CBSE Class 6 Science Fibre to Fabric Exam Notes

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Fibre to Fabric

Animal Fibre — Wool and Silk

Wool: Wool comes from sheep, goat, yak and some other animals. These wool-yielding animals bear hair on their body. Hair traps a lot of air. Air is a poor conductor of heat. So, hair keeps these animals warm. Wool is derived from these hairy fibres.

Animals that yield wool

Several breeds of sheep are found in different parts of our country. However, the fleece of sheep is not the only source of wool. Though sheep wool is commonly available in the market, yak wool is common in Tibet and Ladakh, and angora wool is obtained from angora goats.

Wool is also obtained from goat hair. The under fur of the Kashmiri goat is soft. It is woven into fine shawls called Pashmina shawls.

The fur (hair) on the body of camels is also used as wool. Llama and alpaca, found in South America, also yield wool.

From Fibres to Wool

Rearing and breeding of sheep: Shepherds take their herds of sheep for grazing. Sheep are herbivores and prefer grass and leaves. Apart from grazing, sheep rearers also feed them on a mixture of pulses, corn, jowar, oil cakes (material left after taking out oil from seeds) and minerals.

Certain breeds of sheep have a thick coat of hair on their body which yields good quality wool in large quantities. As mentioned earlier, these sheep are “selectively bred” with one parent being a sheep of good breed.

Processing Fibres into Wool

The wool which is used for knitting sweaters or for weaving shawls is the finished product of a long process, which involves the following steps:

Step I: The fleece of the sheep along with a thin layer of skin is removed from its body. This process is called shearing.

Step II: The sheared skin with hair is thoroughly washed in tanks to remove grease, dust and dirt. This is called scouring.

Step III: After scouring, sorting is done. The hairy skin is sent to a factory where hair of different textures are separated or sorted.

Step IV: The small fluffy fibres, called burrs, are picked out from the hair. These are the same burrs which sometimes appear on your sweaters. The fibres are scoured again and dried. This is the wool ready to be drawn into fibres.

Step V: The fibres can be dyed in various colours, as the natural fleece of sheep and goats is black, brown or white.

Step VI: The fibres are straightened, combed and rolled into yarn. The longer fibres are made into wool for sweaters and the shorter fibres are spun and woven into woollen cloth.

The wool industry is an important means of livelihood for many people in our country. But the sorter’s job is risky as sometimes they get infected by a bacterium, anthrax, which causes a fatal blood disease called Sorter’s disease.

Silk

Silk fibres are also animal fibres. Silkworms spin the ‘silk fibres’. The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.

Life History of Silk Moth

The female silk moth lays eggs, which hatch into larvae called caterpillars or silkworms. They grow in size and when the caterpillar is ready to enter the next stage of its life history, called pupa, it first weaves a net to hold itself. During these movements of the head, the caterpillar secretes fibre made of protein which hardens on exposure to air and becomes silk fibre. Soon the caterpillar completely covers itself by silk fibres. This covering is known as cocoon. The further development of the moth continues inside the cocoon. Silk fibres are used for weaving silk cloth. Can you imagine that the soft silk yarn is as strong as a comparable thread of steel.

The silk yarn (thread) is obtained from the cocoon of the silk moth. There is a variety of silk moths which look very different from one another and the silk yarn they yield is different in texture (coarse, smooth, shiny, etc.). Thus, tassar silk, mooga silk, kosa silk etc., are obtained from cocoons spun by different types of moths. The most common silk moth is the mulberry silk moth. The silk fibre from the cocoon of this moth is soft, lustrous and elastic and can be dyed in beautiful colours.

From Cocoon to Silk

Rearing silkworms: A female silk moth lays hundreds of eggs at a time. The eggs are stored carefully on strips of cloth or paper and sold to silkworm farmers. The farmers keep eggs under hygienic conditions and under suitable conditions of temperature and humidity.

The eggs are warmed to a suitable temperature for the larvae to hatch from eggs. This is done when mulberry trees bear a fresh crop of leaves. The larvae, called caterpillars or silkworms, eat day and night and increase enormously in size.

