CBSE Class 10 Economics Development Worksheet Set B

WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES -
DIFFERENT PEOPLE DIFFERENT GOALS

We all want development and progress. However, since our aspirations and desires vary, development and progress have different meaning for each of us. Developmental needs of people also vary because their particular life situations are different. For example; for a person in a remote village, access to an all-weather road can be the developmental goal. On the other hand, for a person living in Delhi or Mumbai; construction of a rapid mass transit system may be the developmental goal.
In a similar way construction of a dam, can be development for some villagers and be a cause of relocation for some other villagers. Similarly, we have ideas about what a country should be like. Here too the ideas can be very different from each other and can even be conflicting.
That is why for large projects we need to think and plan very carefully. What are the essential things that we require? Can life be better for all? How should people live together? Can there be more equality? Development involves thinking about these questions and about the ways in which we can work towards achieving these goals.

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

• we collate a variety of data about what people desire you will find that people look for : regular work, better wages, and decent price for their crops or any product that they produce.
• It can be said that they want more income. However apart from income people also look for equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect from others. They resent discrimination. In some cases, these goals may become more important than more income because material goods are not all that you need to live.
• Together these factors make for a good quality of life.
• In the same way, for development, people look at a mix of goals. You would have observed that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. On the other hand if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. In addition a safe and secure environment will allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
• Hence, the developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Thus, for forming an idea about ‘national development’ we must take into consideration various elements of development. Such as

• Per Capita Income: The total income of a country divided by the population is called the per capita income of that country. As per the World Development Report 2006, the per capital income in India was Rs. 28,000 per annum. (India’s per capita income was Rs1,12432 in 2016-17)
• Gross National Product: The total income generated in the country is called Gross National Product.
• Gross Domestic Product: The total income generated minus the income generated by exports is called the Gross Domestic Product.
• Infant Mortality Rate : The number of children who die before completing one year out of 1000 births is called the infant mortality rate. The lesser figure is a better indicator of development. This is an important parameter as it shows the quality and extent of availability of healthcare in a country. As per 2011 census, the child mortality rate in India is 30.15.
• Male to Female Ratio: Number of female per thousand males is called sex ratio. A lesser figure shows society’s aversion to a girl child and worse condition of women in society. As per 2011 census, the sex ratio in India is 940 per thousand males.
• Life expectancy: The maximum age up to which an adult lives is called the life expectancy rate. This also shows the overall quality of life in a country. As per 2011 census, the life expectancy in India for males is 67 years and for females it is 72 years.
• Literacy Rate: The percentage of literate people is another important indicator of development. Education is a big leveler as it opens newer opportunities for the educated person. Especially in a country like India we can see many examples of a brilliant student coming from a lower-class family cracking the IITs. Once you are in IIT then you get a bright and secure future for you and your family. As per 2011 census, the literacy rate in India was 74%.
• Infrastructure: Roads, railways, airports, ports and power generation are the lifelines of a nation’s economy. A better infrastructure ensures a better economic activity leading to overall prosperity.
• Public Facilities : Just having enough money cannot buy all the goods and services that one may need to live well. So, income by itself is not an indicator of satisfaction of life. For example, just money cannot buy a pollution-free environment or ensure unadulterated food or medicines. We need good public facilities and preventive steps. For many of the important things in life the best way, and the cheapest way, is to provide these goods and services collectively.

HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATES?

(pp- percent point is the unit for the arithmetic difference of two percentages. For example, moving up from 47% to 63.82% is a 16.62 percentage point increase, but is an actual 35.7% increase. As in case of Bihar )
The data given in above table shows some interesting interrelationship between different aspects of development.

• We can notice the relationship between high per capita income and low infant mortality rates. Could it be because of access to better medical care (better paying ability) and better awareness of infant health such as hygiene and vaccination (better education)?
• The sharp increase in literacy during the (2011-2001) in states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh is an encouraging sign. This could be because the governments in these states had a special focus on education.
• Thus the different aspects of human development index are closely inter-related.

INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

Human Development Report

Once it is realized that even though the level of income is important, yet it is an inadequate measure of the level of development, we begin to think of another criterion.

• Such as health and education indicators. Over the past decade or so, health and education indicators have come to be widely used along with income as a measure of development.
• The Human Development Report published by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy at birth, education years, and per capita income.
• It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an underdeveloped country. Originally the index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen.
• Countries fall into four broad human development categories: Very High Human Development, High Human Development,Medium Human Development and Low Human Development.
• India ranked 131 in the category of Medium Human development (2016). The top three ranking countries are Norway, Australia,Switzerland (in the category very High Human development). Among our neighboring countries, the rankings are -

–– Sri Lanka -73
–– Myanmar 145
–– Pakistan 147
–– Nepal 144
–– Bangladesh 139
–– Bhutan 132
–– China 90
–– Afghanistan 169

PUBLIC FACILITIES

The money in our pockets cannot buy all the goods or services that one needs to live a good life. For example can it buy good air to breathe in the cities? In practice for many of the important things in life the best way, also the cheapest way, is to provide these goods and services collectively. For example it is cheaper to have collective security for the whole locality than for individual houses .

