CBSE Class 12 History HOTs Bhakti Sufi Traditions

Bhakti-Sufi Traditions Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts

Question. identify the Sufi saint
(a) ALBARUNI
(b) SalivateNayannars
(c) Sakkara
(d) Nizamuddin Aauliya

Answer : D

Question. Which of the following statement is not correct about Andal?
(a) Andal was a woman Alvar, the most striking features of her compositions were widely sung (and continue to be sung to date)
(b) Andal was a woman Nayanar, she incorporated the prevailing caste system in the society
(c) Andal saw herself as the beloved of Vishnu; her verses express her love for the deity
(d) Andal saw herself as the beloved of Krishna; her verses express her love for the deity

Answer : B

Question. The concept of Sagunabrahmana was the outcome of which concept of Bhakti Movement?
c Nirgunabraman
(b) Vaishnavism
(c) Shaivism
(d) None of the above

Answer : A

Question. Who was the Guru of Kabir?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Ramananda
(c) Vallabhacharya
(d) Namadeva

Answer : B

Question. TheSufi Saint, contemporary of Prithviraj Chauhan, was
(a) KhwajaMuinuddinChisti
(b) Sheikh Salim Chisti
(c) Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya
(d) Baba Farid

Answer : A

Question. Which of the following statement (s) is/are correct related to the features of Bhakti Movement? I. Condemnation of rituals, ceremonies and blind faith. II. Rejection of idol worship by many saints.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

Answer : C

Question. Consider the following statements about Alvars and Nayanars:
I.Some of the earliest bhakti movements ((c) sixth century) were led by the Alvars (literally, those who are “immersed” in devotion to Vishnu) and Nayanars (literally, leaders who were devotees of Shiva).
II.They travelled from place to place singing hymns in Tamil in praise of their gods.
III.During their travels the Alvars and Nayanars identified certain shrines as abodes of their chosen deities. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I
(b) I and II
(c) I and III
(d) All of the above

Answer : D

Question. Which of the following statement is correct definition of Nirguna?
(a) It is the concept of a formless God
(b) It is the concept of a formless Guru
(c) It is the concept of spirituality
(d) None of the above

Answer : A

Question. Who among the following Bhakti Saints was responsible for founding many punyakshetras along the length and breadth of India, by taming avatars of Parvati and imprisoning her essence in Sri Chakras?
(a) Shankaracharya
(b) RamanadaSaraswati
(c) Tulsidas
(d) Valmiki

Answer : A

Question. Which Bhakti Saint did not believe in the qualified monism of Ramanuja and emphasised the doctrine of duality, based mainly upon the Bhagavata Purana?
(a) Madhava
(b) Ramananda
(c) Vallabhacharya
(d) Chaitnaya

Answer : A

Question. Who was among the following Bhakti saints gave a new orientation of Hinduism through his doctrine of Advaita or Monism?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Sankara
(c) Guru Nanak
(d) Chaitanya

Answer : B

Question. The most important saint of the Bhakti Movement in Maharashtra who was born at Satara and is said to have died in Punjab, was
(a) Jnanesvar
(b) Namadeva
(c) Tukaram
(d) Guru Ramdas

Answer : B

Question. Sri Ramanuja Acharya was an Indian philosopher and is recognized as the most important saint of
(a) Sri Vaishnavism
(b) Sri Vaishavism
(c) Nirguna
(d) Sikkhism

Answer : A

Question. Which Bhakti saint preached the concept of Vishishtadvaitaà?
(a) Sankara
(b) Ramanuja
(c) Madhava
(d) Nimbarka

Answer : B

Question. Which of the following is an intensely emotional form of Hinduism that flourished from the sixteenth century, mainly in Bengal and eastern Orissa?
(a) Gaudily Sampradaya
(b) Krishna cult of Vallabhacharya
(c) Shiva cult of Vallabhacharya
(d) None of the above

Answer : A

Question. Who among the following propagated Advaita or dualism of Jivatma and Pramatma in Kannada region?
(a) Mirabai
(b) Nimbarka
(c) Vallabhacharya
(d) Madhav

Answer : D

Question. Who was the writer of Rukmini SwayamwarHastamalak, which was comprised 764 owees and based on a 14-shlok SAnswer : krit hymn with the same name by Shankaracharya?
A .Ramananda
(b) Eknath
(c) Mirabai
(d) Tukaram

