CBSE Class 11 Informatics Practices Introduction To Programming Notes

INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING

Getting started with IDE

• RAD: Rapid Application Development is software programming technique that allows quick development of software application.

• Integrated Development Environment (IDE): It is a software tool to help programmer to edit, compile, interpret and debug the program in the same environment. i.e Eclipse,NetBeans, VB etc.

• Byte code: A byte code is machine instruction that the Java compiler generates and Java interpreter executes. When the compiler compiles a .java file, it produces a series of byte codes and stores them in a .class file. The Java interpreter (JVM) can execute the byte codes stored in the .class file.

• JVM: Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a program which behaves as interpreter and translates the byte code into machine language as they go called just in time compilation.

• Source Code: The core program or text which is written in a language like C,C++ or Java is called source code.

• Object Code: The program which only is understood by the computer in the form of machine instructions or binary instructions called object code. In Java JVM is used to generate object code in the form of byte code.

•GUI: A graphical user interface (GUI) presents a pictorial interface to a program. GUI allows the user to spend less time trying to remember which keystroke sequences do what and spend more time using the program in a productive manner. 

Programming Fundamentals

Token

The smallest individual unit in a program is known as Token. Java has the following types of tokens: keyword, Identifier, literal, punctuators and operators.

Keywords

Keywords are words that have a specific predefined meaning in Java. They cannot be used as variable names. They are also known as reserve words. Eg. void, private, if, while etc.

Literals:

Items having fixed data values are referred to as Literals. They are also known as Constants. Various types of literals available in Java are :

• Integer literals

• Floating literals

• Boolean literals

• Character literals

• String literals

• Null literals 

Variable :

Variable is a named storage location in computer memory whose contents can change during a program run.

The characteristics of a variable are:

(i) It has a name.

(ii) It is capable of storing values.

(iii) It provides temporary storage.

(iv) It is capable of changing its value during program execution. 

Punctuators:

The following nine ASCII charaters are the separators:

( ) { } [ ] ; , .

Operators: Operators are special symbols that perform specific operations on one, two, or three operands, and then return a result.

Operators              Precedence

postfix                      expr++ expr

unary                      ++exprexpr+exprexpr~ !

multiplicative             * / %

additive                    + -

shift                        <<>>>>>

relational               <><= >= instanceof

equality                   == !=

bitwise AND                    &

bitwise exclusive           OR ^

bitwise inclusive             OR |

logical AND                    &&

logical                          OR ||

ternary                             ? :

assignment                     = += =*= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

Data type states the way the values of that type are stored, and the range for that type. 

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