NCERT Solutions Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Planning and Sustainable Development MCQs

1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.

Question. Regional planning relates to :
(a) Development of various sectors of economy.
(b) Area specific approach of development.
(c) Area differences in transportation network.
(d) Development of rural areas.
Answer : B

Question. ITDP refers to which one of the following?
(a) Integrated Tourism Development Programme
(b) Integrated Travel Development Programme
(c) Integrated Tribal Development Programme
(d) Integrated Transport Development Programme
Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
(a) Agricultural development
(b) Eco-development
(c) Transport development
(d) Colonisation of land
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
(a) Agricultural development
(b) Eco-development
(c) Transport development
(d) Colonisation of land
Answer : B

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. Planning is a very broad term.
II. Planning is the process of thinking, formulation of a scheme or programme and implementation of a set of actions to achieve some goal.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both the statements are incorrect
(d) Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement I.
Answer : D

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. Regional planning approach aims at reducing regional imbalances in development.
II. There is no uniform economic development over space in any country.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both the statements are incorrect
(d) Both the statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement I.
Answer : D

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission.
II. It has been set up with an objective, to involve the states in the economic policy making for India, to provide strategic and technical advice to the Centre and State governments.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Both I and II are correct
(c) Only II is correct
(d) Both are incorrect.
Answer : B

Question. Arrange the physiographic regions of Bharmaur region in sequence from North to South direction.
I. Holi area
II. Khani area
III. Kugti area
IV. Tundah area
Codes
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) III, IV, II, I
(c) I, IV, III, II
(d) IV, III, II, I
Answer : B

Question. Uneven pattern of development over space requires that planners have a spatial perspective. This type of planning approach is referred to as ……… .
(a) Spatial Planning
(b) Regional Planning
(c) Sectoral Planning
(d) Target Area Planning
Answer : B

Question. The Brundtland Commission published its report ‘Our Common Future’ in the year ……… .
(a) 1960
(b) 1991
(c) 1987
(d) 1927
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following measures could be adopted to promote sustainable development in the Indira Gandhi Command Area?
(a) Avoiding water intensive crops
(b) Reclamation of land affected by water logging
(c) Diversification of economic base
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(a) Special Area Programmes — Eighth Fiver Year Plan
(b) Hill area Development Programme — Fifth Five Year Plan
(c) Drought Prone Area Programme — Fourth Five Year Plan
(d) Evalution of Concept of Sustainable — 18th century
Answer : D

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. Sectoral planning involves formulation and implementation of many schemes or programmes.
II. Sector planning aims to develop agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing, power, construction, transport and so on.
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both statements are incorrect
(d) Both statements are correct
Answer : D

Question. Match the following columns.
Column I                                           Column II
(Different Events)                              (Years)
A. NITI Aayog                                      1. 2015
B. Gaddis were included in                  2. 1970s
list of Scheduled tribes
C. Tribal Sub-plan                                3. 1974
D. Bharmaur notified as tribal area.     4. 1975
E. 15-years Vision Document              5. 2017-18
F. Irrigation Commission                      6. 1972
Codes
     A B C D E F 
(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6
(b) 6 5 4 3 2 1
(c) 1 4 5 6 3 2
(d) 3 1 5 4 2 6
Answer : A

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) What are the social benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region?
Answer : The social benefits derived from ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region include the following:
1. Tremendous improvement in the literacy rate and sex ratio.
2. Decline in the child marriages and gender inequality
3. The female literacy rate increased from 1.88% in 1971 to 65% in 2011.
4. Traditional subsistence agricultural-cumpastoral economy, having emphasis on foodgrains and livestock production, upgraded to increased cultivation of pulses and other cash crops in the last three decades of 20th century,
5. The declining importance of pastoralism in the economy.