• Even now, in many areas, children, particularly girls, are not able to achieve secondary level schooling. Teaching them at home is certainly not the solution is it? So people may shift to a community that already has all these things. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps.
• Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. Similarly, in some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well. If some PDS shop, i.e. ration shop, does not function properly in such places, the people are able to get the problem rectified. Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better.

SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

From any stage of being developed or not developed we would always want to continue our development or at least be maintained for future generations. However, after the second half of the twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present type, and levels, of development are not sustainable.

• Groundwater is an example of renewable resources. These resources are replenished by nature as in the case of crops and plants. However, even these resources may be overused. For example, in the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource. Examples of ground water depletion are seen in the North western Indian states.
• Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth which cannot be replenished. We do discover new resources that we did not know of earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock. However, over time, even this will get exhausted.
• Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no longer region or nation specific. Our future is linked together.
• Sustainability of development is an important area of knowledge in which scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together. At all times as a member of the society and as individuals we need to ask where we want to go, what we wish to become and what our goals are.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question : What are the three components of Human Development Index?
OR What are attributes of regional or national developmental aspirations or goals?
Answer-
▪ Per capita income or the average income of a citizen.
▪ Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country.
▪ Life expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
▪ Infant Mortality Rate or the number of children dying before the age of one year per thousand births.
▪ Gross Enrolment Ratio or literacy rate for three levels means enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school.

Question : Find out the present source of energy used by the people in India. What could be the possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer-
▪ At present we use conventional source of energy mostly like coal and petroleum as the major source of energy.
▪ Since it is an exhaustible and non-renewable source of energy it may not be available after fifty years.
▪ We use non-conventional source of energy like solar energy, wind energy, and hydel energy to a small extent.
▪ After 50 years we have to depend on non-conventional sources of energy only or we have to develop a new source of energy.

Question : Why has Kerala a low infant mortality rate and a high literacy rate even though the per capita income is comparatively low?
Answer-
▪ Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
▪ The Government spent a fair amount of money in the field of health and education.
▪ The Public Distribution System functions properly in Kerala and essential goods are supplied at a lower price than the market prices.
▪ Therefore, the health and nutritional status of the people is very high.

Question : How do public facilities stand as a clear indicator of development?
Answer-
▪ Money cannot protect you from diseases unless the whole community takes preventive steps.
▪ You cannot get good education if the provision is not available to all or no one else, other than you, is interested in education.
▪ Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
▪ The Government spent a fair amount of money in the field of health and education.
▪ The Public Distribution System functions properly in Kerala and essential goods are supplied at a lower price than the market prices.
▪ Therefore, the health and nutritional status of the people is very high.

Question : What should India do to achieve to become a developed country?
Answer-
▪ Per capita income of India should be increased by achieving rapid industrial development and increasing national income and by reducing the population to the size of the resources available in the country.
▪ Life expectancy of the people of India should be increased by improving the health status of the people through awareness and immunization programmes, maternal and child health care and improving overall medical facilities in India.
▪ Literacy rate and Gross Enrolment Ratio should be increased by effective implementation of the constitutional provision to provide free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 and by launching various education programmes.

Question : ‘The earth has the resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of one person’. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development?
Answer-
▪ The statement warns against the modern technology of production, which leads to over exploitation of resources and further leads to environmental pollution and wastages of resources.
▪ It is due to the greed of human beings that the resources are over exploited and the environment is polluted.
▪ It is not sustainable. Sustainable development take scare the needs of the present generation as well as the future generation

→ Multiple choice question

1 We can obtain per capita income of a country by calculating:
a) the total income of a person
b) by dividing the national income by the total population of a country
c) the total value of all goods and services
d) the total exports of the country

2 Kerala has low infant Mortality Rate because:
a) it has good climate condition
b) it has adequate infrastructure
c) it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities
d) it has poor net attendance ratio

3 Human Development Index compares countries based on which of the following levels of the people?
(a) education level
(b) health status
(c) per capita income
(d) All of the above

4 Which one of the following is not a measure of development in the Human Development Report of the UNDP?
a) Per capita income in US$
b) Education Levels of the people
c) Body Mass Index
d) Life expectancy at birth

5 Income alone is not a completely adequate indicator of development of a country. Which one of the following is not correct with regard to this statement?
(a) Money cannot ensure a pollution free environment for individual
(b) Some people earn more than others do
(c) Money helps us buy only material goods and services
(a) (d) Money does not ensure respect and dignity for individuals

→SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. What does development mean for a landless rural labourer?
Answer- More days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for children; there is health facilities, and there is no social discrimination.