The worms are kept in clean bamboo trays along with freshly chopped mulberry leaves. After 25 to 30 days, the caterpillars stop eating and move to a tiny chamber of bamboo in the tray to spin cocoons. Small racks or twigs may be provided in the trays to which cocoons get attached. The caterpillar or silkworm spins the cocoon inside which develops the silk moth.

Processing silk: A pile of cocoons is used for obtaining silk fibres. The cocoons are kept under the sun or boiled or exposed to steam. The silk fibres separate out. The process of taking out threads from the cocoon for use as silk is called reeling the silk.

Polymers

Polymers are high molecular mass substances consisting of a large number of repeating structural units derived from simple molecules called monomers.

Monomers: The simple molecules which combine to give polymers are called monomers. The process by which the simple molecules (i.e. monomers) are converted into polymers is called polymerisation.Homopolymer: A polymer formed from one type of monomer is called a homopolymer. For example:Co-polymer: A polymer formed from two or more different monomers is called a co-polymer or mixed polymer.

n H₂N–(CH₂)₆–NH₂ + n HOOC–(CH₂)₄–COOH → [–NH–(CH₂)₆–NH–CO–(CH₂)₄–CO–]_n + 2n H₂O
Nylon-6,6 (monomers: hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid)

Important Polymers and their Uses

Name of Polymer	Monomers	Structure	Important uses
Polypropene			For packing of textiles and foods. For manufacturing liners of bags, lining material for TV cabinets and refrigerators. For making ropes, fibres, heat shrinkable wraps for records and other articles. For making automobile mouldings, seat covers, carpet fibres, etc.
Polystyrene			For making hot drink cups, toys, combs, household articles, etc. For making radio and television bodies, refrigerator linings. As an insulator, wrapping material. For making tiles to be used in covering ceilings and floors.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)			In the manufacture of rain coats, hand bags, curtain clothes, toys. In artificial flooring. As a good insulating material in wires and other electrical goods. For making gramophone records.
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)			Used in the manufacture of lenses, transparent domes and skylights, dentures, aircraft windows and protective coatings. Its commercial names are Lucite, Plexiglass, Acrylite and Perspex.
Urea formaldehyde resin			For making unbreakable cups, plates, and laminated sheets.
Glyptal			For manufacture of paints and lacquers. For manufacture of building materials.

Classification of Polymers on Basis of Molecular Forces

A large number of applications of polymers depend upon their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elasticity, toughness, etc.

Depending upon the intermolecular forces, the polymers have been classified into four types: elastomers, fibres, thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.

1. Elastomers: The polymers that have elastic character like rubber are called elastomers. E.g. Buna-S, Buna-N etc.
2. Fibres: These are the polymers which have strong intermolecular forces between the chains. The common examples are Nylon-6,6, Terylene, silk etc.
3. Thermoplastics: These are the polymers which can be easily softened repeatedly when heated and hardened when cooled, with little change in their properties. Common examples of thermoplastics are polythene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, Teflon, etc.
4. Thermosetting polymers: These are the polymers which undergo permanent change on heating. The common examples are Bakelite, melamine, urea formaldehyde etc.

Natural and Synthetic Rubbers

Natural Rubber: Rubber is a naturally occurring polymer. It is obtained as latex from rubber trees. Rubber latex is a colloidal suspension of rubber in water. Rubber trees are found in tropical and semi-tropical countries such as India (southern part), Malaysia, Indonesia, Ceylon, South America, etc. It is highly elastic. It can be elastically deformed but regains its original shape after the stress is relieved. This elasticity makes it valuable for a variety of uses.

Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene).

In natural rubber, about 11,000 to 20,000 isoprene units are linked together in a chain-like arrangement as shown below:

When n isoprene units combine, the polymer has the formula

Polyisoprene (natural rubber)

Vulcanization of Rubber

The process of heating natural rubber with sulphur to improve its properties is called vulcanization.

Multiple Choice Questions

Which of the following is a naturally occurring polymer?

1. Polythene
2. Starch
3. Nylon
4. Teflon

Answer: (b) Starch. Starch is made by plants, so it is a natural polymer. Polythene, nylon and Teflon are made in factories (synthetic polymers).

