NCERT Book Class 9 Health and Physical Education Health and Diseases

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1.1 IntroductIon
We normally relate the terms diseases and illness interchangeably in relation to health, even though these words do not mean the same. Health is the general condition of a person in respect to all aspects of life. It is also a level of functional and/or metabolic efficiency of an organism. The
word metabolic is the adjective of the term metabolism which means the whole range of big chemical processes that occur within us or any living organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes. Diseases and illness adversely affect these processes. And thus health, diseases and illness are inter-related. However, health is not just being free from diseases, illness or injury. As defined by World Health Organisation (WHO), health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”.
 
1.2 What Is Illness?
Let’s now see how is illness different from that of disease? While illness and disease are at times used interchangeably, these in fact, are different from each other. Disease refers to a biomedically defined deviation from norms of body function or structure, whereas, illness is the experience of this deviation. It is a state of experience by the body when one or more of the control systems of the body are not functioning normally. Illness refers to a subjective distress feeling of a person, when one is sick or suffering from some disease. However, it is not appropriate to conclude that any one being merely free from illness or disease is healthy.
You might have seen people suffering from various types of diseases. Some of the diseases, like high blood pressure affect only a particular person who is suffering from it. On the other hand, some diseases like common cold, spread rapidly and affect a number of people in a very short period. You must have often wondered as to how does this happen. In one of the chapters of your textbook on Science, you would have studied about ‘Why We Fall Ill’. In that chapter, it is mentioned how diseases are caused and how some of these affect only the persons who suffer from them are called non-communicable, whereas, there are those diseases that are transmitted from one person to another are known as communicable. The chapter also mentions how communicable and non-communicable diseases can be prevented and controlled.
 
1.3 communIcable dIseases
Let us understand how communicable diseases are spread. These diseases are caused by certain infectious agents which may be bacteria or viruses. These are capable of being transmitted from person to person or from the environment to person.
 
1.3.1 Classification
Communicable diseases can be classified on the basis of the causative organisms. These are as follow:
• Bacterial: Typhoid, Cholera, Tuberculosis
• Viral: Common cold, Influenza, HIV infection, Dengue
• Protozoal: Malaria, Kala azar
• Fungal: Fungal infections of nails, groins, skin, hair
• Parasitic: Infestations of intestinal worms, like round worm, or lice.
 
Modes of transmission: The modes of transmission can be classified as direct and indirect transmission.
 
 
 
 
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