Question. Do all people of a country have the same notion of development?
Answer- No. Different persons can have different goals. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.

Question. What are the development goals of people other than income?
Answer- Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect for others.

Question. Which is the most important criterion for comparing development of countries/states?
Answer- Income/ Per capita Income.

Question. What is meant by total income of a country?
Answer- Total value of all goods and services produced within a country and the income coming from abroad in a given period of time.

Question. What is ‘Average Income’ Or ‘Per capita Income’?
Answer- Per capita Income is obtained by dividing the total income by the population of the country.
PCI= TOTAL INCOME OF A COUNTRY
TOTAL POPULATION

Question. What is the main criterion used by World Bank in classifying different countries?
Answer-
1. In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, per capita income is used for classifying countries into low income and high income
2. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12236 per annum and above in 2016, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 1005 or less are called low-income countries.
3. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2016 was just US$ 1840 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.
(Note: All data on Per capita income should be written based on US dollar per year.) (Assessed as whole answer.)

Question. Why children in many parts of India are not able to achieve Secondary education?
Answer- Children are not able to achieve secondary education because; government/ society have not provided adequate facilities.

Question. Why does Kerala have low infant mortality rate?
Answer- Kerala has low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities.

Question. What are the criterions used by the Human Development Report published by UNDP to 1 compare countries?
Answer- Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (2011 PPP $), Life Expectancy at birth, Literacy Rate for 15+ yrs population.

Question. What is ‘sustainable development’?
Answer- A development that meets the needs of the present without damaging the environment, and without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Question. Why has Kerala a higher Human Development Index than Haryana, inspite of low per capita income?
State Per Capita Income for 2015-16 (in Rs)
Haryana- 1,62,034
Kerala- 1,55,516
Bihar - 34,168

Bihar is at the bottom. This means that, on an average, a person in Haryana earned Rs 1,62,034 in one year whereas, on an average, a person in Bihar would earn only around Rs34,168 . So, if per capita income were to be used as the measure of development, Maharashtra will be considered the most developed and Bihar the least developed state of the three. Now, let us look at certain other data pertaining to these states given in Table 1.4.

Source : Economic Survey 2015–16(Based on NCERT Economics TB page No. 10)

14 What are renewable sources? 
15 What are Non-Renewable sources? 
16 Give the meaning of ‘net attendance ratio’ with reference to school –going children 
17 Why is it said that income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use? Give one example.
18 Give two examples of renewable resources. 
19 Amongst Kerala, Bihar and Haryana which one has the highest per capita income? 
20 What does life expectancy at birth denote? 
21 Write a short note on H.D.I.

Answer-
1. H.D.I. means Human Capital Index.
2. It is based on Human Development Report Development published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
3. Components: Life expectancy, G.N.I (PPP US Dollar), mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above.
√ Life Expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
√ Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country
4. Based on 2016 H.D.I. report by UNDP, out of 188 India ranks 131 position.
5. Sri Lanka, is much ahead of India in every respect and a big country like ours has such a low rank in the world.
6. Nepal and Bangladesh have low per capita income than that of India, yet they are better than India in life expectancy.

Question. Definitions on the following items on state comparison like
a) Infant mortality rate
b) Net attendance ratio
c) Literacy rate
(Should be based on NCERT Economics text book 2018-19 page no. 10 table 1.4)

Question. What is the meaning of development? Explain the two aspects of development?
Development refers to progress or improvement in lifestyle. Important aspects of development are:
• Different persons can have different developmental goals.
• What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for others.

Question. Describe any three features of developed country.
• As per the World Bank Report 2016, any country with per capita income of US$ 12,236 per annum and above is termed as rich or developed country.
• Such countries have high literacy rate.
• Most of the people of these countries are engaged in service sector.

Question. What is Per Capita Income? Why is “Per Capita Income” not an adequate indicator of economic development of a country? Explain.
• Per capita income is the total income of the country divided by its total population
• It is not an adequate indicator because:
• It does not tell us how this income is distributed. Per Capita Income might not be the income of every individual in the state.
• Life expectancy and Infant Mortality Rate are other important criteria for measuring development.
• Education and literacy level are other indicators of development.
• Pollution free environment, less corruption, gender equality etc. are also important.

Please click on below link to download CBSE Class 10 Economics Development Worksheet Set B