(ii) Define the concept of sustainable development.
Answer : Brundtland Commission report (also known as Brundtland Report) ‘Our Common Future’ in 1987 defines sustainable development as a “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It reflected the concern of people about undesirable effects of industrial development on the environment. Sustainable development takes care of ecological, social and economic aspects of development during the present times and pleads for conservation of resources to enable the future generations to use these resources. 

(iii) What are the positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
Answer : 1. Indira Gandhi Canal, previously known as the Rajasthan Canal, is one of the largest canal systems in India.
2. The canal originates at Harike barrage in Punjab and runs parallel to Pakistan border at an average distance of 40 km in Thar Desert (Marusthali) of Rajasthan.
3. The introduction of canal irrigation in this dry land has transformed its ecology, economy and society.
4. The availability of soil moisture for a longer period of time and various afforestation and pasture development programmes under CAD have resulted in greening the land.
5. This has also helped in reducing wind erosion and siltation of canal systems.
6. It has led to tremendous increase in agricultural and livestock productivity. Spread of canal irrigation has led to increase in cultivated area and intensity of cropping.

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(i) Write short notes on drought-prone area programme. How does this programme help in the development of dryland agriculture in India?
Answer : Drought prone area programme was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan with the objectives of providing employment to the people in drought-prone areas and creating productive assets. Initially this programme laid emphasis on the construction of labour-intensive civil works. But later on, it emphasised on irrigation projects, land development programmes, afforestation, grassland development and creation of basic rural infrastructure such as electricity, roads, market, credit and services.
Since growing population pressure is forcing the society to utilise the marginal lands for agriculture, and, thereby causing ecological degradation, there is a need to create alternative employment opportunities in the drought-prone areas. The other strategies of development of these areas include adoption of integrated watershed development approach at the micro-level. The restoration of ecological balance between water, soil, plants, and human and animal population should be a basic consideration in the strategy of development of drought-prone areas. Broadly, the drought- prone area in India spread over semi-arid and arid tract of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western Madhya Pradesh, Marathwada region of Maharashtra, Rayalseema and Telangana plateaus of Andhra Pradesh, Karantka plateau and highlands and interior parts of Tamil Nadu. The drought prone areas of Punjab, Haryana and north-Rajasthan are largely protected due to spread of irrigation in these regions.
Since the focus of the programme is sustainable development of the entire ecology and provide with the irrigational facilities to the regions, therefore the dryland agriculture gets a boost. The adoption of integrated watershed management and other programmes also contribute towards common property resource, collective farming etc. which increases the size of the cultivable plots, increasing the productivity. With introduction of drought prone area programmes, even the areas in the diyland region were able to avail proper agricultural technology and therefore dryland agriculture had prospects of increased productivity.

(ii) Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area.
Answer : The ecological sustainability of Indira Gandhi Canal Project has been questioned by various scholars. It is a hard fact that attaining sustainable development in the command area requires major thrust upon the measures to achieve ecological sustainability. Hence, five of the seven measures proposed to promote sustainable development in the command area are meant to restore ecological balance.
• The first requirement is strict implementation of water management policy. The canal project envisages protective irrigation in Stage-I and extensive irrigation of crops and pasture development in Stage-II.
• In general, the cropping pattern shall not include water intensive crops. It shall be adhered to and people shall be encouraged to grow plantation crops such as citrus fruits.
• The CAD programmes such as lining of water courses, land development and levelling and warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water in the command area of outlet) shall be effectively implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of water.
• The areas affected by water logging and soil salinity shall be reclaimed.
• The eco-development through afforestation, shelterbelt plantation and pasture development is necessary particularly in the fragile environment of Stage-II.
• The social sustainability in the region can be achieved only if the land allottees having poor economic background are provided adequate financial and institutional support for cultivation of land.
• The economic sustainability in the region cannot be attained only through development of agriculture and animal husbandry. The agricultural and allied activities have to develop along with other sectors of economy. This shall lead to diversification of economic base and establishment of functional linkages between basic villages, agro-service centers and market centers.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Planning and Sustainable Development Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Discuss the social benefits of tribal sub-plan in the Bharmaur Region.
Answer : Social benefits of tribal sub-plan were
- There are tremendous increase in literacy rate, e.g. the female literacy rate in the region increased from 1.88% in 1971 to 65% in 2011.
- Decline in gender inequality i.e. the difference between male and female literacy rate has declined.
- Improvement in sex-ratio, decline in child marriages.
- Basic social facilities like education and health care were improved.
- The vulnerable section of the society was benefitted by this plan.