Answer : B

Question. Who among the following was the reformer and philosopher from Ramanandi Sampradaya in the lineage of Jagadguru Ramanandacharya renowned for his devotion to the Lord Shri Rama?
(a) Ramananda
(b) Tukaram
(c) Valmiki
D tulsidas

Answer : D

Question. The Bhakti cult spread in Maharashtra with the teaching of
(a) Sant Tukaram
(b) Sant Jnanesvar
(c) Samarth Guru Ramdas
(d) Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

Answer : A

Question. Who wrote Vedanta-Parijatasourabha, a commentary on the Brahma Sutra, in simple language?
(a) Nimbarka
(b) Ramanuja
(c) Madhva
(d) Vallabhacharya

Answer : A

Question. Who wrote a commentry of Bhagvat Gita called Gnaneswari?
(a) Gnandeva
(b) Namadev
(c) Ekanath
(d) Both A & B

Answer : A 

Question. Who wrote a commentary on the Brahma sutras refuted Shari Kara and offered an interpretation based on the theistic ideas?
(a) Nimbarka
(b) Ramanuja
(c) Madhva
(d) Vallabhacharya

Answer : B

Question. Who among the following propagated Advaita or dualism of Jivatma and Paramatma?
(a) Vallabhacharya
(b) Madhava
(c) Mirabai
(d) Nimbarka

Answer : D

Question. Which of the following Bhakti sect founded by Birbhan and their religiSatnamisousgrants is revered like the Grants of the Sikhs?
(a) PothiVaishanavism
(b) satanamis
(c) Vaishnavism
(d) Shaivism

Answer : B

Question. The Pandharpur Movement is associated with the Bhakti Movement of
(a) Assam
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Bengal
(d) Both (a) and (c)

Answer : B

Question. Who exhorted people to give up selfishness, falsehood and hypocrisy and to lead a life of truth, honesty and kindness?
(a) Vallabhacharya
(b) Guru Nanak
(c) Kabir
(d) Nimbarka

Answer : B

Question. Who among the following Bhakti Saint emphasised the essential oneness of all religion by describing Hindus and Muslims 'as pots of the same clay'?
(a) Kabir
(b) Tulsidas
(c) Ramananda
(d) Raidasa

Answer : A

Question. Bhakti Saint who was contemporary of Sivaji?
(a) Namadev
(b) Ekanatha
(c) Tukaram
(d) Gnandeva

Answer : C

Question. Identify the person the based on the picture ?

A) Amirkhushro
B Ramanand 
(c) Sankara
(d) DataGanj A Shankar

Answer : A

Question. Where was saint kabir born?

(a) Delhi
(b) Varanasi
(c) Mathura
(d) Hyderabad

Answer : B

Question. Identify the dargah based on the picture ?

(a) Ajmer Sheriff
(b) Nizamuddin Auliya dargah
(c) data Ganj A Shankar dargah
(d) PirHadi Hasan Dargah

Answer : A

Question. Identify the person based on the picture and name

(a) Ramananda
(b) Vallabh Acharya
(c) Narasi Mehta
(d) Chaitanya

Answer : C

Question. Match the following?

Answer : 1 C 2 F 3 D 4 A 5 B 6 E

Question. match the following ( CCT BASED )

Answer : 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D

Question. MATCH THE FOLLOWING BASED ON ( CCT )

Answer : A 2 B 4 C 1 D 3

Question. Reasoning and Ascertain based question

Answer : wer : Nayanars And Alvara Saint In South India

Questions picture and assertion based

Question. identify the forms of Vishnu was kill the entirekshatriya of the earth?
Answer : Parshu ram

Question. write the name of the Vishnu god form riding on the horse
Answer : Kurma

Question. whichform of God is look like a fish
Answer : mastyaAvtara

Question. which form of Vishnu is finally saving the earth in deep ocean?
Answer : Varah Avtar

Questions. Sate wise sufi saint location 9 to 17 centuries

Question. Write the major saint name of north india ?
Answer : Gurunanakmirabaidadu

Question. What is the name of the saint given to participate in north east India ?
Answer : (a) CHAITANYA 2 ) RAMDAS

Question. Mention the name of the saint given to participated in south India ?
Answer : (a) Ramanuja (b) Nammalvar (c) Mannikavasagar

