CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Physiology and Injuries in Sports Assignment

Question. Sprain is an injury of the .............
(a) Muscle
(b) Ligament
(c) Joint
(d) Bone
Answer: (b) Ligament

Question. Laceration is a .............
(a) irregular cut on skin
(b) tissue injury
(c) swelling
(d) ligament injury
Answer: (a) irregular cut on skin

Question. The capacity of muscles to absorb and consume oxygen is called
(a) Oxygen intake
(b) Oxygen uptake
(c) Oxygen gain
(d) Oxygen transfer
Answer: (b) Oxygen uptake

Question. The components of physical fitness related to muscles do not include ............ of the muscle.
(a) size
(b) strength
(c) endurance
(d) speed
Answer: (d) speed

Question. Which one of the following is not a component of physical fitness?
(a) Agility
(b) Anaerobic capacity
(c) Flexibility
(d) Muscle composition
Answer: (b) Anaerobic capacity

Question. The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute is known as .............
(a) heart rate
(b) stroke volume
(c) cardiac output
(d) blood flow volume
Answer: (c) cardiac output

Question. In a trained male athlete, the stroke volume normally varies between ............. ml/ beat.
(a) 70 and 120
(b) 70 and 90
(c) 90 and 120
(d) 100 and 120
Answer: (d) 100 and 120

Question. The factor called ........... of the respiratory system is decreased after endurance training.
(a) breathing frequency
(b) tidal volume
(c) ventilator efficiency
(d) lung volume
Answer: (a) breathing frequency

Question. Which of the following is not a beneficial effect on muscle biochemistry due to exercise?
(a) Increase in size and quantity of mitochondria in muscle cells
(b) Better muscle coordination
(c) Increase in the activity of enzymes in the muscles
(d) None of the options
Answer: (b) Better muscle coordination

Question. Which of the following is bone injury?
(a) Green stick
(b) Oblique
(c) Impacted
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options

Question. Fractures may be classified as ........... and ........... .
(a) severe, moderate
(b) open, closed
(c) broken, hairline
(d) None of the options
Answer: (b) open, closed

Question. Soft tissue injuries may be classified as ........... and ........... .
(a) mild, acute
(b) acute, overuse
(c) underuse, overuse
(d) hard, special
Answer: (b) acute, overuse

Question. Which of the following is not a cause of sports injuries?
(a) Equipment selection related
(b) Related to poor technique
(c) Age related causes
(d) None of the options
Answer: (d) None of the options

1 Mark Questions (VSA)

Question. Which type of sports injury is known as 'Strain'? 
Answer: The type of sports injury known as 'Strain' is a twist, pull or tearing of a muscle fibre which causes pain, swelling and loss of muscle strength. It is an acute non-contact injury which results due to overstretching or excess contraction of the concerned muscle.

Question. What do you mean by soft tissue injuries? 
Answer: Soft tissue injuries are damages to any muscles, ligaments or tendons in the body. Common soft tissue injuries usually occur from a sprain, strain, a single blow resulting in a contusion, or overuse of a particular part of the body. Soft tissue injuries can result in pain, swelling, bruising and loss of function.

Question. What type of fracture is known as Greenstick fracture?
Answer: Greenstick fracture is a fracture in a young soft bone in which the bone bends and breaks. It is an incomplete break in a bone in which part of the outer shell of the bone remains intact.

Question. What is oxygen uptake? All India 2017
Answer: Oxygen uptake or \( \text{VO}_2 \) is the oxygen consumption or uptake per kilogram of body weight. It is a good measure of the respiratory system.

Question. What is 'stroke volume'? All India 2016
Answer: The amount of blood pumped into the aorta with every heartbeat is known as the stroke volume. In an untrained male, it is 70-90 mL/beat.

Question. What kind of sports injury can be termed as abrasion? 
Answer: In dermatology, an abrasion is a wound caused by superficial damage to the skin, no deeper than the epidermis. Mild abrasion is known as grazes or scrapes, a more traumatic abrasion that removes all layers of skin, is known as avulsion.

Question. Why does involvement in regular exercise delay the onset of fatigue?
Answer: Regular exercise delays the onset of fatigue as exercise develops the fitness levels and increases endurance thereby delaying fatigue.

Question. Explain the term hypertrophy of muscles.
Answer: Hypertrophy of muscles or muscular hypertrophy is an increase in muscle mass and cross-sectional area. The increase in dimension is due to an increase in the size (not length) of individual muscle fibres.

