CBSE Class 12 Biology Bio Technology and Its Application Flow Chart

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BIO TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION

CHAPTER : 12 BIO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION (FLOW CHART)

1. AGRICULTURE : APPLICATIONS [1 Mark]

Answer:
1. CREATE GM CROPS RESISTANT TO PEST (Bt COTTON, BRINJAL, SOYA)
2. GM CROPS TO REDUCE POST HARVEST LOSS (FLAVRSAVR TOMATO)
3. GM CROPS TOLERANT TO COLD, SALINITY, WATER SCARCITY
4. GM CROPS CAPABLE OF USING MINERALS EFFICIENTLY
5. GM CROPS ENRICHED WITH NUTRIENTS (BIOFORTIFIED)

Teacher's Note:
a) This flow chart outlines major agricultural applications of biotechnology.
b) Genetic modification helps develop crops with desired agronomic traits.

2. METHODS TO PRODUCE PEST RESISTANT PLANTS: [1 Mark]

Answer:
1. CROPS WITH Bt GENE INSERTED IN ITS CELLS
2. RNA INTERFERENCE (TOBACCO RESISTANT TO NEMATODE)

Teacher's Note:
a) Pest resistance can be achieved via genetic engineering using bacterial genes or gene silencing.
b) RNA interference silences specific mRNA in the pest to prevent infection.

3. Bt COTTON: [1 Mark]

Answer:
1. The gene for the insecticidal toxin is transferred to cells of the crops in culture.
2. The crop plant is cultured from these cells and therefore expresses this gene.
3. The toxin protein is produced in the crop which is ingested by the pest that feeds on it.
4. The toxin is activated in the gut of the pest larva due to the alkaline pH in the gut of the insect pest.

Teacher's Note:
a) Bt toxin exists as an inactive protoxin in the bacterium.
b) Alkaline pH solubilizes the crystals and activates the toxin, killing the insect pest.

4. APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE: FORMATION OF INSULIN BY r DNA TECHNOLOGY [1 Mark]

Answer:
1. Gene for A peptide introduced into E. Coli plasmid to produce A peptide.
2. Gene for B peptide introduced into another batch of E. Coli plasmid to produce B peptide.
3. The two peptide chains are joined by creating disulphide bonds to form mature Insulin.

Teacher's Note:
a) Recombinant DNA technology overcame the limitation of extracting insulin from animal sources.
b) Chains A and B are synthesized separately in bacterial cultures and combined chemically.

5. TREATMENT : FOR ADA DEFICIENCY [1 Mark]

Answer:
1. Enzyme Replacement - temporary cure
2. Bone Marrow Transplant - temporary cure
3. Gene Therapy

Teacher's Note:
a) Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency causes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
b) Gene therapy introduces functional ADA cDNA into patients' cells for a permanent solution.

6. GENE THERAPY: [3 Marks]
(c) Lymphocytes cultured outside the body
(d) The gene for ADA introduced into the lymphocytes using retrovirus
(e) The lymphocytes with the functional gene is returned to the patients body .
(f) The lymphocytes produce ADA enzyme as long as they last in the body .
(g) If the gene is introduced into cells in the embryonic stages ,the cure could be permanent.

Answer:
1. Gene therapy is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child or embryo.
2. In this method, lymphocytes from the patient's blood are grown in culture outside the body.
3. A functional ADA cDNA is then introduced using a retroviral vector into these lymphocytes, which are subsequently returned to the patient.

Teacher's Note:
a) Gene therapy aims to replace faulty genes with normal working copies.
b) Since lymphocytes are not immortal, the patient requires periodic infusion of genetically engineered lymphocytes.
c) Permanent cure is possible if the gene is isolated and introduced into cells at early embryonic stages.

7. TECHNIQUES FOR MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS: [3 Marks]

[Figure: Flow chart showing three techniques for molecular diagnosis: PCR-for early diagnosis, ELISA based on Antigen-Antibody Reaction, and Radioactive DNA probes to identify mutated gene in cells]

Answer:
1. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) detects very low concentration of bacteria or viruses by amplification of their nucleic acid for early diagnosis.
2. ELISA is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction, where infection can be detected by the presence of antigens or antibodies.
3. Radioactive DNA or RNA probes are hybridised to mutated genes in cloned cells to detect genetic disorders.

Teacher's Note:
a) Conventional methods of diagnosis like serum and urine analysis do not serve early diagnosis.
b) Molecular diagnosis allows early detection, which is crucial for effective treatment.
c) ELISA utilises enzyme-linked antibodies to produce a colorimetric or fluorescent signal for detection.

8. USES IN ANIMALS: [3 Marks]
To study normal functions of the body .When an altered gene is introduced the altered effects can be studied.
Animals are made as models of human diseases to study their effects.
To produce Medicines, proteins required for treatment of disease,human milk- protein etc
Animals modified to test safety of vaccines like Polio.
Animals with genes sensitive to the chemical, is exposed to the chemical to test the safety of the chemical

Answer:
1. Transgenic animals are specifically designed to allow study of how genes are regulated and how they affect normal functions of the body.
2. They serve as models for human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, and rheumatoid arthritis to investigate new treatments.
3. Transgenic mice are used to test the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans, such as the polio vaccine.

Teacher's Note:
a) Transgenic animals carry foreign genes introduced using recombinant DNA technology.
b) They are also used for the production of biological products like human alpha-lactalbumin in milk.
c) Toxicity testing on transgenic animals provides results much faster than conventional methods.