CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Women And Sports Worksheet

CHAPTER – 6

WOMEN AND SPORTS

Q.1 – What do you mean by sports participation of women ? 

Ans: Women in sports has been a topic virtually ignored by most scholars and thus female sports participation has been a relatively undeveloped area of research. Sex role, stereotyping, male research. Bias and the reward structure of society have contributed to the neglect. Currently sports for women represents a fast growing changing element in Indian culture, and recent trends have sparked a need for knowledge about the female sports participation. Constraints of women participation in sports in India due to parental, community to tradition, religion, college and personal constraints and pressures. 

Q.2 – What is Menarche? 

Ans: Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding in female humans. Your first menstrual period is called menarche (say “MEN – ar – Kee”).girls experience menarche at different ages. The timing of menarche is influenced by female biology, as well as genetic and environmental factors, especially nutritional factors. The arrange of menarche has declined over the last century, but the magnitude of the decline and the factors responsible remains subjects of contention.

Q.3 – What is menstrual disfunction ? 

Ans: A menstrual disorder is an irregular condition in a women’s menstrual cycle. Most menstrual cycles occur every  22 to 35 days. Normal menstrual flow lasts 3 to 7 days, with most blood loss occurring within the first 3 days. Increasing numbers of women of all ages have been participating in sports at both recreational and competitive levels. Most girls and women derive significant health benefits from regular physical activity. They can achieve the same training effects as do men, such as decreased blood pressure, lowered heart rate, and improved aerobic capacity, as well as decreased percent body fat. 

Q.4 – What is menopause? 

Ans: menopause is the term commonly used to refer to the period of time both before and after a woman’s last menstrual period. Technically, menopause is a woman’s last menstrual period, while the time period immediately prior to menopause is referred to as “peri-menopause” and the time following menopause is referred to as “post-menopause”. 

Q. 5 – What is amenorrhea? 

Ans: Poor nutrition, low calories intake, high-energy demands, physical and emotional stress, or low percentage of body fat can lead to harmaonal changes that stop menstrual periods. 

Q. 6 – What is osteoporosis? 

Ans: Osteoporosis (low bone density for age), lack of periods disrupts the body’s bone – building processes and weakens the skeleton, making bones more likely to break. 

Q. 7 – What is anaemia? 

Ans: Abnormal eating habits ( i.e crash diets, binge eating) or excessive exercise keeps the body from getting enough nutrition.

Q. 8 – What is ideology?

Ans: It has been observed constantly that instead of overall development of students, parents are after the merit and percentage of their child. Now it is necessary to include the feeling that the sports is also a part of education and plays vital role in life of individual. Especially for 10^th class percentage, parents start the tuition classes from 9^th class. From 9^th to 12^thstd, the structure become completely busy in tuition as well as in study at the age of 15^th ,16^th ,17^th  and 18^th and these students remain physically unfit due to lack of participation in sports.

Q. 9 – Why there is less participation of women in India? Give any three reasons.

Ans: Here are some factors regarding women’s non-participation in games and sports. The results may go a long way in removing some of these prejudices. Some hidden talents of women will be helpful in improving the level of participation and achievement at the national and international level of Indian women.

1. No parental encouragement: There has been lack of encouragement from the parents and family members.

2. Traditional Society: The traditional way of living was a big hurdle for women taking part in games and sports.

3. Less Knowledge: There was lack of sports orientation of the people living in the society. Taking part in games and sports for women has not become a common phenomenon.

Q. 10 – What is pregnancy ? What are the three risk of Heavy exercises on the pregnant female.

Ans: Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology. It usually lasts 40 weeks from the last menstrual period (LMP) and ends in child birth. An embryo is the developing offspring during the first week. Some early symptoms of pregnancy may include missed period, tender breast, nausea and vomiting hunger, frequent urination, etc. It can be confirmed with a pregnancy test.

Due to heavy exercises, there may be following types of risks on pregnant women:

1. During preganacy secretion of relaxin, elastin, estrogen and progesterone harmones increases in females which soften connective tissue surrounding the joints. This allows the pelvic joints to expand in order to accommodate the baby passing through the pelvic inlet during birth. But along with pelvic joint other weight bearing joints are also soften like knees, ankles and hips. As a result, chance of injuries to those joints increase. It is due to this reason jumping and jarring movements should be avoided during pregnancy.

2. Heavy exercises may induce severe fatigue or tiredness.

3. Pregnant female may experience a significant decrease in the blood glucose level.

Q.11 – Write the psychological and sociological aspects of women in sports. 

Ans: Social situation have great influence upon the psychological aspects of woman’s personality. Sports psychology studies on gender are limited. Based on these sutides given below are the facts about psychological variables of sportswomen:

1. Confidence and Self-esteem: Researches and studies show that in comparison to males, females lack confidence and self-esteem by participating in physical activity programmers of high intensity, like weight and strength training self-esteem and confidence of females increase tremendously. By doing this, they become more confident, competent, capable to strive for excellence, ready to accomplish a goal through effort and training.

2. Body Image: In the field of sports, body image pressures are mainly among the female sportswomen of thin body sports like gymnastics, dance and running. Most enlighten coaches and instructors follow nutritional guidelines and emphasize upon healthy eating and exercise rather than crash dieting for weight reduction. Strive for size zero or unhealthy thinner often develops various eating disorders in females like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

3. Competitions and General Achievements: Studies show that in competitive sports, male sportspersons are more competitive and do much better than female sportspersons. Females are more goal-oriental and do well in creative and expressive activities. Women do well in aesthetic quality and individual activities in contrast to direct competition and team sports. They emphasize upon the successful completion of their task or goal.

4. Level of Aggression: A male athlete is more likely to continue his aggressive behavior in his life as well as in sports field too. As for example, an aggressive soccer player could be male or female, but a male soccer player is more likely to grow up in a world that justifies and reinforces aggressive behaviors. An aggressive female athlete, no matter how aggressive she remains during competition is socialized to keep quiet, be good and let others to take the lead in her personal life.

5. Gender Role-orientation: According to the physical fitness excerpts, competitive experts tend to develop behavior patterns which are contrary to female nature. Studies show that female athletes or players possess more masculine personality characteristics than the female non-athletes. 

Q.12 – Describe any three risks of heavy exercises on the foetus. 

Ans: Risk of heavy exercises on the foetus:

1.    If a pregnant woman is involved in a heavy physical exercise of high intensity for longer duration, chances of miscarriage increase during the first three months of pregnancy.

2.   Exercise for longer duration in warm/humid environment by the pregnant women may include an acute increased core temperature in the foetus which may affect the Central Nervous System (CNS).

3.   When a pregnant woman is involved in long duration endurance physical activities her muscle and liver glycogen level is depleted and there is significant decrease in the glucose supply to the foetus.