DIRECTING
1 Directing:
Directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding, counseling, motivating and leading people in the organisation to achieve its objectives.
2 Characteristics of directing:
(i) Directing initiates action
(ii) Directing takes place at every level of management
(iii) Directing is a continuous process
(iv) Directing flows from top to bottom.
3 Elements of direction:
(i) Supervision: the process of guiding the efforts of employees and other resources to accomplish the desired objectives.
(ii) Motivation: the process of making subordinates to act in a desired manner to achieve certain organisational goals.
(iii) Leadership: Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objectives.
(iv) Communication: A process of exchange of ideas, views, facts, feelings etc., between or among people to create common understanding.
4 Motivation Process:
Unsatisfied Need, Tension, Drives, Search Behaviour, Satisfied needs, Reduction of Tension.
5 Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory of Motivation:
His theory was based on human needs. He felt that within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs. These are:
(i) Basic Physiological Needs: These needs are most basic in the hierarchy and corresponds to primary needs. Hunger, thirst, shelter, sleep and sex are some examples of these needs. In the organisational context, basic salary helps to satisfy these needs.
(ii) Safety/Security Needs: These needs provide security and protection from physical and emotional harm.
Examples: job security, stability of income, Pension plans etc.,
(iii) Affiliation/Belonging Needs: These needs refer to affection, sense of belongingness, acceptance and friendship.
(iv) Esteem Needs: These include factors such as self-respect, autonomy status, recognition and attention.
(v) Self Actualisation Nee becoming. These needs include growth, self-fulfillment and achievement of goals.
6 Importance of Supervision:
(i) Supervisor maintains day-to-day contact and maintains friendly relations with workers.
(ii) Supervisor acts as a link between workers and management.
(iii) Supervisor plays a key role in maintaining group unity among workers placed under his control.
(iv) Supervisor ensures performance of work according to the targets set.
(v) Supervisor provides good on the-job training to the workers and employees.
(vi) Supervisory leadership plays a key role in influencing the workers in the organisation.
(vii) A good supervisor analyses the work performed and gives feedback to the workers.
7 Financial incentives:
It refer to incentives which are in direct monetary form or measurable in monetary term and serve to motivate people for better performance.
(i) Pay and allowances (ii) Productivity linked wage incentives (iii) Bonus (iv) Profit Sharing (v) Co partnership / Stock option (vi) Retirement Benefits and (vii) Perquisites.
Non-Financial Incentives:
The emphasis is to provide psychological and emotional satisfaction rather than money driven satisfaction.
(i) Status (ii) Organisational Climate (iii) Career Advancement Opportunity (iv) Job Enrichment (v)
Employee Recognition programmes (vi) Job security (vii) Employee participation (viii)Employee and Empowerment.
8 Qualities of Good Leader:
(i) Physical features: Physical features like height, weight, health, appearance determine the physical personality of an individual.
(ii) Knowledge: A good leader should have required knowledge and competence. Only such person can instruct subordinates correctly and influence them.
(iii) Integrity: A leader should posses high level of integrity and honesty. He should be a role model to others regarding the ethics and values.
(iv) Initiative: A leader should have courage and initiative. He should not wait for opportunities come to his way, rather he should grab the opportunity and use it to the advantage of organisation.
(v) Communication skills: A leader should be a good communicator. He should have the capacity to clearly explain his ideas and make the people to understand his ideas.
(vi) Motivation skills: A leader should be an effective motivator. He should understand the needs of people and motivate them through satisfying their needs.
(vii) Self Confidence: A leader should have high level of self confidence. He should not loose his confidence even in most difficult times. In fact, if the leader lacks self.
(viii)Decisiveness: Leader should be decisive in managing the work.
(ix) Social skills: A leader should be sociable and friendly with his colleagues and followers.
9 Formal communication:
Formal communications refers to all official communications in the form of orders, memos, appeals, notes, circulars, agenda, minutes etc.
10 Informal communication:
They are unofficial, spontaneous, unrecorded, spread very fast and usually distorted.
11 Semantic barriers:
Semantic barriers are concerned with problems and obstructions in the process of encoding and decoding of message into words or impressions.
(i) Badly expressed message: These badly expressed messages may be an account of inadequate vocabulary, usage of wrong words, omission of needed words etc.
(ii) Symbols with different meanings: A word may have several meanings. Receiver has to perceive one such meaning for the word used by communicator.
(iii) Faulty translations: Sometimes the communications originally drafted in one language need to be translated to the language understandable to workers. If the translator is not proficient with both the languages, mistakes may creep in causing different meanings to the communication.
(iv) Unclarified assumptions: Some communications may have certain assumptions which are subject to different interpretations.
(v) Technical jargon: It is usually found that specialists use technical jargon while explaining to persons who are not specialists in the concerned field.
(vi) Body language and gesture decoding: The body movement and gestures of communicator matters so much in conveying the message.
12 Improving Communication Effectiveness:
(i) Clarify the ideas before communication
(ii) Communicate according to the needs of receiver
(iii) Consult others before communicating
(iv) Be aware of languages, tone and content of message
(v) Convey things of help and value to listeners.
(vi) Ensure proper feedback
(vii) Communicate for present as well as future
(viii) Follow up communications:
(ix) Be a good listener.
Please click on below link to download CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Directing Worksheet Set C Solved
