CBSE Class 10 History Rise of Nationalism in Eurpoe Worksheet Set B

 

CHAPTER: 1 –THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

• Very Short Questions & Answers

1 Who remarked “When France Sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”?
a. Giuseppe Mazzini     
b. Metternich       
c. Otto von Bismarck       
d. Louis Philippe

2 Which country had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century?
a. Germany                 
b. Greece           
c. France                       
d. Italy

3 Which country became a full-fledged territorial state in Europe in the year 1789?
a. Germany                 
b. France             
c. England                     
d. Spain

4 Which region was ruled over by “The Habsburg Empire”?
a. Austria-Hungary       
b. France           
c. Spain-Portugal           
d. Russia

5 Who proclaimed the King of United Italy?
a. Giuseppe Garibaldi     
b. Victor Emmanuel II     
c. Kaiser William I     
d. Bismarck

6 The Frankfurt Parliament was convened on ____________ 
Answer. 18th May, 1848

7 ______________over thrown immediately after the French Revolution of February, 1848?
Answer. Louis Philippe

8 Match the following items given in column A with those in Column B. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

COLUMN - A                        COLUMN - B

A. Metternich                      1. French Artist
B. Otto von Bismarck          2. Italian Revolutionary Leader
C. Giuseppe Mazzini           3. Chancellor of Austria
D. Frédéric Sorrieu             4. Chief Minister of Prussia
a. A3, B4, C1, D2 b. A4, B3, C1, D2 c. A1, B2, C3, D4 d. A3, B4, C2, D1

9 Assertion: From the very beginning, the French Revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices like the idea of a new Tri-colour French Flag
Reason: This was done to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French People.

Options:
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is correct but R is wrong.
d. A is wrong but R is correct.
Answer. a. Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

10 Identify the figure and write any one characteristic feature.

Answer: Germania

Its characteristic features:

1. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
2. Breastplate with eagle Symbol of the German empire – strength.
3. Sword Readiness to fight.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS FOR 2 MARKS

Question. Name the painting prepared by Frederic Sorrieu in 1848.
Answer. In 1848 Frederic Sorrieu prepared the painting ‘The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics-The Pact between Nations.’

Question. What is conservatism?
Answer. It is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs and preferred gradual development to quick change.

Question. What was the main aim of the French Revolution?
Answer. Liberate, the people of France and Europe from despotism.

Question. Why Count Camillo de Cavour was remembered in history?
Answer. Chief Minister of Italy during its unification.

Question. What is a nation state?
Answer. Sense of common identity, common language and shared history.

Question. What is the main contribution of French Revolution to the world?
Answer. The transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens, unity, liberty and fraternity

Question. What was the result of the Act of Union?
Answer. Making of Great Britain

Question. What is nationalism?
Answer. the sense of collective identity, shared common culture, language and tradition.

Question. What was Napoleonic code?
Answer. Reforms introduced by Napoleon in 1804, removed privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secure right to property.

Question. How did 18th and 19th century artists begin personifying a nation in an allegory?
Answer. female figures became allegory of nations, Marianne in France, Germania in Germany.

Question. Who was Frederic Sorrieu?
Answer. A Painter

Question. Write one feature of Romanticism.
Answer. A Cultural movement.

Question. What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?
Answer. They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.

Question. Who was count Cavour?
Answer. The chief Minister of Italy

Question. Which state lead the unification of Germany?
Answer. Prussia

Question. Who hosted the congress of Vienna in 1815.
Answer. Duke Metternich

Question. What was this main objective of the treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Answer. To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.

Question. Which of the following treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?
Answer. Treaty of Constantinople

Question. At which places was the Frankfurt assembly convened ?
Answer. At the church of St paul.

Question. ”When France sneezes the rest of the Europe catches cold” Who said this?
Answer. Metternich

Question. What is Liberalism?
Answer. For the now middle classes liberalism stood for freedom and equality of al before the law.

Question. Which secret society dial Mazzini found?
Answer. Young Europe and Young Italiy.

Question. Which country/counties defeated Neopleon?
Answer. Prussia Britain, Russia and Austria.

Question. What is suffrage movement?
Answer. The movement is related to “The right to vote”.

Source base Question

Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family –should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realized, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and stronger. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European powers who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by theAustrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.

Question. Which of the following statements correctly describes about European conservative ideology?
A. Preservation of believes introduced by Napoleon
B. Preservation of two sects of Christianity
C. Preservation of socialist ideology in economic sphere
D. Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and society
Answer. D

Question. Identify the purpose to convene the Vienna of Congress in 1815 from the following options?
A. To declare competition of German unification
B. To restore conservative regime in Europe
C. To declare war against France
D. To start the process of Italian Unification
Answer. B

Question. What did conservatives focus on at the Congress of Vienna? Select the appropriate option.
A. To re-establish peace and stability in Europe
B. To establish socialism in Europe
C. To introduce democracy in France
D. To set up a new Parliament in Austria
Answer. A

Question. How did the Congress of Vienna ensure peace in Europe? Select the appropriate option.
A. With the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty
B. Austria was not given the control of Northern Italy
C. Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe
D. By giving power to the German confederation
Answer. C

Short questions 

Question. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in Europe?
Answer. Nations were portrayed as female figure. The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life. It gives an abstract idea of the nation in concrete form.

