CBSE Class 12 Psychology Attitude And Social Cognition Worksheet Set 01

Official Class 12 Psychology Worksheets: Chapter 06 Attitude and Social Cognition

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Chapter-wise Practice Material: Chapter 06 Attitude and Social Cognition

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ATTITUDE AND SOCIAL COGNITION
 
Impression formation is the inference we make about people’s personal qualities.
Attribution is the process through which we assign causes to the behaviour of people shown in specific social situations.
 
Impression formation, attitudes and attribution are examples of mental activities relate to the gathering and interpretation of information about the social world,collectively called social cognition. Social cognition is activated by cognitive units called schemas.
 
Schema is defined as a mental structure that provides a framework, set of rules or guidelines for processing information about any object. Schemas are the basic units stored in our memory, and function as shorthand ways of processing information, thus reducing the time and mental effort required in cognition. In the case of social cognition, the basic units are called social schemas.
 
Schemas are in the form of categories or classes. Prototypes (function in the form of categories) are an entire set of features or qualities that help us to define an object completely, and in social cognition, category-based schemas that are related to groups of people are called stereotypes. These are over generalised, not directly verified, and do not allow exceptions.
 
An attitude is a state of the mind, a set of views or thoughts regarding some topic (called the attitude object) which has an evaluative feature (positive, negative or neutral quality). It is accompanied by an emotional component, and a tendency to act in a particular way with regard to the attitude object. The purpose of an attitude is that it provides a background that makes it easier for a person to decide how to act in new situations.
 
A-B-C Components of Attitude
Affective Aspect = emotional component
Behavioural Aspect = tendency to act a certain way
Cognitive Aspect = thought component
Attitudes themselves are not behaviour, but they represent a tendency to behave or act in certain ways. They are part of cognition, along with an emotional component, and cannot be observed from the outside.
 
Beliefs refer to the cognitive component of attitudes, and form the ground on which attitudes stand (e.g.: belief in God or belief in democracy).
 
Values are attitudes or beliefs that contain a ‘should’ or ‘ought’ aspect, such as moral or ethical values.
 
Four significant features of attitudes are:
 
• Valence – The valence of an attitude tells us whether an attitude is positive or negative towards a subject.
 
• Extremeness – The extremeness of an attitude indicates how positive or negative an attitude is.
 
• Simplicity or Complexity – This feature refers to how many attitudes there are within a broader attitude. An attitude system is said to be simple if it contains only one or a few attitudes, and complex if it is made up of many
attitudes. Each member attitude that belongs to an attitude system also has A-B-C components.
 
•Centrality – This refers to the role of a particular attitude in the attitude system. An attitude with greater centrality would influence the other attitudes in the system much more than the non-central or peripheral attitudes would.
In general, attitudes are learned through one’s own experiences and through interactions with others.
 
Process of attitude formation:
 
• Learning attitudes by association – A positive attitude towards the subject is learned through the positive association.
 
• Learning attitudes by being rewarded or punished – If an individual is praised for showing a particular attitude, chances are high that s/he will develop that attitude further.
 
• Learning attitudes through modelling (observing others) – We learn attitudes by observing others being rewarded or punished for expressing thoughts, or showing behaviour of a particular kind towards the attitude object.
 
• Learning attitudes through a group or cultural norms – Over time, norms may become a part of our social cognition in the form of attitudes.
 
• Learning through exposure to information – Many attitudes are learned in a social context, but not necessarily in the physical presence of others.
 
Factors that influence attitude formation:
 
• Family and School environment – learning usually takes place by association, through rewards and punishments and through modelling.
 
• Reference groups – Reference groups indicate to an individual the norms regarding acceptable behaviour and ways of thinking, thus reflecting learning of attitudes through group or cultural norms.
 
• Personal experiences
 
• Media-related influences – These sources first strengthen the cognitive and affective components of attitudes, and subsequently may also affect the behavioural component.


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