Question. Define physiology.
Answer: Physiology is the study of how the human body functions i.e. how the organs, systems, tissues, cells and molecules work together to maintain our internal environment.

Question. Calculate how much blood is pumped by the heart in one minute.
Answer: Blood pumped by the heart in one minute is
Cardiac output = heart rate \( \times \) stroke volume
= 72 beats/min \( \times \) 70 mL approximately
= 5040 mL/min

Question. List any four changes happening in the muscular system due to exercising.
Answer: Changes happening in the muscular system due to exercising are
(i) Change in size and shape of muscle.
(ii) Increase in the strength of muscles.
(iii) Increase in coordination.
(iv) Entrance of greater quantity of oxygen in the body.

Question. State the amount of blood pumped in one ventricle beat.
Answer: The amount of blood pumped into the aorta with every heartbeat is known as the stroke volume. In an untrained male, it is 70-90 mL/beat.

Question. What is tidal volume?
Answer: Tidal volume is the amount of air inspired or expired per breath. This can be increased with the help of endurance training. In untrained individuals, tidal volume is about 500 mL/breath, whereas in trained persons, it is increased to 600-700 mL/breath.

Question. What are acute injuries?
Answer: Acute injuries are the injuries that occur due to sudden trauma to the tissue. The symptoms of acute injuries present themselves almost immediately. For example sprains, fractures, etc.

3 Marks Questions

Question. What are the effects of exercise on muscular system?
Answer: The effects of exercise on the muscular system are as follows
(i) Increases Muscle Mass Through regular exercise, the cells of the muscle are enlarged, which changes the size and shape of the muscles.
(ii) Delays Fatigue Regular exercise delays fatigue, as fatigue is mainly due to formation of carbon dioxide, lactic acid and acid phosphate in the muscles. The accumulation of these compounds in the muscles is less in a person who performs regular exercise.
(iii) Improves Strength and Speed Regular exercise improve the strength and speed of the muscle cells. This is partially due to the hypertrophy of the muscles and partially due to increase in the capacity of giving and receiving stimulus.

Question. Explain briefly strain and sprain.
Answer: A strain is defined as an injury to a tendon (tissues that connect your muscles and bones) or muscle. Strains often occur in the lower back and the muscle in the back of the thigh.
Some of the symptoms include pain, swelling, muscle spasms and limited ability to move the muscle. Strain can happen as sudden (acute) strain or develop over days (chronic).
A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament, a strong band of connective tissue that connects the end of one bone with another. Ligaments stabilise and support the body's joints.

Question. How are sports injuries classified?
Answer: Sports injuries are classified in various ways. The classification can be based on the time taken for the tissues to become injured, the tissue type affected and severity of the injury.
These are detailed below
(i) Classification based on time taken for the tissue to become injured
(a) Acute injuries
(b) Overuse injuries
(ii) Classification based on tissue type affected
(a) Soft tissue injuries
(b) Hard tissue injuries
(c) Special tissue injuries
(iii) Classification based on severity
(a) Mild injuries
(b) Moderate injuries
(c) Severe injuries

Question. What is difference between impacted fracture and greenstick fracture?
Answer: An impacted fracture is one whose ends are driven into each other. This commonly occurs with arm fractures in children and is sometimes known as a buckle fracture.
A greenstick fracture occurs when a bone bends and cracks, instead of breaking completely into separate pieces.
Most greenstick fractures occur in children younger than 10 years of age. This type of broken bone most commonly occur in children.

Early morning, we observe many older people following fitness regime. One day Ramu observed a 60-year-old man was holding his chest on the ground. When Ramu approached him, he said that he felt chest pain regularly after jogging.

Question. What is the rate of normal heart beat of an adult?
(a) 72
(b) 80
(c) 65
(d) 90
Answer: (a) 72

Question. Age and gender play a very important role in which of these components?
(a) Endurance
(b) Strength
(c) Explosive Strength
(d) Speed
Answer: (b) Strength

Question. Muscular strength starts receding during the age of
(a) 25-30 years
(b) 35-40 years
(c) 45-50 years
(d) 50-55 years
Answer: (b) 35-40 years