Question. The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe’. Support the statement with arguments.
Answer. enormous increase in population, more jobs seekers than employment, population from rural areas migrated to cities, small producers faced competition, and peasant struggled under the feudal dues, rise of price of food crops and bad harvest.

Question. Describe the role of culture in shaping the feelings of nationalism in Europe from 1830 to the end of 19th century.
Answer. culture helped to express and shape nationalist feeling, shared collective heritage, criticized the glorification of reason and science, German philosophers Johann Gottfried popularized the true spirit of nation through folk song, folk poetry and folk dance.

Question. What were main aims of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Answer. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed. A series of states were set up o the boundaries of France. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy. The German confederation of 39 states was left untouched.

Question. Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification.
Answer. Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia, he carried out the process of German unification with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy, the unification was done by three wars for seven years, after winning Bismarck became the chancellor of North Confederation, and the King of Prussia William I was crowned as the German Emperor.

Question. Explain any three causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after 1871.
Answer. Slav nationalities struggle for their identity and independence, the Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and wanted to gain more territory, rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as army and naval might, Balkan tension led to a series of wars and finally the First World War.

Question. Why was Zollverein formed?
Answer. (a) In 1834, a custom union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia.
(b) The aim of zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation. © The Union abolished the tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to only two.

Question. What was the Act of Union, 1707?
Answer. Scotland got incorporated in Britain through this Act of Union of 1707, England could impose its influence on Scotland, The catholic clans of Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression, they were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language, wear their national dress, many were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

Question. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.
Answer. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, curbed activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments, censorship on media,

Question. Explain any five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon in regions under his control.
Answer. (a) did away all privileges based on birth. Simplified administrative divisions
(b) Established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
(c) Simplified administrative division, abolished the feudal system, freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues,

Question. Explain the concept of a nation-state.
Answer. Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This commonness came as a result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.

Question. Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the people of France.
Answer. The ideas of the father land (la patrie) le citioyen (the citizen) a new French flag emphasized the nation of a united community. A new French flag, New hymns were composed, A centralized administrative was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished.

Question. Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna.
Answer. The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on the boundaries of France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of northern Italy, Russia was given part of Poland.

Question. Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe?
Answer. Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the market, Bad condition of peasants.

Question. Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?
Answer. Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim of independence by using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intense conflict, Mutual jealousy matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.

Question. What do you mean by Nation-state?
Answer.
I.Citizens of a nation enjoys a sense of collective belongingness and identity.
II.It evolved from either common history, struggles descent or action of leaders.
Note :- Ernst Renan gave the definition of nation-state.

Question. Write a short note on jacobin club.
Answer. JACOBIN CLUB
I. When the news of the French Revolution reached the various parts of Europe, people over there, started gathering in forms of small clubs, called Jacobin clubs.
II. Their main aim was to prepare way for French army.
Note :- According to the artist of the time of the French Revolution, they personified Liberty as a female figure.
Note :- According to the print of frederic sorrieu in 1848, the leader of the procession were United states and Switzerland which were already nation-state at this time.

Question. What were the major reasons for Napoleon losing the territories he conquered?
Answer. There were three reasons.
I. Increased taxation.
II. Censorship. 
III. Forced conscription.
*The Aristocracy 
I. The landed aristocracy was socially and politically dominant class on the continent.
II. They were united by a common way of life.
III.They had estates in the countryside which were cultivated by serfs and town-houses.
IV. Their families were connected by the bond of marriage.
V. They were a small groups numerically.
*The New Middle Class
I.New type of commercial classes was emerged with the industrial growth after 1850s.
II. Their existence was based on production for the market.
III. A new social groups as a working class population called middle class.
IV. They were Industrialists, businessman and professionals.
V. They were also educated & liberal by ideas.
VI.They wanted national unity and was against aristocratic privileges.

Long questions 

Question. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe.
Answer. The French revolution took place in 1789 had various impacts on Europe. -the revolution led to the setting up of Jacobin Clubs in different cities of Europe. -paved way for the French armies to move into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and some parts of Italy. -the idea of nationalism began to be carried by French armies -rise of Napoleon, the concept of equality of law and uniform laws, liberate the people of Europe from despotic rulers -the concept of nation states.