Question. Which place Gurunanak was born?
Answer : Talwandi Punjab

Question. What is the name of the Guru of Kabir
Answer : Ramanand

Question. Mira bai is the devote of which god?
Answer : Krishna

Questions. Map pointing

Question. Identify the place mark 4
(a) Ramanand
(b) Ramdas
(c) Dadu
(d) purandaradasa

Answer : D

Question. Identify the place marks 5
(a) Nizamuddin auliya
(b) Sankara
(c) Tulsidas
(d) Manikkavasagar

Answer : D

Question. Identify the place marks 6
(a) Ramananda
(b) Nammalvar
(c) Ramanuja
(d) Raidas

Answer : C

CASE-BASED MCQs

I. Study the picture and then read the following excerpt carefully and answer the following questions:

One of the most striking examples of this process is evident at Puri, Orissa, where the principle deity was identified, by the 12th century, as Jagannath (literally, the lord of the world), a form of Vishnu.

Question. This picture is one of the most striking example of:
(A) Nayanar Bhakti Movement
(B) Lingayat Sect
(C) Integration of cults
(D) Alvar Bhakti Movement
Answer : C

Question. Choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Jagannath was literally the Lord of the world.
Reason (R): Lord Vishnu was worshipped in various avatars.
(A) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is incorrect but R is correct.
(D) R is incorrect but A is correct.
Answer : B

Question. Lord Jagannath is associated with:
(A) Brahma
(B) Vishnu
(C) Shiva
(D) All of the above
Answer : B

Question. Consider the following statements :
(i) Lord Jagannath has been depicted here with his sister Subhadra and brother Balaram
(ii) Lord Jagannath has been depicted here with his wife Sita and brother Lakshman.
Choose the correct option:
(A) Only (i) is correct
(B) Both (i) and (ii) are correct.
(C) Only (ii) is correct.
(D) Neither (i) nor (ii) is correct
Answer : A

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Who were Alvars?
Answer : In southern India the devotees of Vishnu were called Alvars.

Question. What is the importance of Murshid in Sufi ideology?
Answer : According to Sufism, an individual must have a religious guide (Murshid) through whom he can communicate with god. The pir is a ladder which enables a man to reach the goal of life Devotion to the Murshid is the worship of god.

Question. What do you mean by Sufism?
Answer : The Sufis were Muslim saints Who left a great impact on the Indian society Sufism originated in Persia.

Question. What does Bhakti movement mean ?
Answer : A series of Hindu saints& reformers started religious reform movements which adopted the method of devotion ( Bhakti ) to achieve the salvation their method of expression of devotion ranged from the routine worship of deities within temple & singing & chanting of devotional composition.

Question. What are the two categories of Bhakti tradition?
Answer : b) Saguna and Nirguna
Bhakti traditions were classified into two broad categories:
saguna (with attributes) and nirguna (without attributes).
Suguna bhakti focused on the worship of specific deities such as Shiva, Vishnu and his avatars (incarnations) and forms of the goddess or Devi,
Nirguna bhakti was worship of an abstract form of god.

Question. Give the name of any four well known reformers of Bhakti movement?
Answer : Ramanand swami, Kabir, Guru Nanak dev, Mira Bai.

Question. What are the five “pillars” of the faith?
Answer : All those who adopted Islam accepted, in principle, the five “pillars” of the faith:
1) that there is one God, Allah, and Prophet Muhammad is his messenger (shahada);
2) offering prayers five times a day (namaz/salat );
3) giving alms (zakat);
4) fasting during the month of Ramzan (sawm); and
5) performing the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj).

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. (b) Describe the main Principal of Bhakti movement ?
Answer :1. Faith in god
2. Good deeds
3. Universal Brotherhood
4. Emotional worship
5. Condemned idol worship
6. Opposed to the rigidity of caste system
7. Guru Bhakti

Question. Describe the contributions of women devotees to the Bhakti movement
Answer : One of the most important features of these traditions was the presence of women.
For example, the compositions of Andal, a woman Alvar, were widely.
Andal saw herself as the beloved of Vishnu;
Her verses express her love for the deity.
Karaikkal Ammaiyar
Another woman, Karaikkal Ammaiyar was a devotee of Shiva,
She adopted the path of extreme asceticism in order to attain her goal.
Her compositions were preserved within the Nayanar tradition.
Their compositions posed a challenge to patriarchal norms.

