, lawyer and publisher etc. The main difference between secondary activities and tertiary activities is that the expertise provided by services relies more heavily on specilised skills, experience and knowledge of the workers rather than on the production techniques, machinery and factory processes.

Question. Tertiary activities have become important now a days.How would you define tertiary activities in your words.
Answer : Tertiary activities have become important nowadays. These activities are related to providing services. They are different from production and do not process or manufacture goods directly. Professionally skilled people and trained labour are required in these activities, such as transport, communication etc.

Question. Differentiate between secondary activities and tertiary activities.
Answer : Difference between secondary activities and tertiary activities are

Question. Give two examples of each Secondary and Tertiary activities.
Answer : Examples of Secondary activities are manufacturing and construction.
Examples of Tertiary activities are work of electrician,cashier, teacher, doctor and so on.

2. Read the case/source given below and answer the following questions.

Trade is essentially buying and selling of items produced elsewhere. All the services in retail and wholesale trading or commerce are specifically intended for profit. The towns and cities where all these works take place are known as trading centres. Rural marketing centres cater to nearby settlements. These are quasi-urban centres. They serve as trading centres of the most rudimentary type. Here personal and professional services are not well-developed. These form local collecting and distributing centres. Most of these have mandis (wholesale markets) and also retailing areas. Periodic markets in rural areas are found where there are no regular markets and local periodic markets are organised at different temporal intervals. These may be weekly, biweekly markets from where people from the surrounding areas meet their temporally accumulated demand. These markets are held on specified dates and move from one place to another. The shopkeepers thus, remain busy on all the days while a large area is served by them.

Question. Which work takes place in trading centres?
Answer : In trading centres, all the services in retail and wholesale trading or commerce takes place.

Question. Rural marketing centres are important trading centres of rural areas. State any two features of these centres.
Answer : Two features of rural marketing centres are
(i) Rural marketing centres provide services to the nearby rural settlements.
(ii) These centres are of rudimentary type (being in the earliest stages of development) or very basic centres.

Question. Periodic markets are significant feature of which areas? State the important features of these markets.
Answer : Periodic markets are significant feature of rural areas.
Important features of these markets are
- These are organised at those places where no regular market is found.
- These markets keep the shopkeepers busy all the year round, as they serve a large area by movement.