5 Marks Questions

Question. Write in detail about the dislocation and fractures among the bones and joint injuries.
Answer: The musculoskeletal system comprises over half the body mass. The most common musculoskeletal dysfunctions are joint stiffness, joint swelling and joint pains. Bones, being non-yielding structures, are damaged when excessive force is applied directly or indirectly. The nature of the damage depends on the direction of the applied force on the bones and the manner in which these bones are attached to other structures. The principal acute skeletal injuries are sprains, strains, subluxation, fractures and dislocations. Many fractures and dislocation complications such as nerve and vessel injury occur not from the trauma itself but from poor first-aid which does not provide adequate splinting prior to movement. Traumatic bone injury rarely occurs without significant soft-tissue damage. Fractures are classified as open and closed. An open fracture is one in which there is a break in the skin that is contiguous with the fracture. The bone is either protruding from the wound or exposed through a channel, which can be produced by an arrow, javelin, bullet or other ways.

Question. What are the various factors affecting physiological fitness? Explain. 
or Describe physiological factors determining components of physical fitness.
Answer: Physiological factors determining components of physical fitness are
(i) Muscular Strength This is the maximum force or tension a muscle or a muscle group can exert against a resistance. Physiologically the muscle will increase in strength only if it has to increase its workload beyond what is ordinarily required of it.
(ii) Power This is the ability of the body to release maximum muscle contraction in the shortest possible time.
(iii) Speed This is the rapidity with which one can repeat successive movements of the same pattern.
(iv) Muscular Endurance This is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a resistance / load or to sustain contraction for an extended period of time with less discomfort and more rapid recovery.
(v) Agility This is the ability of a person to change direction or body position as quickly as possible and regain body control to proceed with another movement.
(vi) Flexibility This is a quality of the muscles, ligaments and tendons that enables the joints of the body to move easily through a complete range of movements.

Question. Recall the adaptive effects that take place in our body after engaging in exercise for a longer period.
Answer: The adaptive effects that take place in body after engaging in exercise for a longer period are
(i) Increase in Heart Size We cannot do the exercise on our heart directly, but when we perform any exercise regularly, our heart size increases. Exercising develops the muscles of the heart.
(ii) Increase in Heart Rate Generally an adult has a heart rate of 72 beats per minute while resting, but when he exercises, his heart rate increases as per the intensity and duration of the exercise.
(iii) Increase in Stroke Volume Stroke volume is the quantity of blood which the heart pumps out in a single stroke. Due to the heart's size increasing, the stroke volume increases.
(iv) Decrease in Cholesterol Level Regular exercise reduces the cholesterol level in our blood, which has a direct link with the blood pressure.
(v) Increase in Number and Efficiency of Capillaries Regular exercise increases the number of capillaries and their efficiency.
(vi) Reduced Risk of Heart Diseases Regular exercise gradually reduces stress related hormones from circulating in the blood. This results in increase of blood flow in the blood vessels, which in turn, lowers the risk of building up of plaque which affects the heart. Hence, regular exercise reduces the risk of heart diseases.

Question. A trainer can improve the respiratory system with the help of exercise. Justify this statement.
Answer: The respiration system consists of organs responsible for taking in oxygen for respiration and releasing carbon dioxide and water vapour, which are the waste products formed during respiration. The passages in the nose, windpipe (trachea), bronchi, lungs and air sacs are the main organs of the respiratory system.
A trainer can improve the respiratory system with the help of exercise by
(i) Increasing the Lung Volume and Capacity Vital capacity, which is the maximal volume of air forcefully expired after a maximal inspiration, in a normal untrained person may be 3-4 litres, but in a trained athlete this goes upto 5-6 litres.
(ii) Reducing the Breathing Frequency In a normal untrained individual, the resting breathing frequency is about 12-20 breaths/min, whereas in trained athletes, it comes down to 7-8 breaths/min.
(iii) Maximising the Minute Ventilation Maximum minute ventilation in an untrained individual is about 100 L/min, whereas in trained athletes it increases to more than 150-160 L/min.
(iv) Increasing the Tidal Volume In an untrained individual, tidal volume is about 500 mL/breath, whereas in trained persons, it increases to more than 600-700 mL/breath.
(v) Increasing the Ventilatory Efficiency Normally, 15 L of air is required to get 1 L of oxygen but a trained individual gets the same amount of oxygen, i.e. one litre, from less air i.e. 12 L.
(vi) Increasing the Pulmonary Diffusion During maximal level of exercise, more alveoli become active for diffusion. The size of the alveoli is also increased, which provides more space for diffusion of gases such as oxygen (\( \text{O}_2 \)) and carbon dioxide (\( \text{CO}_2 \)).