Question. (a) Describe the causes of the rise of Bhakti movement?
Answer : 1. Influence of Vaishnavism
2. Evil practices of the Hindues
3. Fear of sprit of Islam
4. Influence of sufi sects
5. Emergence of great reformers.

Question. (c) Discuss the influences & importance of Bhakti movement?
Answer : RELIGIOUS EFFECTS
1. Saked Hinduism
2. Lowered the prestige of the Brahmins
3. Checked the propagation of Islam
4. Emergence of Sikhism
5. Setback back to Buddhism
SOCIAL & CULTURAL IMPACT
(a) Improvement in the social relation between the Hindus & Muslims
(b) Uplift of lower class
(c) Promoted the spirit of social service
(d) Development of composite art in the society
(e) Enrichment of Literature.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Explain about the Growth of Sufism
Answer : In the early centuries of Islam a group of religious minded people called Sufis turned to asceticism and mysticism in protest against the growing materialism of the Caliphate as a religious and political institution.
They criticized existing methods of interpreting the Qur’an and sunna (traditions of the Prophet) adopted by theologiAnswer :
Instead, they laid emphasis on seeking salvation through intense devotion and love for God by following by following the example of the Prophet Muhammad whom they regarded as a perfect human being.
The sufis tried to interpret Qur’an on the basis of their personal experience.
By the eleventh century Sufism evolved into a well developed movement
They began to organize communities around the hospice or khanqah (Persian) controlled by a teaching master known as shaikh (in Arabic), pir or murshid (in Persian). He enrolled disciples (murids) and appointed a successor (khalifa).
He established rules for spiritual conduct
The word silsila literally means a chain, signifying a continuous link between master and disciple, stretching as an unbroken spiritual genealogy to the Prophet Muhammad.
Sufi silsilas were organised in different parts of the Islamic world around the twelfth century.
When the shaikh died, his tomb-shrine (dargah, a Persian term meaning court) became the centre of devotion for his followers.
This encouraged the practice of pilgrimage or ziyarat to his grave, particularly on his death anniversary or urs (or marriage, signifying the union of his soul with God).
This was because people believed that in death saints were united with God, and were thus closer to Him than when living.
People sought their blessings to attain material and spiritual benefits. Thus evolved the cult of the sheikh revered as wali.

Question. What were Attitude of the Nayanars & Alavars sects towards the caste?
Answer : Some historians are of the view that Alvars & Nayanaras started a movement of Protest against the cast system & the dominance of Brahmans are at least made effort to reform them. This view is supported by the fact, that these Bhakti reformers came from diverse social background some of the belonged to lower classes such as Cultivaters, Artism & untouchahable some of them Barman background. The Alvars & Nayanars claimed that their compositions were as important as the Vedas. The tamil song of the Alvars are marked by such depth of feeling & trupiety that they are looked upon as vaishnava Vedas. the nayanaras composed their devotional songs with the highest spiritual sentiments & set up shaivism on a strang tooting. these songs are still popular in south India.

Question. Write a short note on Amir Khusrau as a great artist and scholar.
Answer : Amir Khusrau and the qaul: Amir Khusrau (1253 – 1325), the great poet, musician and disciple of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya, gave a unique form to the Chishti sama by introducing the qaul (Arabic word meaning “saying”), a hymn sung at the opening or closing of qawwal. This was followed by sufi poetry in Persian, Hindavi or Urdu, and sometimes using words from all of these languages. Qawwals those who sing these songs) at the shrine of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya always start their recital with the qaul. Today qawwali performed in shrines all over the subcontinent.

Question. Describe the relationship between Sufism and orthodox Islam.
Answer : A Relationship between Sufism and Orthodox Islam: By the twelfth century, Sufism had been completely integrated into orthodox Islam as a result of the efforts of al-Ghazzali, Al-hallaj and Ibn at-Arabi. In the Indian context, Sufis meticulously resolved their difference with the Ulema and emphasized the need to follow the sharia