Question. Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification.
Answer. Germany was united by the Prussian Chief Minister Otto Von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian Army and bureaucracy. Prussia fought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years and won. It completed the process of unification. Finally the German Empire was proclaimed and William I was crowned as the Emperor.

Question. Explain the process of unification of Italy.
Answer. The Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont played the role of uniting Italy, similar to that play by Prussia in the case of Germany. Count Camillo de Cavour the chief minister of Sardinia Piedmont led the movement to unite the separate states of 19th century Italy with the help of army and an alliance with France. The regions annexed by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts joined with the Northern regions to form a united Italy in 1861. The Papal states joined it in 1870.

Question. Describe any five steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.
Answer. They introduced the idea of la patrie and le citoyen, concept of a uited community enjoying equal rights under a constitution-new French flag to replace royal standard flag-the Estates General, elected body of active citizens, renamed the National Assembly-new hymns composed, oaths taken, martyrs commemorated-established centralized administrative system, formulated uniform law for all-adopted uniform system of weights and measures, internal custom duties were abolished-promoted French language, discouraged regional dialects…

Question. Describe the process of unification of Britain.
Answer. In Britain, the formation of nation state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution-it was a long drawn process.-role of ethnic groups: their cultural identities-steady growth of the English nation in case of wealth, importance and power, Act of unior 1707- between Scotland and England-language and religious policies-1801 Ireland was incorporated forcibly into Britain.

Question. Study the picture given on the page: 3 and answer the following questions in your class Notebook.
What was the name of the painting? Who was the artist? 
Mention how the artist painted Germany in his painting and state the original condition of Germany at that time. 
OR
Describe Frederic Sorrieu’s utopian vision of the world as he depicted in his painting in 1848.
12 Define the term ‘nation- state’: OR Explain any three features of the ‘Nation State’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth century.
Answer.
1. A nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.
2. This commonness did not exist from time immemorial; it was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common people.
3. The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe. Nations states have now developed as modern states.

Question. What did the French revolutionaries do to create a sense of collective identity among the French People?
OR
“From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people”. Explain with suitable examples.
Answer.
1. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
5. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
6. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
7. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.

Question. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make administrative system more efficient in territories ruled by him? Describe any four such changes. 
OR
“Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles”. Justify this statement. 
Answer.
1. The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
2. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
3. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
4. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new freedom.
5. Uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and a common national currency were introduced.

Question. “In the areas were Napoleon conquered, the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed”. Why?
Answer.
1. Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
2. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
3. Increased taxation, censorship, forced recruitment into the French armies seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes. Gradually, all these regions joined hands with those powers that were against Napoleon.

Question. How was the Habsburg Empire a patchwork of many different regions and peoples in Europe? Explain.
Answer.
1. It included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking.
2. It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects.
3. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples –Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south, and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.
4. Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.

Question. Analyse the social and political conditions of the landed aristocracy and the peasants living in Europe in the mid-18th century.
Answer.
1. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
2. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
3. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. But they were few in number.
4. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the land was cultivated by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterized by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.

Question. How did the new middle class people of western and central Europe influence the growth of nationalism?
OR
What were the features of the middle class in Europe that emerged in cities due to industrialization?
Answer.
1. In Western parts of central Europe, the growth of industrialization and trade meant the growth of towns and emergence of commercial class.
2. In England the industrialization began in 18th century but in the continent it began only in 19th century.
3. The new social group developed consisted of industrialists, traders, professionals, called middle class.
4. It was among this middle class the idea of national unity developed first in Europe.

Question. What did liberal nationalism stand for in the early 19th century?
OR
“Equality before law did necessarily stand for universal suffrage in France after the revolution”. Explain with suitable examples.
OR
What are the political, social and economic ideals supported by the liberals in Europe?
Answer.
1. Ideas of national unity in early 19th century Europe was closely associated to the ideology of liberalism.
2. For the new middle class, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
3. Politically it emphasized the concept of the government by consent. Since French revolution, liberalism has stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
4. In 19th century, liberals stressed the inviolability of private property. In economic field, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions onthe movement of goods and capital.
5. However, they were not democrats. They did not believe in universal adult franchise, that is, the right of every citizen to vote. They felt men of property mainly should have the vote. They also did not want the vote for women.

Question. What is conservatism and point out the features of it that existed in Europe after the Napoleonic wars?
Answer.
1. Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the spirit of conservatism drove European governments. They believed in established traditional institutions of society such as monarchy, Church etc.
2. After the French Revolution, however, even conservatives had opened their minds to the need for change. Earlier, in the eighteenth century, conservatives had been generallyopposed to the idea of change.
3. Most of the conservatives didn’t propose a return of the society to the pre-revolutionary days. They realized that modernization could strengthen Monarchy.
4. Modernization could make state power more effective and strong.
5. A modern army, bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, and abolition of feudalism could strengthen the autocratic monarchies in Europe.