Question. What were the shortcomings of Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur?
Answer : The shortcomings to Integrated Tribal Development Project are
- In terms of infrastructural facilities, the remote villages in Tundah and Kugti areas are still not developed.
- The method of crop cultivation is still traditional in nature.
- Even though pastoralism has declined but still a sizeable portion of the Gaddis migrate to Kangra and surrounding areas in order to earn living from wage labour during the cold season.
- It was not implemented equally in whole region.
- All the problem of the region were not addressed by this plan.

Question. How did the concept of sustainable development evolved. What are the aims of sustainable development?
Answer : The concept of sustainable development evolved or emerged in Western world in 1960 because of undesirable effects of industrial development on the environment.
The aims of sustainable development are
- It aims to take care of economic, social and ecological spheres of development during the present times as well as conserve all the resources in such a manner that these can be retained for future generations.
- It takes into account the development of whole humankind which have a common future. It is trying to create harmony between development and environment.

Question. What is World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)? How it defined the idea of sustainable development?
Answer : The Brund Hand Commission was formerly known as the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). It was established by the United Nation (UN) in 1983, when the world community raised concerns on the environmental issues.

The WCED was headed by the Norwegian Prime Minister, Gro Harlem Brundtland. The commission gave its report entitled ‘Our Common Future’ in 1987,
also known as Brundtland report.
In Brundtland report, ‘Sustainable Development’ was defined as ‘‘A development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’’

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Planning and Sustainable Development Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Describe five main points of the integrated tribal development project implemented in Bharmaur region. 
Answer : Five main points of the integrated tribal development project implemented in Bharmaur region are
(i) Improving the quality of life of the Gaddis and narrowing the gap in the level of development between Bharmaur and other districts of Himachal Pradesh.
(ii) The highest priority was on development of transport and communications, agriculture and allied activities as well as social and community services.
(iii) Improvement in the basic infrastructure of health care facilities, potable water supply, schools, transport and communication, training, marketing, credit and electricity supply, e.g. villages located along the river Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are main beneficiaries of infrastructural development.
(iv) Employment generation through agricultural allied activities like horticulture, animal husbandry and cottage industry.
(v) The Gaddis had traditionally subsistence agriculture cum-pastorol economy, later on during the last three decades of twentieth century, pulses and other cash crops became one of the main crops of this region.

Question. Suppose you are given the power to modify the planning process. How would you use this power wisely and what would be your plan? Explain with reason.
Answer : If I get power to modify the present planning process, I would broaden the planning process by adding some important concepts such as equity, sustainability and empowerment
- Equity It means providing equal access to opportunities to everybody. The opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste. I will promote the concept of inclusive development through participation and everyone will be benefitted by development. With this measure persisting social inequality can be reduced.
- Sustainability It refers to continuity in the availability of opportunities. This means that each generation must have the same opportunities, therefore, we must use our environmental, financial and human resources in such a way that our future generations are not deprived of these opportunities. Sustainability is multidimensional in nature i.e. economic, social and ecological.
- Empowerment It refers to have power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capability. Good governance and people oriented policies are required to empower people. The empowerment of social and economically disadvantaged groups are of special importance.