Neoprene is a polymer of

1. chloroprene
2. chloroquin
3. propylene
4. isoprene

Answer: (a) chloroprene. Neoprene (a synthetic rubber) is made by joining many chloroprene molecules.

The monomer unit of PVC is:

1. vinyl chloride
2. ethylene
3. chloroprene
4. acrylonitrile

Answer: (a) vinyl chloride. PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, so its monomer is vinyl chloride, H₂C=CHCl.

Nylon-6,6 is obtained from

1. hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid
2. phenol and formaldehyde
3. propylene and adipic acid
4. adipic acid and phthalic acid

Answer: (a) hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid. Nylon-6,6 is formed when hexamethylenediamine (6 carbons) and adipic acid (6 carbons) join together; phenol and formaldehyde give Bakelite.

Which of the following is not an example of an addition polymer?

1. Polystyrene
2. Polyethylene
3. Polypropylene
4. Terylene

Answer: (d) Terylene. Terylene is formed by condensation (water is lost when ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid join). The other three are formed by simply adding alkene molecules together.

Buna-S is obtained by the polymerisation of butadiene and

1. chloroprene
2. styrene
3. acrylonitrile
4. adipic acid

Answer: (b) styrene. Buna-S = Bu(tadiene) + Na (sodium, the catalyst) + S(tyrene). Butadiene is joined with styrene.

F₂C=CF₂ is a monomer of

1. glyptal
2. teflon
3. orlon
4. buna-S

Answer: (b) teflon. F₂C=CF₂ is tetrafluoroethene; its polymer is Teflon.

Natural rubber is

1. neoprene
2. trans-polyisoprene
3. cis-polyisoprene
4. butyl rubber

Answer: (c) cis-polyisoprene. Natural rubber is cis-polyisoprene. The trans form is gutta-percha.

Terylene is a polymer of ethylene glycol and

1. phthalic acid
2. terephthalic acid
3. adipic acid
4. 1,6-hexadiamine

Answer: (b) terephthalic acid. Terylene (Dacron) is a polyester of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.

Which of the following is not a step growth polymer?

1. Polybutadiene
2. Nylon-6,6
3. Glyptal
4. Terylene

Answer: (a) Polybutadiene. Polybutadiene is made by chain addition of butadiene. Nylon-6,6, glyptal and Terylene are formed step by step by condensation.

A peptide bond is present in

1. carbohydrates
2. nucleic acids
3. α-amino acids
4. proteins

Answer: (d) proteins. Amino acids join through peptide bonds (–CO–NH–) to make proteins.

Which of the following fibres are made of polyamides?

1. Dacron
2. Orlon
3. Nylon
4. Rayon

Answer: (c) Nylon. Nylon has amide (–CO–NH–) links, so it is a polyamide. Dacron is a polyester, Orlon is polyacrylonitrile and rayon is cellulose.

Nylon-6,6 is made from

1. 1,3-butadiene
2. chloroprene
3. adipic acid
4. caprolactam

Answer: (c) adipic acid. Nylon-6,6 is made from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine; caprolactam gives Nylon-6.

Soft drink and baby feeding bottles are generally made of

1. polyester
2. polyurethane
3. polyurea
4. polyamide

Answer: (a) polyester. Such bottles are made of the polyester PET (polyethylene terephthalate), which is strong, light and transparent.

Teflon is a polymer of

1. tetrafluoroethylene
2. tetraiodoethylene
3. tetrabromoethylene
4. tetrachloroethylene

Answer: (a) tetrafluoroethylene. Teflon is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Which of the following is used in paints?

1. Terylene
2. Nylon
3. Glyptal
4. Chloroprene

Answer: (c) Glyptal. Glyptal is used in paints and lacquers (see the table of important polymers above).

Which of the following is a biodegradable polymer?

1. Cellulose
2. Polystyrene
3. Polyvinylchloride
4. Nylon-6,6

Answer: (a) Cellulose. Cellulose is natural and is broken down by microbes. Polystyrene, PVC and nylon are not easily broken down.