Question. Illustrate the teachings of Kabir, Guru Nanak and Meera Bai
Answer : Kabir (c. fourteenth-fifteenth centuries) is one of the most outstanding examples of a poet-saint who emerged within this context.
Verses ascribed to Kabir have been compiled in three distinct traditions.
1.Kabir Bijak. It is preserved by the Kabirpanth (the path or sect of Kabir) in Varanasi and elsewhere in Uttar Pradesh;
2.The Kabir Granthavali.It is associated with the Dadupanth in Rajasthan
3.Adi Granth Sahib.It is found in the Adi Granth Sahib (see Section 8.2).
By the nineteenth century, anthologies of him circulated in print in regions like Bengal, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Kabir’s poems have survived in several languages and dialects
Teachings of Kabir:
Kabir said that there is only one Lord and He is called by many names like Allah,Ram Karim, Keshav , Hari etc
He described the Ultimate Reality as Allah, Khuda, Hazrat and Pir.
He also used terms drawn from Vedantic traditions,), Brahman, Atman, etc.
Although scholars have tried to analyses the language, style and content to establish which verses could be Kabir’s, we may never be able to tell with certainty, Kabir –a Hindu or Muslim
His legacy was claimed by several groups, who remembered him and continue to do so.
This is most evident in later debates about whether he was a Hindu or a Muslim by birth.
But the Vaishnava tradition attempted to suggest that he was born a Hindu, Kabirdas (Kabir itself is an Arabic word meaning “great”), but was raised by a poor
Muslim family belonging to the community of weavers or julahas, who were relatively
recent converts to Islam. They also suggested that he was initiated into bhakti by a guru,
perhaps Ramananda.

Baba Guru Nanak and the Sacred Word
Baba Guru Nanak (1469-1539) was born in a Hindu merchant family near the river Ravi in the Muslim Punjab.
He trained to be an accountant and studied Persian.
He spent most of his time among sufis and bhaktas.
The message of Baba Guru Nanak is narrated in his hymns and teachings.
He advocated a form of nirguna bhakti.
He rejected sacrifices, ritual baths, image worship, and the scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims.
For Baba Guru Nanak, the Absolute or “rab” had no gender or form.
He proposed a simple way to connect to the Divine by remembering and repeating the Divine Name, through hymns called “shabad” in Punjabi.
Baba Guru Nanak organised his followers into a community.
He set up rules for congregational worship (sangat ) involving collective recitation.
He appointed one of his disciples, Angad, to succeed him as the preceptor (guru), and this practice was followed for nearly 200 years.
Baba Guru Nanak did not wish to establish a new religion, but after his death
his followers consolidated their own practices and distinguished themselves from both Hindus
and Muslims.
In the late seventeenth century the tenth preceptor, Guru Gobind Singh, included the compositions of the ninth guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, and this scripture was called the Guru Granth Sahib.
He also laid the foundation of the Khalsa Panth
Under him the community got consolidated as a socio-religious and military force.

Mirabai, the devotee princess
Mirabai (c. fifteenth-sixteenth centuries) is perhaps the best-known woman poet within the bhakti tradition.
Biographies have been reconstructed primarily from the bhajans attributed to her, which were transmitted orally for centuries.
She was a Rajput princess from Merta in Marwar
She defied her husband and did not submit to the traditional role of wife and mother, instead recognising Krishna, the avatar of Vishnu, as her lover.
Her in-laws tried to poison her, but she escaped from the palace to live as a wandering singer composing songs that are characterised by intense expressions of emotion.
According to some traditions, her preceptor was Raidas, a leather worker.
This would indicate her defiance of the norms of caste society
After rejecting the comforts of her husband’s palace, she is supposed to have donned the white robes of a widow or the saffron robe of the renouncer.
Although Mirabai did not attract a sect or group of followers, she has been recognised as a
source of inspiration for centuries.
Her songs continue to be sung by women and men, especially those who are poor and considered “low caste” in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Question. Describe the teaching of Kabir? How does he describe the ultimate reality through the poems?
Answer : (a) To achieve inward spiritual bliss
(b) Condemnation of empty ritual
(c) To faster harmony between Hinduism & Islam
(d) He believed in one formless God
(e) Rejected both Vedas & Kuran & the supremacy of the Brahmins & Mulas
(f) He opposed the caste system & image worship
(g) He taught the unity of god & the path of love & devotion
(h) He emphasized on bhakti to achieve salvation or Moksha.
Kabir gave different names of ultimate reality. In Islam these include Allah Hazrat, Khuda and pir. He also used terms taken from Vedantic traditions like alakh, nirankar, Brahman and atman