Question. Development is a multi-dimensional concept and signifies the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment. Support the statement with suitable arguments from India.
Answer : Development is a multi-dimensional and dynamic concept as it signifies positive and irreversible transformation of the economy, society and the environment. It refers to qualitative change in the life of an individual, e.g. increasing literacy, longivity etc. In economic sphere, creating resources, technological developments such as industries etc. are irreversible in nature. Earlier, development was measured by only the economic growth. Later, the development started including equity and redistribution along with economic growth. Later, it was realised that development cannot be restricted to only the economic sphere. It must include well being of the people, improving their living standards, education, health, political and civil rights etc.
In the case of India, when it was realised that regional imbalances are getting more noticeable, the Planning Commission introduced the ‘target area’ and target group approaches to planning that aimed at removing regional disparities that have occured due to development. So, area specific plans such as Hill Area Development Programme, Drought Prone Area Development Programme etc were launched to make development more balanced.

Question. Explain any five measures necessary for the promotion of sustainable development in ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’. (All India 2009) Or Describe any five measures needed for the promotion of sustainable development in the ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’.
Answer : Measures for promotion of sustainability in ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’ are
(i) Rigorous implementation of water management policy is the first and foremost requirement of this project.
(ii) Adoption of plantation crops such as citrus fruits, instead of water intensive crops.
(iii) In order to reduce the conveyance loss of water, few important programmes shall be taken into account such as the CAD (Command Area Development) programmes i.e.
- Lining of water courses.
- Land development and levelling.
- Warabandi system (means equal distribution of canal water in the command area of outlet).
(iv) The areas should be reclaimed that got affected by water logging and soil salinity.
(v) Promoting eco-development in the fragile environment especially in stage II command area through afforestation, shelter belt, plantation and pasture development activities.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Planning and Sustainable Development Case Based Questions

Read the case/source given and answer the following questions.

The processes of human-environment interaction depend upon the level of technology and institutions nurtured by a society. While the technology and institutions have helped in increasing the pace of human-environment interaction, the momentum thus, generated in return has accelerated technological progress and transformation and creation of institutions. Hence, development is a multi-dimensional concept and signifies the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment. The concept of development is dynamic and has evolved during the second half of twentieth century.

In the post World War II era, the concept of development was synonymous to economic growth which is measured in terms of temporal increase in Gross National Product (GNP) and per capita income/per capita consumption. But, even the countries having high economic growth, experienced speedy rise in poverty because of its unequal distribution. So, in 1970s, the phrases such as redistribution with growth and growth and equity were incorporated in the definition of development. While dealing with the questions related to redistribution and equity, it was realised that the concept of development cannot be restricted to the economic sphere alone. It also includes the issues such as improving the well-being and living standard of people, availing of the health, education and equality of opportunity and ensuring political and civil rights. By 1980s, development emerged as a concept encapsulating widespread improvement in social as well as material well-being of all in a society. The notion of sustainable development emerged in the wake of general ,rise in the awareness of environmental issues in the late 1960s in Western World. It reflected the concern of people about undesirable effects of industrial development on the environment. The publication of ‘The Population Bomb’ by Ehrlich in 1968 and ‘The Limits to Growth’ by Meadows and others in 1972 further raised the level of fear among environmentalists in particular and people in general. This sets the scenario for the emergence of new models of development under a broad phrase ‘sustainable development.’

Question. What bases are needed for the human-environment interaction?
Answer : The bases which are needed for the human-environment interaction are level of technology and institutions nurtured by a society.

Question. Explain in brief about the notion of development during the post Second World War.
Answer : In the post Second World War era, the concept of development was related to economic growth that is measured as increase in Gross National Product (GNP) and per capita income/consumption over a period of time. But even the countries having high economic growth experienced rapid rise in poverty because of its unequal distribution. So, in the 1970s, development started including equity and redistribution along with growth.

Question. Which major event was responsible for the origin of the concept of sustainable development in the western world?
Answer : The major event responsibe for the origin of the concept of sustainable development in the western world was the general rise in the awareness of environmental issues in the late 1960s in the Western world. It reflected the concerns of people about the undesirable effects of industrial development on environment.