Question. Discuss the objectives of the Treaty of Vienna 1815. 
Answer.
1. In 1815, representatives of European powers –Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich hosted the congress. The main intention of the Congress of Vienna was to restore those monarchies that were overthrown by napoleon, and to create a new conservative order in Europe.
2. They drew up a treaty with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during Napoleonic wars.
3. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to stop French expansion. Russia was given parts of Poland and Prussia was given a part of Saxony.
4. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
5. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been disposed of power during the French revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

Question. Explain the beliefs of conservative regimes set up in 1815. 
Answer.
1. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
2. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution.
3. One of the major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticized the new conservative order, was freedom of the press.

Question. Write a short note on the role of Giuseppe Mazzini.
Answer.
1. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who wanted to unify Italy into one nation on the basis of language.
2. He joined the secret society of the Carbonary and later founded two secret societies called ‘Young Italy ‘and ‘Young Europe’
3. He believed that Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into single unified republic.
4. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

Question. Explain the role of liberals in the Revolutions on Europe in 1930-1848.
Answer.
1. The liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle class –elite, led these revolutions.
2. The included professors, teachers, clerks, and the members of the commercial middle classes.
3. Liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolutions in many parts of Europe, such as Italian and German states, Ottoman empire etc.
4. In the Upheaval in France I n 1830, the bourbon dynasty was overthrown and a constitutional monarchy was established with Louis Philippe as the head.

Question. ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.” Who remarked this and why?
Answer.
1. This remark was made by the then Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich who was a staunch conservative.
2. After the revolution in France in 1789, the revolutionary spirit spread to other parts of Europe and the world.
3. The French Revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity had great influence over the people all over the world. Similarly, after the revolution in France in 1830, it sparked revolution in other parts of Europe.

Question. What led to the Greek war of independence of 1821 and point out how did it mobilize the nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe?
Answer.
1. Greece had been a part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century. Influenced by the revolutionary nationalism in Europe, the struggle for independence started by the Greeks in 1821.
2. Nationalist in Europe got support from those Greeks who were living in other parts of Europe in exile and the West European counters who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
3. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilized public opinion to support its struggle for independence from Ottoman Empire.
4. The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went on to fight the war where he died of fever in 1824.
5. In 1832 Greeks gained independence. Signed Treaty of Constantinople.

Question. Explain how Romantic imagination played an important role in the development of national feeling?
Answer.
1. Romanticism, a cultural movement that sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feeling.
2. The effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized. So, collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building.
3. English poets William Wordsworth, Lord Byron, German philosopher Johann Gottfried and The French painter Delacroix are a few examples of romantic nationalists.
4. Karol Kurpinski, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
5. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance. 28 Who was Johann Gottfried Herder? What was his opinion about the role of folk art in nation building?
Johann Gottfried Herder was a German philosopher of 19th century. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people-das volk. Folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances popularized the spirit of nation. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation building.

Question. How did local folklore help the growth of national spirit?
OR
Point out the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Answer.
1. The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion but culture played a significant role too.
2. Art, poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feeling.
3. Folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances popularized the spirit of nation.
4. Vernacular languages and collection of local folklore develop a sense of national feeling among the illiterate. For example Karol Kurpinski celebrated national struggle through his operas and music.

Question.  How did language play an important role in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe?
OR
Cite the growth on nationalism in Poland.
Answer.
1. The emphasis of vernacular language played a significant role in carrying out the nationalist message among the large audience who were illiterate.
2. This was especially true in the case of Poland that was mostly under the control of Russia; where the nationalist feeling was kept alive by language and music.
3. In Poland, after the failure of 1831’s revolt against Russia, the clergies used language as a weapon of national resistance.
4. Though prohibited, polish was used for church gatherings and religious instructions.
5. The use of polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

31 Examine effects of the Great economic hardship of 1830 on Europe.
OR
Describe in brief the great economic hardships during the 1830 in Europe. 
Answer.
1. The first half of the 19th century saw an enormous increase in the population in Europe. This created a state of unemployment. People from rural areas migrated to cities in search of job and began to live in overcrowded slums.
2. Small producers faced stiff competition from the imports of cheap machine made goods from England.
3. In those parts of Europe where aristocracy was still in power, the peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread poverty in town and country.

Question. “Food shortage, hunger and hardship led to popular revolts in Europe in 1848” Justify.
Answer.
1. In 1848, food shortage and wide spread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads. French monarch Louise Philippe was forced to flee.
2. The National Assembly proclaimed a Republic and granted suffrage to all adult males above the age of 21 and guaranteed them the right to work.
3. Peasants and workers revolted against the feudal system during these years.
4. E.g.: Silesian weaver’s revolt.
5. The revolt of the poor and the unemployed spread from France to other European countries such as Germany, Italy, Poland, Austria –Hungary etc.

 

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