Question. What were the similarities and differences between the be-Shari’ a and ba - Shari’a sufi traditions?
Answer : A ns-Meaning of Shari’ a: The Shari’ a is the law governing the Muslim community. It is based on the Qur’an and the hadis, traditions of the Prophet including a record of his remembered words and deeds.
i) Some mystics initiated movements based on a radical interpretation of Sufi ideals. Manny scorned the khangah and took to mendicancy and observed celibacy. They ignored rituals
ii) and observed extreme forms of asceticism. They were known by different names –
iii) Qalandars, Madaris, malangs, Haidaris, etc., Because of their deliberate defiance of the
iv) shari’s they were often referred to as be – shari’a in contrast to the ba – Shari’ a Sufis who complied with it.
v) A group of religious minded people called Sufis turned to as criticism and mysticism in
vi) protest against the growing materialism of the caliphate as a religions and political institution. The Sufis sought an interpretation of the Qur’ an Sufis on the basis of their personal experiences. The Sufis tradition which were anti shari’ a ( or the law governing the Muslim committee ) are called ba – shari’ a. Similarities: Both of Sufi traditions are critical of the dogmatic definitions and scholastic methods of interpretation the Qur’ an and sunna ( traditions of the prophet ) adopted by theologiAnswer : Instead, they laid stress on seeking salvation 15 rough devotion and love for God by following His commands, and by following. The example of prophet Muhammad whom they considered has a perfect human being. In this way we can say that both the traditions of the Sufis i.e. be shari’a and be shari’s are same. They sought and interpretation of the Quran on the basis of Personal experience.

Question. Explain about the Virashaiva traditions of Karnataka (or the Lingayats)
Answer : 1. During the twelfth century witnessed the emergence of a new movement in Karnataka under the leadership of Basavanna (1106-68).
2. Basavanna was initially a Jaina and a minister in the court of a Chalukya king.
3. His followers were known as Virashaivas (heroes of Shiva) or Lingayats
(Wearers of the linga).
4. Lingayats continue to be an important community in the region
5. They worship Shiva as a linga, and men usually wear a small linga in a silver case on a loop strung over the left shoulder.
6. Lingayats believe that, on death, the devotee will be united with Shiva and will not return to this world.
7. Therefore they do not practice cremation of body, prescribed in the Dharmashastras. Instead, they bury their dead.
8. The Lingayats opposed the idea of caste and the “pollution” followed by Brahmanas. They also questioned the theory of rebirth.
9. They won large number of followers from the marginalized social groups.
10The Lingayats also encouraged the post-puberty marriage and the remarriage of widows.
11. Our understanding of the Virashaiva tradition is derived from vachanas (literally, sayings) composed in Kannada by women and men who joined the movement.

SOURCE BASE QUESTION AND ANSWER

Question. Carefully read the following excerpts and answer the following questions.
A Church in Khambat
This is an excerpt from a farman (imperial order) issued by Akbar in 1598
Whereas it reached our eminent and holy notice that the padres (father) of the holy society. Of Jesus wish to build a house of prayer ( church) in the city of Kambayat (Khambat in Gujrat) therefore an exalted mandate….. is being issued …. That the dignitaries of the city of Kambayat should in no case stand in their way but should allow them to build a church, so that they may engage themselves in their own worship it is necessary that the order of the emperor should be obeyed in every way.

Question. From where has this excerpt been taken?
Answer : This excerpt has been taken from a farman (imperial order) issued by Akbar in 1598

Question. What message did Akbar conveyed to the people of Gujrat through this order.
Answer : Through this farman Akbar ordered to the people of Gujrat to allow the construction of a Church by the padries (fathers) of the holy society of Jesus.

Question. which aspect of the religious nature of Akbar does this order indicate?
Answer : This order indicates Akbar’s policy of religious toleration. We come to know that Akbar use to give equal respect to all the religions.

Question. Who were the people from whom Akbar anticipated opposition to his order?
Answer : Akbar anticipated opposition to his order from non-ChristiAnswer :

5.2 Comparing “East “and “ West “
I. He travelled to several parts of the country and wrote accounts of what he saw and comparing India with the situation in Europe .
II. He dedicated his major writing to the king of France.
III. Bernier,s works were published in France in 1670-71 and translated into English ,
IV. Dutch ,German and Italian within the next five years .