CBSE Class 12 Psychology Self And Personality Worksheet Set 02

 

The self of a person is comprised of the different ideas people hold of themselves. The self refers to the totality of an individual’s conscious experiences, ideas, thoughts and feeling with regard to herself or himself.

 

The self can be described as the subject (who does something) and the object (the one that gets affected) and this is the dual status of self.

 

Personality represents a relatively stable pattern of behavior, or the relatively enduring characteristics of a person that make her or him distinct from others. The literal meaning of personality is derived from the Latin word persona, which refers to the mask used by actors of the Roman theatre for changing their face make-up. In psychological terms, personality refers to our characteristic ways of responding to individuals and situations.

 

Personality is characterized by the following features.

 

• It has both physical and psychological components.

• Its expression in terms of behavior is fairly unique in a given individual.

• Its main features do not easily change with time.

• It is dynamic in the sense that some of its features may change due to internal or external situational demands. Thus personality is adaptive to situations.

 

The self and personality refers to the characteristic ways in which we define our existence. They also refer to the ways in which our experiences are organized and show up in our behavior. Personal identity refers to those attributes of a person that make her/him different from others. Social identity refers to those aspects of a person that link her/him to a social or cultural group or are derived from it. Personal self leads to an orientation in which one feels primarily concerned with oneself.Social self emerges in relation with others and emphasizes such aspects of life as cooperation,unity, affiliation, sacrifice, support or sharing. This self values family and social relationships, and is thus also referred to as familial or relational self.

 

Self-concept is the way we perceive ourselves and the ideas we hold about our competencies and attributes.

Self-esteem is the value judgment of a person about himself/herself. Our capacity to view ourselves in terms of stable dispositions permits us to combine separate self-evaluations into a general psychological image of ourselves, and this is known as an overall sense of selfesteem. Self-esteem shows a strong relation with our everyday behavior.People differ in the extent to which they believe they themselves control their life outcomes or the outcomes are controlled by luck or fate or other situational factors. A person who believes that s/he has the ability or behaviors required by a particular situation demonstrates high selfefficacy.The notion of self-efficacy is based on Bandura’s social learning theory. Bandura showed that children and adults learned behavior by observing and imitating others, and people’s expectations of mastery or achievement and their convictions about their own effectiveness also determine the types of behavior in which they would engage, as also the amount of risk they would undertake. A strong sense of self-efficacy allows people to select, influence and even construct the circumstances of their own life.

 

Self-regulation refers to our ability to organize and monitor our own behavior. People who are able to change their behavior according to the demands of the external environment are high on self-monitoring.

 

Self-control refers to learning to delay or defer the gratification of needs.

 

A number of psychological techniques of self-control have been suggested.

• Observation of our own behavior – It provides us with necessary information that may be used to change, modify or strengthen certain aspects of self.

• Self-instruction – We often instruct ourselves to do something and behave the way we want to, and such instructions are quite effective in self regulation.

• Self-reinforcement – It involves rewarding behaviors that have pleasant outcomes.The most important distinction between the Indian and the Western views is the way the boundary is drawn between the self and the other.

• In Indian culture, the self is generally not separated from one’s own group, rather both remain in a state of harmonious co-existence and thus is characterized as collectivistic.

• In the Western culture, the self and the group remain at a distance, and thus is characterized as individualistic.

 

Temperament is the biologically based characteristic way of reacting.

Trait is the stable, persistent and specific way of behaving.

Disposition is the tendency of a person to react to a given situation in a particular way.

Character is the overall pattern of generally occurring behavior.

Habit is over learned modes of behaving.

 

Values are goals and ideals that are considered important and worthwhile to achieve.Type approaches to personality attempt to comprehend human personality by examining certain broad patterns in the observed behavioural characteristics of individuals. Each behavioural pattern refers to one type in which individuals are placed in terms of the similarity of their behavioural characteristics with that pattern.